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Therefore, prepare thee to cut off the flesh. Shed thou no blood: Pretium iustum as a categorical imperative
Get PDFUgovor o kupoprodaji je jedan od najstarijih ekonomskih i pravnih instrumenata koji, usled svoje veoma složene evolucije i uticaja na ostale konsensualne kontrakte, ima posebno mesto u nauci. Pravna priroda ovog ugovora, dileme u vezi sa njegovim poreklom, izraženi uticaj različitih pravnih sistema (u prvom redu grčkog) u njegovom oblikovanju, kao i veliki broj pravila u vezi sa bitnim elementima ovog kontrakta, odgovornošću prodavca i kupca i, najzad, njegovim brojnim modalitetima, opredeljuju autora da se pozabavi jednim posebno značajnim pitanjem razvoja cene kod kuporodaje. Pravilo da cena mora biti pravična (pretium iustum) danas se ne dovodi u pitanje i opšti je stav koji je našao mesto u svim građanskim zakonicima pa i našem Zakonu o obligacionim odnosima i Nacrtu Građanskog zakonika Srbije. Međutim, u ovom radu autor nastoji da ukaže na dug i relativno spor proces razvoja ovog pravila, na nekolicinu dilema i razlika u pristupu, posebno od stava klasičnog rimskog prava invicem se circumsribere do postklasičnog i srednjovekovnog laesio enormis. U tu svrhu autor je pokušao da osvetli doprinos rimskih juriprudenata, njihov način logičkog razmišljanja, doprinos klauzule quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona, i moralnog kategoričkog imperativa antičkih i srednjovekovnih filosofa, Aristotela, Cicerona, Tome Akvinskog i Huga Grocija. Taj svojevrsni pravnički kod poslužio je autoru da predstavi neprekinutu liniju odnosa prema moralnosti u pravu kojom su i mnogi veliki pisci, poput Šekspira, bili zaokupljeni.The purchase and sale contract is one of the oldest economic and legal instruments that, due to its very complex evolution and influence on other consensual counterparts, has a special place in science. The legal nature of this contract, the dilemmas regarding its origin, the pronounced influence of different legal systems (primarily Greek) in its design, as well as the large number of rules regarding the essential elements of this contract, the responsibility of the seller and the buyer and, finally, its numerous modalities, authorize the author to address a particularly important issue in the development of the purchase price. The rule that the price must be just (pretium iustum) today is not called into question and the general position is that it has found a place in all civil codes, as well as our Law on Obligations and the Draft Civil Code of Serbia. However, in this paper, the author tries to point out to the long and relatively slow process of development of this rule, to a number of dilemmas and differences in approach, especially from the classical Roman law invicem se circumsribere to the post-classical and medieval laesio enormis. For this purpose, the author tried to highlight the contribution of Roman jurisprudents, their way of logical thinking, the contribution of the clause quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona, and the moral categorical imperative of the antique and medieval philosophers, Aristotle, Cicero, Thomas Aquinas and Hugo Grotius. This kind of legal code served the author to present an unbroken line of attitudes towards morality in the law with which many great writers, like Shakespeare, were preoccupied
Environmental law between public law and private law
Get PDFUgroženost prava ili interesa pojedinca prouzrokovana lošim stanjem ili povećanim zagađenjem životne sredine nikada ne ostaje povreda naneta samo tražiocu zaštite. Novi pravni instituti koji bi omogućili efikasniju, ekonomičniju, blagovremenu i suštinsku zaštitu prava na životnu sredinu određenog kvaliteta treba da urede pitanja od značaja za zaštitu kada je povređen ili ugrožen interes pojedinca ili grupe, ali i dalje od toga, kada je reč o povredi prava na zdravu životnu sredinu kao posebnog javnog interesa. Vezivanje zaštite tog prava za javni interes, otvara pitanje značaja koji zaštita životne sredine ima u jednom društvu i načina na koji se vrši gradiranje javnih interesa među kojima je i interes zaštite životne sredine. U radu se, polazeći od navedene pretpostavke, ukazuje na načela ekološkog prava i dominantne karakteristike javnopravnog karaktera koje imaju uticaj na zaštitu prava na životnu sredinu određenog kvaliteta i u primeni privatnopravnih instituta pravne zaštiteThe basis for procedural protection of environmental rights is found in administrative procedure. In order to establish guarantees of an adequate and effective legal protection in environmental matters by administrative law instruments, the general administrative procedure should be transformed. Traditionally a one-party procedure, the administrative procedure necessarily becomes a two-party procedure, involving the participation of the public concerned. The legal framework for the protection of property rights which endanger or jeopardize the state of the environment is contained in the substantive law. The Serbian legal system provides such protection by envisaging general institutes in the field of compensation for damage and regulation of property rights. The case law provides many examples that point to numerous inconsistencies in the system of environment protection in civil and administrative proceedings. Thus, for example, operators of general-purpose activities are obliged to compensate injured persons only for damage exceeding normal limits. On several occasions, the case law has shown that the compensation of non-material damage for sustained physical pain, due to the negative impact of industrial and adjacent objects on the environment, can only be granted if the existence of property damage exceeding the "normal limits" is established. In doing so, emissions must be of such intensity as to cause continuous physical pain. According to the case law, periodic emissions, even when they exceed the limit values during certain intervals, do not justify the compensation of non-material damage. The reasons for the underdeveloped legal institutes that provide environment protection are found not only in the fact that the issues of protection of a healthy or adequate environment of certain quality fall into a branch of law that has been developing since the 1970s but also in the fact that there is insufficient understanding of the principles on which environmental law is based and whose implementation entails the necessary and essential change of legal instruments in both public and private law. The plaintiffs in public or private proceedings concerning environmental issues do not only protect their own rights and interests but also the general interest of environment protection. Infringement of the rights or interests of an individual caused by increased environment pollution would never remain a hindrance only to the protection seeker. New legal institutes that would ensure a more efficient, economical, timely and substantive protection of environmental rights should regulate issues of relevance to protection when an individual or group's interest is endangered or jeopardized, as well as in the event of a violation of the right to healthy environment as a object of special public interest and value. Linking the protection of this right to the public interest raises the issues of importance that environment protection has in a society and the way in which public interests are graded, including the interest of environment protection. Starting from this assumption, the paper points to the principles of environmental law and the dominant features of public law which have a significant impact on environmental protection in cases where legal institutes of private law are applied
Trademark infringement: Guide through the labyrinth of the key law institutes of the trademark
Get PDFU članku se metodologija postupanja suda u parnici zbog povrede žiga raščlanjuje na par koraka u kojima se odgovara na bazična pitanja o: funkcijama žigom zaštićene oznake, dopuštenosti referencijalnog korišćenja tuđe žigom zaštićene oznake, i apstraktnoj opasnosti od zabune potrošača. Ova metodologija se zasniva na uvidu u društveno-ekonomsku svrhu prava žiga, i omogućuje sudu da testira zakonitost svoje nameravane odluke u odnosu na njen krajnji efekat na tržištu.In the article, the methodology of court proceedings in a trademark infringement lawsuit is broken down into a couple of steps in which it answers basic questions about: the functions of a trademark, the permissibility of referential use of other's trademark, and the abstract likelihood of consumer's confusion. This methodology is based on an insight into the socio-economic purpose of the trademark law, and allows the court to test the legality of its intended decision in relation to its ultimate effect on the market
In search of the digital nomad-rethinking the taxation of employment income under tax treaties
No full textIn this article, the author raises major policy questions, which emanate from the new digital economy setting, regarding the current normative framework for delineating taxation rights over employment income in our tax treaties, namely article 15 of the OECD/UN Models (2017). The author questions our reliance on the tax residence of individuals as the safe anchor for attributing taxation prerogatives, as well as our understanding of how and where employment is exercised. Furthermore, the author shows that labour law developments are making our tax treaty rules, which are currently based on the belief in the existence of a common international understanding of the concepts of employment and employer (employment relationship), increasingly inoperable. Based on the provided analysis, the author suggests amendments to article 15 of the OECD/UN Models (2017) to improve their alignment with the new digital reality
The importance and role of private food safety standards
Get PDFPrivatni standardi upravljanja sistemima kvaliteta i bezbednosti hrane po pravilu su dobrovoljni standardi. Međutim, zbog činjenice da je neophodno obezbediti proveru kompetentnosti sertifikacionih tela (onih koji kontrolišu proizvođače i učesnike u lancu snabdevanja hranom) od strane akreditacionih tela i vlasnika standarda, ne može se govoriti o samoregulaciji. Moderna regulatorna država koja nije isključivi regulator tržišta prepoznaje značaj i ulogu privatnih standarda. U protekle dve decenije nastalo je specifično javno-privatno partnerstvo između organa javnih vlasti, vlasnika standarda i posrednika u procesu sertifikacije. Svrha rada je da predstavi ulogu međunarodnih privatnih standarda bezbednosti hrane u pogledu ostvarivanja zaštite od rizika, kao i da ukaže na osnovne zahteve da bi se standardi delotvorno sproveli.Private food quality and safety management standards are, as a rule, voluntary standards. However, as it is necessary to verify the competence of certification bodies (those controlling producers and participants in the food supply chain) by the accreditation bodies and the standard owners, this is not a case for self-regulation. A modern regulatory state, which is not an exclusive market regulator, recognizes the importance and role of private standards. In the past two decades, a specific public-private partnership has emerged between the public authorities, the owners of standards and mediators in the certification process. The purpose of this paper is to portray the role of international private food safety standards in the field of risk protection, as well as to draw attention to the basic requirements for effective implementation of those standards
State aid for investments in energy infrastructure: The dillemas of "Kolubara B" project
Get PDFJedno od ključnih pitanja u pregovorima o pristupanju EU u poglavlju 8 (Politika konkurencije) je prelazni režim za državnu pomoć dodeljenu pre stupanja u članstvo, koja mora biti kompatibilna sa pravom EU. U ovom radu se razmatra pravni okvir za državnu pomoć u oblasti energetike u pravu EU, uključujući i interpretativne akte Evropske komisije, kao i normativne obaveze Srbije u procesu stabilizacije i pridruživanja, pregovora o pristupanju i Ugovora o energetskoj zajednici. Predmet rada je analiza kriterijuma za određivanje postojanja državne pomoći za investicije u energetsku infrastrukturu, sa naročitim akcentom na dokazivanje postojanja finansijske pogodnosti u obliku garancija, budući da je Republika Srbija izdala garancije za investicione kredite odobrene radi realizacije projekta termoelektrane "Kolubara B ", što je bilo predmet postupka pred Ministarskim savetom Energetske zajednice.One of the key issues in the E U accession negotiations in Chapter 8 (Competition Policy) is the transitional state aid regime for aid granted before joining the EU, which must be compatible with E U law. This paper examines the legal framework for state aid in the field of energy in E U law, including the interpretative acts of the European Commission, as well as the normative obligations of Serbia in the stabilization and association process, the accession negotiations and the Energy Community Treaty. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the criteria for the assessment of state aid for investments in energy infrastructure, with particular emphasis on financial advantage in the form of state guarantees, since the Republic of Serbia issued guarantees for investment loans approved for the implementation of the project "Kolubara B ", which was debated in a dispute before the Ministerial Council of the Energy Community
Morality of informality: Tax morale in the Serbian business sector: An empirical investigation
Get PDFRad razmatra stavove i percepcije poslovnog sektora u Republici Srbiji u pogledu opravdanosti izbegavanja plaćanja poreza i istražuje okolnosti u kojima se poreska evazija smatra prihvatljivom. Na osnovu ankete 1.049 preduzeća i preduzetnika dobijamo robusne rezultate u pogledu uticaja stavova o kompetencijama i radu poreske uprave na poreski moral. Rad analizira podatke koristeći logit model poređanog izbora i parcijalni proporcionalni model izgleda kao bolji pristup. Percepcija rizika otkrivanja neplaćanja poreza, kao i mišljenja o opštoj tolerantnosti poreske evazije u društvu takođe su povezani sa nižim poreskim moralom vlasnika i direktora preduzeća i preduzetnika. Rezultati ukazuju sa je u predstojećem periodu za poboljšanje usklađenosti sa poreskim propisima u Srbiji od izuzetnog značaja da poreske vlasti poboljšaju percepciju i odnos sa poreskim obveznicima sektora preduzeća.The paper examines the attitudes and perceptions of Serbian businesses regarding justifiability of tax evasion and assess factors that make tax evasion morally acceptable. Using survey of 1,049 businesses in Serbia, the paper finds strong evidence that the negative evaluation of the tax authorities is associated with lower tax morality. Both the ordered logit model (OLM) and the partial proportional odds model (PPOM) as a desirable alternative to OLM were used in the analysis. The perception of the risk of being caught and the overall tolerance of tax evasion are also associated with lower tax morality of businesses (business owners and managers). Results suggest that in the next period it would be important for the Serbian tax authorities to improve how businesses perceive their activities and significantly improve their perception and relationship with business taxpayers
Modification of construction permits and transfer of subjective rights
Get PDFAmending construction permits is important for regulation of construction. Serbia had an inflexible system that did not allow it, due to lack of transferability of the underlying rights and state monopoly over construction land. Enabling ownership of construction land made it necessary to allow the transfer of construction permits. This was done while maintaining the system of issuing construction permits to developers and focusing on digitalization. This made the rights from administrative decisions transferable, which should not be the case. The root of confusion is a lack of distinction between public and private law aspects of construction. Comparatively, coupling construction permit with a developer is traditional in the former Yugoslav countries. In countries that did not have a socialist period, public and private law aspects of construction are distinguished and construction permit is coupled with the land. This solution is an indication for future development of construction law in Serbia
The legal regime of contract for the carriage of passengers concluded by Internet application
Get PDFRazvoj računarskih tehnologija je omogućio brže i lakše povezivanje ljudi, pogotovo u saobraćaju. To se naročito ispoljilo kroz tzv. deobnu ekonomiju u kojoj se višak dobra (usluge) deli (uz naknadu) sa onima kojima je potrebniji.Takav ekonomski pristup je uspešno primenjen u uber-u u inostranstvu i CarGo u Srbiji, koji predstavljaju Internet aplikacije putem kojih se zaključuje ugovor o prevozu. Pri tome, sporna je pravna kvalifikacija ovakvog vida prevoza, jer, nije jasno da li se radi o javnom ili privatnom prevozu, kao i kakva je uloga Internet aplikacija u njihovom zaključenju i ispunjenju. Prema jednom mišljenju, radi se i klasičnom posredovanju, dok je prema drugom shvatanju, ipak, reč o prevozu (javnom). U prvom delu rada je prikazan uticaj tehničko-računarskog napretka na nastanak deobne ekonomije i, shodno tome, na saobraćajne odnose. U drugom delu se ukazuje na pravne probleme koji usled toga nastaju, a koje izaziva, pre svega, sličnost sa klasičnim taksi prevozom. Nakon prikaza pravnog režima taksi prevoza, objašnjava se način rada uber-a i CarGo-a, kao i njihova pravna priroda. Ukazuje se na nejasnoću pravnog oblika ovih internet aplikacija, s obzirom da je, posebno u Srbiji, sporno da li imaju pravni subjektivitet, te da li su privredno društvo ili udruženje. Zaključuje se da je pomenuta vrsta prevoza samo tehnički unapređeniji klasični tip vanlinijskog javnog prevoza čiju uslugu pruža subjekt koji, predstavlja kompaniju.The development of technology, particularly computers, which enabled faster and easier connecting people, has deeply influenced to transportation, which as such has a meaning of connecting people and places. Such influence manifested through sharing economy whose rules enable that surplus of goods and services shares with those who needed it and who will use it in an optimal manner. The aforementioned economical mechanism has successfully applied to the uber as a best known ride-sharing service at international level and to the CarGo, which is, basically, similar to uber, and established and applied in Serbia and region. A Basic problem of uber and CarGo is the legal qualification of contract which is concluded by the help of its Internet application, because, firstly, it is not clear whether uber supplies carriage service or only intermediary service. And, secondly, if it supplies transport service, it is unclear whether such carriage is public (common carrier in Anglo-American meaning) or private. In this article, the author concludes that uber (CarGo in Serbia) is not a just intermediary providing so-called information society service, but a transport service provider. This conclusion author based on the argument that uber has the decisive and substantial influence to the carrier who directly supply transport service to the passenger. In the first part of article is analyzed the influence of technological development on transport and appearance of uber and similar services. Subsequently, the second part points to legal problems in the transport industry which evolved due to mentioned computerization and in relation to that similarity of uber and Taxi. Thereafter it is explained a working method of uber (and Cargo) and its legal nature (whether It is digital intermediation, classical carriage or rent of vehicle with driver analogously with charter party in Maritime Law). At the ending part, the author tries to find an exact legal shape for CarGo application in Serbia, because it is deeply doubted. At the beginning of the work of application, CarGo has not had any legal status, but from 2019 it shaped into a classical association of citizens. Applying the old principle "falsa nomination, non nocet", the author concludes that CarGo is no an association, but company with legal responsibility characteristic to private limited company
Injury to business reputation in Roman law
Get PDFOsim brojnih detaljno uređenih pravnih odnosa, rimsko pravo nije propustilo da reguliše ni materiju povrede časti. Poseban delikt injurije (iniuria) imao je za zaštitni objekt ljudsku čast. Među različitim oblicima na koji je mogao biti učinjen, u kazuistici rimskih pravnika se pominju i načini koji vređaju nečiji poslovni ugled. Oni su tema ovog rada. Rezultati pokazuju da su oblici te specifične uvrede bili vezani ili za lažno ili neosnovano pokretanje naplate u izvršnom postupku, aktiviranje jemstva ili zaloge, te neistinitu tvrdnju da je neko rob, čime bi se implicitno tvrdilo da je jedno lice insolventno. Osim toga, delikt se mogao učiniti i izošenjem neistina da je neko delinkvent, bilo u sudskom postupku ili van njega. Standard odgovornosti je bio umišljaj, a osuda je glasila na kaznu koja se određivala u svakom konkretnom slučaju, uzimanjem u obzir međusobni odnos i društveni rang učinioca i oštećenog. Primenjeni metododi su jezičko, sistemsko i istorijsko tumačenje Gajevih i Justinijanovih Institucija, kao i fragmenata Javolena, Gaja, Pavla, Ulpijana i Modestina, sačuvanih u Digestama.In addition to many legal relationships which were regulated in detail, Roman law did not omit to regulate the protection of honour. The special delict of iniuria was aimed at protecting human honour and dignity. Among many ways to comit this delict, Roman lawyers mention the injury to someone's business reputation. This is the subject of this article. The research shows that the types of this specific insult were connected with false or baseless initiation of enforcement procedure, use of surety or pledge , or falsely claiming that someone was a slave, which would all imply that someone is insolvent. Apart from this, the delict could be comitted by claiming that someone was a delinquent, whether in judicial proceedings or outside them. The standard of liability was intention and the condemnation was punishment assessed according to the circumstances of the case, taking into account the mutual relationship and the social status of victim and tortfeasor. Applied methods are linguistic, systemic and historical interpretation of the Institutes of Gaius and the Institutes of Justinian, as well as of the fragments by Javolenus, Gaius, Ulpianus and Modestinus, which are preserved in the Digest