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Harmonization of EU law on cross-border movement of companies
Get PDFAutor se u radu bavi harmonizacijom prava EU u oblasti prekograničnih kretanja privrednih društava. Ukazuje na dosadašnje pravce harmonizacije prekograničnih postupaka i teškoće koje su nakon nekoliko decenija uspešno prevaziđene. Predstavljeni su različiti prekogranični postupci, koji su omogućeni nakon harmonizacije ove oblasti. To je, pre svega, unapređeni postupak prekograničnih statusnih promena, koji pored pripajanja i spajanja po prvi put definiše i uređuje prekogranične podele. Izuzetno važan doprinos novih pravila je i u uvođenju i regulisanju prekograničnih promena pravne forme - prekograničnih promena registrovanog sedišta društva uz izmenu merodavnog prava. Novim pravilima ne samo da je omogućeno nesmetano prekogranično kretanje, već su naročito uređeni efikasni postupci za njihovo preduzimanje. Izuzetna pažnja je u regulisanju posvećena zaštiti interesa više kategorija lica, naročito manjinskih akcionara i članova, poverilaca i zaposlenih. Najzad, razvijena je dvostepena kontrola postupka u kojoj postoje značajne mogućnosti borbe protiv zloupotrebe, izigravanja zakona, prevarnih ili kriminalnih radnji.In this paper the author presents an overview of the EU legal framework for cross-border company's mobility. It gives a historic background to various obstacles related to cross-border mobility and puts it into the context of the European Court of Justice decisions on the various issues of right of establishment. EU Company Law Directive on Cross-border Mobility regulates cross-border conversions (resulting in the change of applicable law and at least registered seat of the company) and cross-border divisions for the first time. It also improves already existing regime for cross-border mergers. Directive on CrossBorder Mobility gives an opportunity for various internal market participants, including economically strong as well as smaller business forms to use advantages of predictable, efficient legal procedure to perform cross-border operations. It includes various harmonization instruments in order to protect interests of (minority) shareholders, creditors and employees. Double control, including issuance of the pre-merger certificate in the country of origin and control of the procedure in the destination country before cross-border procedure has been registered and becomes effective provides for optimal co-ordination of national authorities, and offers safe business environment for various market participants
Withdrawal from the European Union: Consequences under EU law and international law
Get PDFČlan 50. UEU, kao jedini pravni mehanizam za napuštanje EU koji pruža pravo EU, omogućuje značajno visok nivo fleksibilnosti za proces napuštanja uopšte, i, posebno, za sadržinu eventualnog sporazuma o povlačenju. Imajući u vidu način na koji se "Bregzit" odvijao do sada, čini se da je član 50. UEU izdržao test prakse i dokazao se kao mudro rešenje. S druge strane, koraci koje Vlada Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva svesno preduzima u pravcu kršenja zaključenog Sporazuma o napuštanju EU i prava EU pokazuju da obavezujući karakter prava EU nije čisto pravna pojava, već pre svega neposredna posledica političkog i vrednosnog značaja koji EU ima za njene članice i državljane. Detaljno uređenje prava pojedinaca - državljana EU koji imaju prebivalište, rade ili studiraju u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i obratno, sadržano u Sporazumu o napuštanju zaključenom između EU i Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, nasuprot neuspesima da se postigne saglasnost o mnogim drugim pitanjima, pokazuje snagu fenomena stečenih ličnih prava. Bregzit je u praksi potvrdio da još nije nastalo nadnacionalno građansko pravo EU, koje bi bilo nezavisno od državljanstva neke od država članica. Specifična i složena institucionalna struktura EU otvara značajna pitanja na planu odnosa države koja napušta EU sa EU i njenim preostalim članicama, trećim državama i međunarodnim organizacijama. Sudbina međunarodnih obaveza prema trećim stranama, stečenih pre napuštanja od strane EU, kao i od strane države koja napušta EU zajedno sa EU, na osnovu mešovitih sporazuma, ostaje nejasna, uzrokujući veliku pravnu nesigurnost. Brojne teškoće, sporovi, troškovi i neizvesnosti nastali usled Bregzita potvrđuju stvar da suština EU leži u političkom i na vrednostima zasnovanom savezu, koji teži mnogo većem jedinstvu od onog koje postoji danas. Napuštanje takvog saveza je pojava koju je teško zamisliti i pravno urediti.This article provides analysis of the most prominent legal issues arising as a consequence of a voluntary withdrawal of a Member State from the European Union pursuant to Article 50 TEU. Particular attention is given to the aspects which have not been explicitly regulated, as well as to those that remain unclear due to the complex wording of Article 50 TEU. Following the introduction, the first section focuses on the termination of application of EU law. The second section provides a more detailed insight into the consequences of the voluntary withdrawal on the issues related to the EU citizenship. The next section elaborates on the legal framework for establishing relations between the withdrawing state and the EU under international law. Finally, the last section of the paper analyzes the consequences for the position of the withdrawing state vis-à-vis international organizations and under international law in general
Rights of individuals and obligations of the state in protecting air quality
Get PDFU radu se analizira status međunarodnih sporazuma iz oblasti zaštite vazduha kako bi se utvdio stepen usaglašenosti pozitivnog prava sa standardima potvrđenih međunarodnih sporazuma. Imajući u vidu postupak harminizacije prava Srbije sa pravom EU, u radu se ukazuje na obaveze država članica koje proizilaze iz Direktive 2008/50/EZ o kvalitetu vazduha i čistijeg vazduha za Evropu. U rade se iznose rezulati analize bogate praksa Suda pravde Evropske unije u kojoj se ukazuje na elemente koji određuju pravo pojedinca da pokrene postupak zaštite prava na zdravu životnu sredinu ukoliko država članica ne donese plan zaštite kvaliteta vazduha, kao i mere koje domaći sudovi mogu naložiti kako bi osigurali primenu odluke kojom se utvrđuje obaveza primene mera u cilju smanjenja emisija koje prevazilaze granične vrednosti. Imajući u vidu značajan broj predmeta u vezi sa zaštitom vazduha koje nalazimo u praksi Zaštitnika građana, analiza primene preporuka koje su proizašle iz tih predmeta ukazuje na stepen usaglašenosti preuzetih obaveza i njihove primene, kaoi pravce noveliranja pozitivnog prava.The paper analyses the status of international agreements in the field of air protection, aiming to interpret the discord between the adopted legal standards and their application. Having in mind the harmonisation process of Serbian law with the EU law, the author further analyzes the obligations of Member States arising from Directive 2008/50/EC on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe, the developed practice of the CJEU which embodies elements determining the rights of individuals to initiate a procedure for protecting the right to a healthy environment if states do not adopt an air quality action plan, as well as the measures that domestic courts may prescribe to ensure the implementation of decisions establishing the obligation to implement measures for reduction of emissions above the limit values. The concluding sections analyse the degree of harmonisation of our positive law with the adopted standards and the environmental acquis. Having in mind a substantial number of cases related to air protection in the practice of the Serbian Protector of Citizens (Ombudsman), the analysis of the application of recommendations arising from these cases may suggest the degree of harmonisation of commitments and their application, and serve as an instrument for amending positive law
On the nature and origin of consumer vulnerability
Get PDFAutor u žižu svog istraživanja u ovom radu postavlja potrošačku ranjivost, ukazujući na to da, zavisno od konkretnih okolnosti, svaki potrošač može postati ranjiv. Određenom potrošaču može zatrebati posebna zaštita zato što pripada rizičnoj grupi, ali i zato što se našao u rizičnoj situaciji. Ranjivost može nastati u vezi sa zaključenjem ugovora, tokom ispunjenja i prilikom prestanka ugovora. Iz tih razloga, svoj međuzaključak da su svi potrošači ranjivi u širem smislu, s tim što su neki potrošači ranjiviji od drugih (ranjivi u užem smislu), autor koriguje tako da zaključak glasi: 1) svi potrošači su po definiciji ranjivi (ranjivost u širem smislu) i 2) svi potrošači mogu da budu naročito ranjivi i u tom slučaju zaslužuju posebnu zaštitu (ranjivost u užem smislu), s tim što su neki potrošači, po pravilu, naročito ranjivi, a drugi samo ponekad i u posebnim okolnostima.A consumer that is on a regular basis reasonably well-informed, and reasonably observant and circumspect may be affected by vulnerability in a particular situation. The author strongly believes that in the area of consumer protection, the abstract notion of vulnerable consumer should be introduced, in addition to the average consumer, as a legal standard of equal importance. The fundamental relation of consumer law, business-to-consumer (B2C), has been upgraded with a complex business-to-vulnerable consumer relationship (B2VC). Public authorities, in particular, have to take this fact into account when interpreting and applying consumer law so that a higher level of protection is guaranteed to vulnerable consumers. If protection of the consumer, as the weaker contractual party, is a significant step in the eternal development of good faith principles, then guaranteeing special protection to vulnerable consumers should be the next crucial move forward in the evolution of good faith principles
The institution of urbarars in mediaeval Serbia
Get PDFUrbarari su institut saskog običajnog prava, prisutan u srednjovekovnim rudarskim pravima Češke i Srbije. Cilj rada je da uporedi dva prava, te da otkrije da li su i u kojoj meri srpski urbarari plod originalnog pravnog razvoja. Rezultati pokazuju brojne razlike između čeških i srpskih rešenja. Čini se da je češko pravo bliže saskim običajima, jer su češki pravni spomenici stariji od srpskih najmanje jedno stoleće, a sa druge strane, Sasi u Srbiji su bili malobrojni i brzo asimilovani, te imali manje izgleda da sačuvaju svoje običaje od Nemaca u Češkoj. To ukazuje na autentičnost dobrog dela normi srpskog rudarskog prava, te na činjenicu da se u Srbiji odigrao njegov sui generis razvoj. Ono je zatim recipirano u Otomanskoj imperiji, te u svom trajanju za nekoliko vekova nadživelo državu koja ga je iznedrila. Primenjene metode su jezičko, sistemsko i istorijsko tumačenje izvora, kao i komparativni i istorijski metod.Urbarars are an institution of Saxon customary law, which was present in mediaeval mining laws of Bohemia and Serbia. The aim of this paper is to compare Serbian and Bohemian mediaeval solutions and to discover whether and to what degree urbarars were an original development within the Serbian mediaeval state. The results show that the two institutions are similar with regard to their judicial competence and the task of keeping registries of legal titles. The differences are more numerous. Bohemian urbarars were at the same time contractors for regal incomes, which leads to further differences. Serbian urbarars had smaller competences and, according to the sources, did not collect the urbor. Their jurisdiction was much narrower, confined to mining disputes of lower value. They survey the mining field and keep records about concessions and mining partnerships, which, in Bohemia, was the task of special notaries and not urbarars. The urbarars of Novo Brdo received compensation for their services in the form of fees for surveys and registration of legal titles, as well as fines for delicts, while Bohemian urbarars received a part of the collected regal income. Taking everything into account, it can be cautiously concluded that Bohemian solutions were closer to Saxon customs. On the one hand, Bohemian legal sources are at least a century older than the Serbian sources, on the other hand, Saxons in Serbia were few and were quickly assimilated, whereas Germans remained a significant community in Bohemia well into the XX century, which means that they could preserve their customs, as well as legal customs, more easily. This confirms the authenticity of a good part of norms of Serbian mining law, i.e. that from XIII to XV century it experienced a sui generis development in Serbia. It was then received in the Ottoman Empire and survived the state which created it by several centuries. The applied methods are linguistic, systemic and historical interpretation of the sources, as well as the comparative and historical method
Disputed claims and mediation in Serbian insolvency law: De lege lata and de lege ferenda
Get PDFU ovom radu analizirane su odredbe Zakona o stečaju o medijaciji. Autor prvo ukazuje na postojanje specijalnog zakonskog režima za medijaciju sporova u vezi sa utvrđivanjem potraživanja, koji se razlikuje od opšteg režima medijacije. Nakon toga, analizira odredbe o pokretanju postupka medijacije, posebno se posvećujući pitanju ko prema važećim rešenjima Zakona o stečaju može da podnese predlog za rešavanje spora putem medijacije i kakva je uloga odbora poverilaca s tim u vezi. Zatim se bavi pitanjem trajanja i okončanja medijacije, ukazujući na nedoslednosti domaćeg rešenja. Dalje se osvrće i na pitanje troškova postupka medijacije u vezi sa stečajnim postupkom. U zaključku, autor se zalaže za ukidanje ograničenja u pogledu aktivne legitimacije za podnošenje predloga za rešavanje spornog odnosa medijacijom, predviđanje dodatne nadležnosti odbora poverilaca u fazi okončanja postupka medijacije za rešavanje sporova povodom osporenih potraživanja u kojem učestvuje stečajni upravnik i predviđanje jedinstvenog režima medijacije za rešavanje sporova u vezi sa stečajnim postupkom.In this paper, the author analyses the Insolvency Act's provisions on mediation. Firstly, the author points out the existence of a special legal regime for mediation of disputes related to the determination of claims, which differs from the general regime of mediation. Afterwards, the provisions on initiating mediation proceedings are analysed, with the special emphasis on the persons authorized to submit proposal for resolving a dispute in the mediation procedure according to the provisions of the Insolvency Act as well as the role of the creditors' committee in this regard. Then, the author analyses the issue of the duration and termination of mediation, pointing out the inconsistencies of the domestic solution. Furthermore, the issue of the costs of mediation proceedings in connection with insolvency proceedings is addressed shortly. In conclusion, the author advocates the abolition of restrictions on active legitimacy for submitting proposals for resolving disputes through mediation, prescribing additional competencies of the creditors' committee at the final stage of the mediation procedure in relation to the disputed claims in which the insolvency administrator participates, and providing a single regime of mediation for disputes regarding insolvency proceedings resolution
International taxation and migrations
No full textThe migration of individuals is one of those phenomena which yearn for the attention of dedicated researches within the ambit of international taxation, as it puts to the test some of its basic foundations. Modern technological advancements, the changes in the way in which human labor is performed, developments in our cultural attitudes to the concepts of family and home, as well as the globalization of our societies seen perhaps most evidently in the dominance of the English language as the first true planetary lingua franca has enabled an unprecedented mobility and interaction of humanity. This Chapter attempts to outline the potential consequences of the described developments on the existing international tax order and focuses on the impact of migratory tendencies on the concept of tax residence (i.e., on what we see as justifying unlimited tax liability), on the effect of migration enabling developments, primarily technological and those related to the way in which work is performed on our understanding of where is the source of income, the growing problem of the brain (and increasingly population) drain, and on the dangers to our social contract which emanate from the measures to attract or keep certain sections of population
Agreements limiting or expanding grounds for annulling international arbitral awards
Get PDFWithin the traditional framework of international arbitration, an arbitral tribunal produces a final and binding award, which can be only exceptionally annulled based on the narrowly tailored grounds available under the law of the seat. However, parties sometimes seek to limit or expand the grounds for annulment, hoping to increase the chances for successful resolution of their dispute. As the clauses modifying the scope of judicial review become more popular, important questions come to the fore with respect to their validity, application and usefulness. This paper will analyse the compatibility of these clauses with the nature of arbitration, by examining their compliance with the principles of party autonomy and finality. Main characteristics and application of these arbitration clauses will be also discussed. In addition, the author will explore how the stipulation of these clauses affects the quality of awards, integrity of arbitral proceedings and enforceability of awards abroad
Gift of professional income generated by a spouse to a third person in Mauritian Civil Law
Get PDFFor historical reasons, Mauritian civil law has been influenced by French civil law. However, despite the differences between Mauritian civil law and French civil law and the indisputable autonomy of the Mauritian civil law, it is impossible to deny that the latter is strongly inspired by the French civil law and that the Mauritian judge will in most cases refer to the decisions rendered by French courts - and in particular by the Court of Cassation - as well as to the French doctrine. This statement is applicable to Mauritian Law on Matrimonial Property Regimes which is inspired by French civil law. In this article we will first provide a brief overview of the Mauritian Law on Matrimonial Property Regimes, followed by an analysis of the validity of a gift of professional income generated by a married person to his concubine
Notes on legal nature and consequences of "Washington agreement"
Get PDFAutori u radu analiziraju pravnu prirodu i moguće posledice tzv. Vašingtonskog sporazuma, koji je izazvao brojne polemike i nedoumice u javnosti. Kako bi utvrdili da li se radi o međunarodnom ugovoru ili o političkom aktu, autori ispituju formu i sadržinu Sporazuma. Određivanje pravne prirode Sporazuma ukazuje i na prirodu obaveza koje iz njega proističu, odnosno da li neizvršavanje preuzetih obaveza podleže pravnim ili političkim sankcijama. Autori se bave i sadržinom samog Sporazuma, koji je mnogo šire postavljen od ekonomske normalizacije odnosa, kako se naziva dokument. Posebno je značajno odgovoriti na pitanje da li je činom potpisivanja Sporazuma Republika Srbija priznala Kosovo za nezavisnu državu. Konačno, daje se ocena posledica koje mogu nastati prihvatanjem Republike Srbije da premesti svoju ambasadu iz Tel Aviva u Jerusalim.The authors embarked on an analysis of the legal nature and possible consequences of the so-called the Washington Agreement, which caused numerous controversies and doubts in public. The paper analyzes the Agreement's form and content to conclude whether it is an international agreement or a political act. Determining the legal nature of the Agreement also indicates the nature of the obligations arising from it, i.e. whether non-performance of the assumed obligations is subject to legal or political sanctions. The authors also deal with the Agreement's content itself, which is much broader than the economic normalization of relations. It is especially important to answer whether the Republic of Serbia recognized Kosovo as an independent state by signing the Agreement. Finally, an assessment is given to the consequences that may arise from the Republic of Serbia's acceptance to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem