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Termination of judge's office with retirement age
Get PDFUstav Republike Srbije sadrži jedanaest članova kojima se utvrđuju načela na kojima je sudstvo organizovano, kao i garancije sudske nezavisnosti. Osnovi za prestanak sudijske funkcije uređeni su Ustavom, to jest oni su nabrojani u članu 148, stav 1 Ustava, ali je zakonodavcu prepuštena njihova detaljna razrada, kao i uređenje samog postupka za prestanak sudijske funkcije i zaštita prava sudije u tom postupku. Jedan od načina prestanka sudijske funkcije jeste i navršenje radnog veka. Zakonom o sudijama propisan je različit pravni režim za prestanak sudijske funkcije navršenjem radnog veka zavisno od toga da li sudija vrši funkciju u Vrhovnom kasacionom sudu ili u nekom drugom sudu, kao i posebna pravila za prestanak sudijske funkcije sudije koji je predsednik suda. U radu analiziramo različite pravne režime u pogledu prestanka sudijske funkcije navršenjem radnog veka i preispitujemo postojanje razloga koji bi te razlike opravdali.The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of retirement age for judges in Serbia. The Law on Judges has been changed several times in this regard and according to the current situation there is a difference in the legal status of judges of the Supreme Court of Cassation and judges of all other courts. According to the standards set by the Constitutional Court in its jurisprudence, different legal status within a group of people in the same or similar situation would have to be justified by very weighty or compelling reasons. The legislator has failed to provide objective and reasonable justification for establishing special rules that apply only to the judges of the Supreme Court of Cassation. In comparative legal systems that are analysed in this paper, retirement age is based on the same criteria for all judges, regardless of the rank of the court
Stanković Marko: Preobražaji federalne države - deset rasprava o promenjenoj prirodi i suštini federalizma, Izdavački centar Pravnog fakulteta, Beograd, 2020
Get PDFTax violations of the Decree on Fiscal Benefits and Direct Grants for Mitigation of Economic Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic
Get PDFPredmet analize su poreski prekršaji kojima se inkriminišu zloupotreba i naknadni gubitak prava na fiskalne pogodnosti i direktna novčana davanja. Ti prekršaji su predviđeni uredbom, kojom su propisane i pomenute pogodnosti. Autori ispituju postojanje zakonskog osnova za propisivanje poreskih prekršaja podzakonskim aktima. U članku se ističe da se poreski prekršaji, kao i porezi, mogu predvideti samo zakonom. Zbog toga se nameće pitanje ustavnosti i zakonitosti odredaba podzakonskog akta koji propisuje poreske prekršaje. Bavimo se analizom bića poreskih prekršaja i ukazujemo na probleme s kojima se sudovi mogu susresti. Smatramo da definicija poreskih prekršaja koje ispitujemo implicira mogućnost objektivne odgovornosti. Ukazujemo da o pravima poreskih obveznika na fiskalne pogodnosti i direktna novčana davanja ne odlučuju oni sâmi već da im ta prava daje država od koje oni dobijaju te pogodnosti. Smatramo da u slučaju naknadnog gubitka prava nije primereno primeniti kaznenopravne mehanizme već je dovoljno pokrenuti prinudnu naplatu u poreskom postupku.The subject of our analysis are tax offenses in the Republic of Serbia related to abuse and subsequent loss of rights to fiscal benefits and direct grants. The article points out that tax offenses, as is the case with taxes, can only be introduced in law. For that reason, we call into question the constitutionality of the decree. Analysis of tax offenses shows that there are certain issues that could cause problems in the practical application of the decree. For instance, we believe that the definition of the tax offenses considered implies liability regardless of guilt. The state grants taxpayers the right to fiscal benefits and direct monetary payments. In the case of subsequent loss of right to fiscal benefits and direct monetary payments, we argue that it is not appropriate to apply penal measures. It is rather sufficient to initiate tax enforcement procedure
Relicts of the earliest understanding of fairness, justice and law in the first states of antiquity: A legal-anthropological view
Get PDFSva arhaična društva počivala su na jednakosti i solidarnosti. Sva ona izgradila su mehanizme kojima su regulisali ponašanje unutar društva, jer je to bio uslov opstanka. U takvim društvima postojala je arhaična pravičnost, koja se manifestovala kroz egalitarnost, solidarnost, ali i statičnost i konzervativnost, a počivala je na običajima koji su važili za sve bez izuzetka. Sa raslojavanjem arhaičnih društava, njihovim širenjem i povezivanjem sa drugim zajednicama nestaje prvobitne kohezije i sigurnosti i polako nestaje i ona prvobitna, arhaična pravičnost i ustupa mesto pojmu pravde kao vapaju za izgubljenom pravičnošću i jednakošću. Ravnoteža koja je do tada krasila arhaična društva i bila idealno stanje zajednice nepopravljivo je narušena. Pismo i nastanak prvih država dovešće i do prvih zakonika čovečanstva. Prve država i njihovi vladari našli su se između starog i novog. Povlašćeni slojevi diktirali su novo pravo, sputavajući običaje, prisvajajući privilegije za sebe koje je pravo verifikovalo, dok su siromašniji slojevi društva čeznuli za prohujalim vremenima. Sve su to drevni zakonodavci vladari, makar instinktivno, osećali, tražeći neku zlatnu sredinu koja je garantovala red i mir u državi. U Egiptu, boginja Ma'at, merenje duša i Knjiga mrtvih odblesak su arhaičnog društva i drevnih shvatanja, koja su se, uostalom, najduže i zadržala upravo tu. I tvorci klinopisnih zakonika našli su puteve i strategije da se iskažu kao vladari koji vode računa o svim svojim podanicima. Odredbe tih zakonika više nego o ma čemu drugom svedoče o tome. Bilo da govore o sopstvenim zaslugama, bilo da iskazuju brigu o ranjivim slojevima društva, bilo da bogatima uskraćuju određene privilegije zarad opšteg dobra, bilo da se okreću tradiciji, bilo da šuruju sa bogovima ili određuju mere i naknade, oni se pre svega trude da budu uzorni vladari svim svojim podanicima, u prvi plan stavljajući vladavinu prava.All archaic societies were founded on the principles of equality and solidarity. Another common trait were the mechanisms for regulating social behaviour, as they were crucial for a society's survival. In such types of societies, archaic fairness existed. It manifested itself through egalitarianism, solidarity, but also through the static and conservative elements and was based on the customs which were binding on all the members of the society. When archaic societies became layered and started to expand and mix with other communities, the initial cohesion, security and archaic righteousness slowly started to disappear and instead, the concept of justice appeared. Unfortunately, that caused an irreversible damage to the balance that once existed as the ideal state in the archaic societies. The invention of the writing system and the creation of the first states eventually enabled the Cuneiform Law to develop and as the result, the first law codes of the humanity came to life. The first states and their rulers found themselves at the crossroads between "the old" and "the new". The law was heavily shaped by the nobility, so all of the privileges were created explicitly for the nobles, while the poor were yearning for the past times which were more kind to them. The new law slowly started to suppress the old customs. The ancient rulers, at least instinctively, if not consciously, recognised the need for a balance which would guarantee order and peace in the state. In Egypt, where the archaic elements survived the longest, the echoes of archaic societies and ancient beliefs could be found in the principle of Ma'at, the weighing of souls and the Book of the dead. The creators of Cuneiform Law also found their ways and strategies to present themselves as just and caring rulers. The evidence for that can be found especially in the provisions of the law. Whether they are referring to their own achievements and merits, or offering protection and care to the vulnerable members of the society, or revoking privileges of the nobles for the sake of the greater good, or turning back to the tradition, or "buddying up" with the gods, or determining measures and compensation amounts, they are, above all, trying to be exemplary rulers to their subjects by putting the rule of law first
Dejan Popović: Unifikacija poreskog prava u prvoj jugoslovenskoj državi, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Beograd, 2020
Get PDFThe Law on Conversion of Housing Loans Indexed to Swiss Francs as an example of emergency legislation
Get PDFZakon o konverziji stambenih kredita indeksiranih u švajcarskim francima usvojen je po hitnom postupku sredinom 2019. godine s ciljem da se ex post facto pruži posebna pravna zaštita korisnicima dugoročnih stambenih kredita vezanih za tu stranu valutu. U ovom radu ukazuje se prvo na relativno novu pojavu "interventnog" menjanja ili usvajanja propisa zarad rešavanja pojedinačnih spornih društvenih situacija koje donosioci političkih odluka percipiraju kao akutan socijalni ili politički problem. Novousvojeni Zakon o konverziji spada u takve "interventne" propise. Stoga se potom u radu razmatraju određene odredbe novog zakona koje se loše uklapaju u zatečena pravila o zaključenju ugovora. Na kraju se prikazuje dosadašnja bankarska praksa zaključenja ugovora o konverziji koja se razvila na temelju ovog novog interventnog zakona.The Law on Conversion of Housing Loans Indexed to Swiss Francs was enacted in a shortened procedure in April 2019, with the aim of providing special ex post facto legal protection to the consumers engaged in long-term housing loans with a currency clause in CHF. This paper firstly examines the relatively new practice of the Serbian legislature to act in the interventionist manner, that is, to change or adopt the laws for the purposes of addressing the individual contentious social issues that political decision makers perceive as acute social or political problems. The newly adopted Law on Conversion falls under such category of "interventionist" or "emergency" legislation. The paper then discusses certain provisions of the new law that do not fit well with the well-established rules on contract formation. Finally, the paper presents the current banking practice of concluding conversion agreements in line with the said piece of "emergency" legislation
Employment of migrant workers: Assumptions, requirements and limitations
Get PDFPremda se u srcu radnopravnih pravila o zaštiti radnika migranata nalazi potreba za obezbeđivanjem dostojanstvenih uslova rada, poseban izazov za savremene države predstavlja stvaranje uslovā za dostojanstveno zapošljavanje ovih lica. U radu su, otud, razmotrena pitanja pretpostavki (uredan ulazak u određenu državu) i uslovā za zasnivanje radnog odnosa sa strancima (odobrenje za boravak i dozvola za rad), kao i pitanje ograničenja njihovog zapošljavanja u odabranim državama (kvote za zapošljavanje stranaca, ograničavanje kataloga poslova čije se obavljanje može poveriti strancima i dr.). Autor polazi od hipoteze da se utvrđivanjem odgovarajućih pretpostavki i specijalnih uslova za zasnivanje radnog odnosa sa strancima, za radnike migrante uspostavlja i niz različitih migrantskih položaja, od kojih su neki izrazito prekarni. Primena merodavnih pravnih propisa bi, otud, morala biti praćena (pravnim i vanpravnim) merama upravljenim ka delotvornoj zaštiti dostojanstva radnika migranata i sprečavanju njihove radne eksploatacije.Although the need to provide decent working conditions is at the heart of the labour law rules on protection of migrant workers, a significant challenge for modern countries remains to create such conditions for their decent employment. The article discusses assumptions (legally entering a country), requirements for employment of foreigners (stay visa and work permit), as well as the employment limitations (quotas for employment of foreigners, limiting the catalogue of jobs that can be entrusted to foreigners, etc.). Regulation of these issues is closely related to the needs and the state of the domestic labour market (general and/or in specific professions), as well as the goals of migration, demographic, economic and employment policies. The author concludes that by establishing certain assumptions and special requirements for establishing employment relationships with foreigners, a number of different migrant positions are established for migrant workers, some of which are extremely precarious. Implementation of the relevant legal regulations should therefore be accompanied by (legal and extralegal) measures aimed at effectively protecting the dignity of migrant workers and preventing their labour exploitation. Among much else, this can be facilitated by establishing authorizations for employment of foreigners, as a special condition to be fulfilled by the employer, which can only be issued to the employers who respect labour and immigration regulations. Although this prevents employers who violate the rights of migrant workers from hiring new workers, there are no instruments in place to protect vulnerable categories of persons from labour exploitation in the period until the application for renewal of the employment authorisation or the application for a new employment authorisation is submitted. This is especially true as the dependence of migrant workers on the employer often discourages migrants from initiating the proceedings for protection of rights
Sustainability of the concept of regional cogent norms: General system against the European system
Get PDFU ovom radu predstavljena je analiza jednog novog i osetljivog pitanja od interesa za čitavu međunarodnu zajednicu - pitanje regionalnih kogentnih normi. Polazi se od aktuelnog rada Komisije za međunarodno pravo Ujedinjenih nacija i prate diskusije i komentari kako država tako i vodećih autora po ovom pitanju. Autor zauzima jasan stav da bi trebalo prihvatiti regionalne kogentne norme, s obzirom na to da one već kao takve postoje na području Evrope i to u sistemu Saveta Evrope i Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, ali i u sistemu Evropske unije. Ukazano je da regionalne kogentne norme postepeno bivaju prihvaćene i na drugim područjima, recimo na tlu Amerike, pa je to samo jedan od razloga za njihovo priznanje. Nažalost, članovi Komisije za međunarodno pravo još uvek nisu zauzeli stav o priznanju ovih normi, iako postoje značajni autori koji podržavaju njihovo prihvatanje. U radu je jasno pokazano da iako se često pitanje regionalnih kogentnih normi dovodi u vezu sa fragmentacijom međunarodnog prava, ovo predstavlja pozitivan aspekt. Naime, prihvatanje regionalnih kogentnih normi predstavljalo bi unapređenje čitavog međunarodnog prava, ali nikako po cenu postojanja opštih kogentnih normi. Autor insistira na tome da je područje Evrope bilo tlo gde se rodilo međunarodno pravo i gde je stepen integracije država na najvišem nivou, pa bi se preko regionalnih kogentnih normi unapredilo čitavo međunarodno pravo, kao i ljudska prava uopšte.This paper presents an analysis of a new and sensitive issue of interest to the entire international community - the issue of regional ius cogens norms. It starts from the current work of the United Nations Commission on International Law and follows discussions and comments from both states and leading authors on this issue. The author takes a clear position that regional ius cogens norms should be accepted, considering that they already exist as such in Europe within the system of the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights, but also in the system of the European Union. It was pointed out that regional cogent norms are gradually being accepted in other areas, for example, on American soil, so that is only one of the reasons for their recognition. Unfortunately, members of the International Law Commission have still taken a stand on the recognition of these norms, although some significant authors support their acceptance. The paper clearly shows that although the issue of regional ius cogens norms is often associated with the fragmentation of international law, this is a positive aspect. Namely, the acceptance of regional ius cogens norms would represent the improvement of the entire international law, but not at the cost of the existence of general ius cogens norms. The author insists that the area of Europe was the ground where international law was born and where the degree of integration of states is atthe highestlevel, so the entire international law, aswell as human rights in general, would be improved through regional coherent norms
Once upon a time in Ečka - osvrt na knjigu - Tibor Varadi: Dogodilo se u Ečki - dokumentarni Roman (prevod s mađarskog Arpad Vicko), Akademska knjiga, Novi Sad, 2019
Get PDFDirection of process clause in modern insurance law
Get PDFAutorka se bavi teorijskom analizom klauzule o vođenju spora u modernom osiguranju od odgovornosti. Najpre ukazuje na osobenost osiguranja od odgovornosti, čija zaštitna funkcija nije ograničena samo na pokriće odštetnih zahteva protiv osiguranika (ekonomska zaštita), već se odnosi i na pružanje pravne zaštite. Upravo klauzule o vođenju spora čine srž pravne zaštite osiguranika. Autorka posmatra pomenute klauzule iz ugla njihove uklopljenosti u standarde zaštite potrošača usluga osiguranja. Nakon upoznavanja sa delegacijom procesnih ovlašćenja i stepenom ugrožavanja procesnih sloboda osiguranika, autorka se zalaže za zakonsko uređenje sadržine ovih klauzula, tj. uvođenje granica procesnih ovlašćenja koje pruža osiguravaču. Klauzula o zabrani poravnanja i klauzula o zabrani priznanja odgovornosti obrađene su u nameri da se ukaže na nastojanje osiguravača da putem ovih klauzula ostvari potpunu kontrolu nad procesnim držanjem osiguranika. Autorka zaključuje da se ni jedna od pomenutih klauzula ne može tumačiti na način da zabranjuje osiguraniku da se "meša" u sporove koji se protiv njega vode. Razlozi javnog poretka i očuvanja prava na pravnu zaštitu govore protiv takvog tumačenja.Author is dealing with theoretical analyses of direction of process clause in modern liability insurance. Firstly points at peculiarity of liability insurance whose protection function is not limited only to coverage of compensation claims against insured party (economic protection), but also relates on legal protection. Direction of process clauses makes the core of legal protection of insured. Author observes mentioned clauses from the point of view of compatibility with the standards of consumer protection. Having in mind that direction of process clause leads to the delegation of procedural authorities and that represents some degree of violation of procedural freedoms of insured, author is advocating for statutory regulation of its content.Settlement clause and clause prohibiting the recognition of liability has been processed with the intention to point out to the insurer's eff orts to take complete control over procedural behavior of the insured. Author concludes that none of the mentioned clausescan be interpreted in such a way to forbid the insured to get involved in proceedings against him. Public policy as well as the right on legal protection speaks against such interpretation