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Creative industries in Serbia: Methodological approaches and economic contribution
Get PDFRad razmatra relativni značaj kreativnih industrija u Srbiji i pruža kritički pregled postojećih metodoloških pristupa koji mogu biti korišćeni radi određivanja doprinosa ovih industrija. Takođe, prikazujemo rezultate doprinosa kreativnih industrija u Srbiji u periodu od 2014. do 2017. godine korišćenjem "užeg" DCMS pristupa ograničenog samo na osnovne kreativne industrije (uži pristup). U radu prikazujemo i dodatna merenja doprinosa kreativnih industrija na osnovu pristupa koji definišemo kao "širi pristup". U 2017. godini uže definisane kreativne industrije doprinele su 3,9 procenata ukupne BDV i 3,7 procenata ukupnog BDP-a, a šire definisane industrije 7,8 procenata i 7,5 procenata, respektivno. Drugi indikatori takođe ukazuju na značaj kreativnih industrija u Srbiji. Prosečna godišnja stopa rasta broja privrednih subjekata u okviru užeg pristupa merenju kreativnih industrija iznosi 5,6 procenata (8,4 procenta za širi pristup, što je za 6 procentnih poena više od prosečne stope rasta u celoj ekonomiji - 2,01 procenat). Lica zaposlena u uže definisanim kreativnim industrijama čine 3,3 procenta ukupnog broja zaposlenih lica u Srbiji (šire definisane kreativne industrije doprinose ukupnom nivou zaposlenosti sa 5,6 procenata). Podsektor IT, softverskih i računarskih usluga ima najveći udeo kada je u pitanju doprinos pojedinačnih sektora kreativnih industrija srpskoj privredi. U 2017. godini, ovaj podsektor generisao je više od 60 procenata ukupne BDV uže definisanih kreativnih industrija (više od 55 procenata kada je u pitanju širi pristup klasifikaciji).This paper examines the relative importance of creative industries (CI) in Serbia and provides a critical review of the existing methodological approaches that may be used in order to determine the economic contribution of these industries. We also present the results for the period from 2014 to 2017. To show the relative contribution of creative industries, we used the narrow DCMS approach that focuses only on core creative industries. We also provide additional results for what we refer to as the "broad approach". In 2017, narrowly defined CIS contributed 3.9 percent to the total GVA and 3.7 percent to the total GDP, while the broadly defined CIS contributed 7.8 percent and 7.5 percent, respectively. Other indicators provide additional support regarding the importance of CIS in Serbia. The average annual growth rate of the number of narrowly defined CI entities amounts to 5.6 percent (8.4 percent for broadly defined CIS which is 6 percentage points higher than the average growth rate in the national economy - 2.01 percent). Employees engaged in narrowly defined CIS represent 3.3 percent of the total number of employees in Serbia (5.6 percent in the broadly defined CIs). IT, software and computer services subsector contributes the most of all CIS to the economy. In 2017, this subsector contributed more than 60 percent to the total narrowly defined CI GVA, (more than 55 percent to broadly defined CI GVA)
Responsibility of monks in the context of law and society
Get PDFTokom istorije u život Crkve prodirala je ljudska volja, želeći da se u njoj utvrdi. Od epohe imperatora Konstantina u crkvenoj svesti stasava ideja da se osnovno načelo organizacije crkvenog života nalazi u sferi prava. Međutim, za razliku od pozitivnog prava, kanonsko pravo ne predstavlja izraz volje pojedinačnih osoba ili crkvenog naroda, već su to pravila proistekla iz prirode Crkve. Pošto Crkva, kao i svaki organizam, poseduje dva načela: statičko - svoje ustrojstvo i dinamičko - svoje životne funkcije, može se sagledati odgovornost monaha u skladu sa kanonskim pravom, a može i u društvenom kontekstu. Pritom, ova načela su neodvojiva, budući da nema života bez ustrojstva niti ustrojstva bez života. Pozitivno pravo nalaže u slučaju izlaska člana iz neke organizacije, bez obzira na razlog (dobrovoljno ili po sili zakona), da svi odnosi između nje i bivšeg člana bivaju prekinuti. S druge strane, ukoliko kažnjeni monah, zbog težine izrečene sankcije, mora da napusti manastir, on i kao bivši član ostaje hrišćanin. Ovo proizilazi iz toga da krštenje predstavlja neizbrisivu činjenicu duhovnog života. U radu se pitanje odgovornosti monaha sagledava poređenjem srednjevekovnih i savremenih izvora srpskog kanonskog prava, da bi se u određenom periodu mogle uočiti promene i izveli što precizniji zaključci.In the course of history, ecclesiastical life has been imbued by secular beliefs, embodied in human endeavour to get a strong foothold in the Church. Since Emperor Constantine's era, the idea that matured in the ecclesiastical consciousness was that the fundamental principle underlying the organization of ecclesiastical life lay in the domain of law. Nevertheless, in contrast to positive law, canon law is not an expression of the will of an individual or the congregation; instead, it comprises rules deriving from the nature of the Church. The Church, just like any other organism, is governed by two tenets: the static organization, and its dynamic life function. Thus, the responsibility of monks can be perceived either in line with canonic law or within the social context, whereby these tenets are inalienable since there can be no life without organization, nor can there be organization without life. In case a member abandons an organization, regardless of the reasons behind such action (be it voluntary or through the power of law), positive law prescribes that all ties between the said organization and its former member are to be dissolved. On the other hand, in case a penalized monk is obliged to leave the monastery due to the gravity of the pronounced sanction, he is entitled (as a former member) to preserve the status of a Christian. This point derives from the fact that baptism constitutes an indelible fact of spiritual life. This paper examines the subject matter of monks' responsibility for violation of canon law, by comparing the mediaeval and contemporary sources of the Serbian canon law, in view of identifying changes in the said period and drawing the most accurate conclusions
The subsequent difficulty of performance in contract law
Get PDFPredmet rada je razjašnjenje pojma i pravnih posledica otežanog ispunjenja ugovorne obaveze. Pod otežanim ispunjenjem misli se na ispunjenje koje je usled promenjenih okolnosti za dužnika postalo teže nego što se moglo osnovano očekivati u času kada je pristao da duguje - ali nije postalo nemoguće. Obaveze ne prestaju kada njihovo ispunjenje postane vanredno otežano. Međutim, otežano ispunjenje ugovorne obaveze može, pod određenim uslovima, da bude razlog za raskid ugovora. U modernim evropskim pravnim sistemima činjenica otežanog ispunjenja može da bude jedan od elemenata za primenu pravila o raskidu ili reviziji ugovora zbog promenjenih okolnosti. U radu se najpre izlaže o tome na koje sve načine nemogućnost ispunjenja i otežano ispunjenje mogu da utiču na ugovornu obavezu i ugovor kao celinu. Drugi deo rada posvećen je uslovima za pozivanje na promenjene okolnosti u srpskom i uporednom pravu, te razgraničenju otežanog ispunjenja od različitih vidova nemogućnosti, kao što su nemogućnost da se ostvari svrha ugovora i objektivna, subjektivna, praktička i ekonomska nemogućnost ispunjenja ugovorne obaveze. Otežano ispunjenje se najlakše razlikuje od kruto shvaćene objektivne nemogućnosti ispunjenja, a najteže od takozvane praktičke nemogućnosti ispunjenja. Ispunjenje obaveze je praktički nemoguće ako bi zahtev da dužnik postupi onako kako je isprva ugovoreno bio protivan razumu, načelu savesnosti i poštenja ili shvatanjima poštenog prometa.This paper purports to clarify the notion and the legal consequences of the subsequent difficulties in performance of a bilateral contract, which occur due to an unforeseeable change in circumstances under which the contract was concluded. A part of the paper deals with the conditions for invoking the change in circumstances pursuant to Serbian and comparative contract law. In addition, the paper attempts to distinguish subsequent difficulties in performance from the different types of impossibility, such as impossibility to fulfil the purpose of transaction, objective impossibility of performance, subjective impossibility of performance, practical impossibility, and economic impossibility. The difficulties in performance occur after conclusion of the contract and are assessed in relation to what the promisor knew, or was obliged to know at the time of conclusion. If a contract becomes excessively difficult to perform, but not impossible, the promisor would not be discharged on that account, but may be able to seek termination, or judicial adjustment of the contract. In contrast, the subsequent impossibility of performance may lead to contract termination, but cannot be the grounds for judicial adjustment of the contractual content. The subsequent difficulty in performance of a contract is not easily distinguished from the so-called practical impossibility. The performance is deemed to be practically impossible if it would be contrary to reason, good faith, or the principles of fair trade to require the debtor to perform as initially agreed
Liability insurance as a (social) response to the changing regulatory framework: From prohibited to compulsory
Get PDFThe article analyzes the relationship between the institutions of liability and liability insurance, aimed at identifying the modalities of their interaction. Insurance indisputably affects the development and scope of tort law, but this influence is not one-sided. At the present development level it has been noted that liability insurance also plays an indispensable role in indemnity litigation. The development path of liability insurance shows that the developed legal order entails two mutually compatible systems. Whilst objective liability for damages is the response to numerous activities that render realistic the possibility of causing damage to others, regardless of whether the damage could have been avoided through cautious behavior, liability insurance is the response to the changed regulatory framework, which leads to liability reaching unprecedented proportions. Therefore, the author concludes that insurance does not threaten to substitute the principle of compensatory damages with the logic of loss-spreading
Montenegrin Dictionary Based Brute Force Attack
No full textCyber-attacks and cyber-crimes are growing quickly and users are becoming unsafe on the internet. Cyber threats will put users increasingly at risk. For that reason statistical analysis have been done in order to determine how strong passwords are in the area of Montenegro, and to determine if there is a way to crack them by using brute force attack. Brute force attack or attack by “force” is based on cracking the password with all possible combinations, including cracking Wi-Fi routers, social media account, e-mails, hashes, zip or pdf files protected by password, internet protocols (telnet, ftp, http, https, smb.) etc. We will explain brute force attack for cracking passwords based on statistical analysis data in Montenegro. The first reason we will be doing this is to improve security, password strength, and the conscience of the people in Montenegro. The second reason is to help the people in law enforcement who deal with digital forensics, to find digital evidence in cyber incidents in the shortest amount of time
Bias and predictability in judicial decisions involving corporate restructuring: Evidence from Serbia
Get PDFThe paper empirically assesses evidence of bias among bankruptcy judges and predictability of judicial decision making in Serbia. For this purpose, we devised three hypothetical cases that were distributed to judges that preside over bankruptcy cases in Serbia. While the results do not indicate a consistent bias towards either the debtor or the creditor, they show concerning unpredictability of judicial decision making, hence leading to a high level of legal insecurity. Based on responses we observed high heterogeneity among Serbian bankruptcy judges in their interpretation of the bankruptcy laws. This makes allocation of cases to the particular judge a significant determinant for how the debtors and creditors will be treated and how the law will be applied
Thomas J. Miceli: The paradox of punishment: Reflections on the economics of criminal justice, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2019
Get PDFLegal and substantive standards in competition law enforcement: Relationships and jurisdictional variations
Get PDFThis article reviews recent literature on legal standards and substantive standards in competition law enforcement, with particular emphasis on the relationship between these two fundamental concepts, specifically on how the adoption of a specific substantive standard may affect the legal standards utilized by the courts and by competition authorities. We also examine the substantive and legal standards adopted in different jurisdictions, focusing on the EU (specifically, the EC) and the US, and discuss why legal standards are different in different countries
