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The influence of the epidemic on notary service
Get PDFAutor analizira kako je rešeno obavljanje javnobeležničke delatnosti u uslovima vanrednog stanja. Poseban osvrt dat je na mogućnost da se negativan uticaj epidemije na javnobeležničku delatnost prevaziđe primenom opštih pravila javnobeležničke delatnosti (prekid vanparničnog postupka), kao i na preporuke Ministarstva pravde za rad javnih beležnika za vreme vanrednog stanja proglašenog 15. marta 2020. godine.The main topic of this paper is the manner in which the notary service has been organized and provided in Serbia during the state of emergency, which was declared on March 15, 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The author gives special attention to the possibility to resolve practical problems by adherence to the general rules and principles of the notary service (especially the rules on stay of non-contentious proceedings). The author also examines the contents and applicability of the recommendations issued by the Ministry of Justice of Serbia during the state of emergency
Criminal legal challenges in Republic of Serbia during COVID-19 pandemic
Get PDFPandemija uslovljena širenjem zarazne bolesti COVID-19 koja je zahvatila čitavu planetu prouzrokovala je ne samo globalnu zdravstvenu krizu, promenivši uobičajeni način života većine svetske populacije, već je ostavila uticaj na gotovo sva područja državnog i društvenog sistema. Pored onog koji je najviše pogođen, a to je zdravstveni sistem, efekti mera koje su nacionalni zakonodavci, ili druga nadležna tela usvajali s ciljem otklanjanja ili umanjenja opasnosti od širenja bolesti, pogodili su između ostalog i ekonomsku stabilnost, ali i stavili pred izazove pravosudne organe, s obzirom da u novonastalim okolnostima nije bilo lako obezbediti njihovo normalno funkcionisanje. To se pre svega, s obzirom na značaj slučajeva i potrebu hitnog postupanja, odnosi na krivično pravosuđe, gde je potrebno obezbediti obavljanje suđenja i uopšte rad svih procesnih subjekata u uslovima koji su, barem u jednom periodu, podrazumevali drastična ograničenja nekih od osnovnih građanskih i ljudskih prava i sloboda. U tom kontekstu u radu je preispitana opravdanost i zakonitost mera koje su u Republici Srbiji uvedene u vreme trajanja vanrednog stanja s ciljem koliko-toliko normalnog odvijanja rada pravosudnog sistema u uslovima kada je društveni život bio gotovo u potpunosti paralisan. Osim toga, ukazano je i na osnovna sporna pitanja koja se uopšte postavljaju pred krivično pravo u uslovima pandemije, uz analizu podataka o stopi i stanju kriminaliteta u Republici Srbiji u periodu od uvođenja vanrednog stanja i uopšte za vreme trajanja pandemije. Uprkos tome što je opasnost od virusa prisutna bezmalo dve godine život se laganim koracima vraća u normalu, ali mnoga ograničenja i dalje važe. Tako je i u Republici Srbiji i dalje na snazi zabrana okupljanja na javnim mestima u zatvorenom i otvorenom prostoru određenog broja lica, s tim što se moraju poštovati i druge uvedene protivepidemiološke mere. No, te se mere ipak ne mogu porediti sa drastičnim ograničenjima, pre svega slobode kretanja, koja su važila u periodu od gotovo dva meseca prošle godine, kada je na snazi bilo vanredno stanje. U tom kontekstu, naročito je od značaja učinjen napor vladajućih struktura da se u promenjenim uslovima obezbedi efikasno funkcionisanje krivičnog pravosuđa. Međutim, način na koji je to urađeno u Republici Srbiji, kao što je objašnjeno u ovom radu, otvorio je i niz pitanja o opravdanosti i usklađenosti novih mera sa aktima više pravne snage, jer se njima u cilju pojačane represije koja bi trebalo građane da drži u pokornosti i spreči masovno kršenje zdravstvenih propisa, bitno odstupa od nekih temeljnih vrednosti svakog, u osnovi demokratskog, krivičnopravnog sistema. Pored toga, nepreglednost pravnih akata kojima se u cilju smanjenja širenja zaraze uvode određene zabrane i ograničenja, a čije nepoštovanje povlači i krivičnopravnu odgovornost, uslovila je pravnu nesigurnost, jer često ti akti nisu međusobno usklađeni, ili su doneseni od strane nenadležnih organa i mimo uobičajene procedure da budu obnarodovani na odgovarajući način. Analiza zvaničnih statističkih podataka pokazala je da je broj određenih krivičnih dela (pre svega onih koja su redovno najviše zastupljena u strukturi kriminaliteta, a to su imovinski delikti) u periodu trajanja vanrednog stanja u Republici Srbiji znatno manji u odnosu na nekoliko ranijih godina. S druge strane, upravo zbog velikog broja novouvedenih zdravstvenih propisa, čije nepoštovanje za vreme epidemije opasne zarazne bolesti predstavlja kažnjivo delo, zabeležen je porast broja izvršenih krivičnih dela protiv zdravlja ljudi, a pre svega inkriminacije iz člana 248. KZ.The pandemic caused by the spread of the infectious disease COVID-19, which affected the entire planet, caused not only the global health crisis, changing the usual way of life of the majority of the world's population, but also affected almost all areas of the state and social system. The health systems were most affected; however, in addition to them, the effects of measures adopted by national legislators or other competent authorities to eliminate or reduce the risk of spreading the disease have affected, inter alia, economic stability, but also challenged the judicial authorities given that in the new circumstances it was not easy to ensure their normal functioning. This primarily refers to the criminal justice, given the importance of cases and the need for urgent action, since it is necessary to ensure the conduct of trials and the work of all procedural entities in conditions that, at least in one period, implied drastic restrictions on some basic civil and human rights and freedoms. In that context, it is especially important to review the justification and legality of the measures introduced in the Republic of Serbia during the state of emergency with the aim of more or less normal operation of the judicial system in conditions when social life was almost completely paralyzed. In addition, there is the question of what challenges and controversial issues are generally posed before criminal law in a pandemic, as well as the analysis of data on the crime rate and the overall crime situation in the Republic of Serbia in the period since the introduction of the state of emergency and during the pandemic
COVID-19 pandemic and crime in Serbia in 2020
Get PDFPredmet rada je analiza stanja kriminaliteta u Srbiji 2020. godine sa ciljem utvrđivanja eventualnog uticaja pandemije korona virusa (Covid-19) na kriminalitet. U tu svrhu korišćeni su različiti podaci. Autorka najpre vrši analizu stope prijavljenih lica za celokupni kriminalitet u državi kao i po regionima, a predstavljena je i stopa pojedinih krivičnih dela. Radi dobijanja preciznije slike, predstavljeni su i podaci iz policijskih evidencija za najveće gradove u Srbiji po mesecima u 2020. godini. Pored toga, urađena je i prognoza kretanja pojedinih krivičnih dela za grad Beograd i tako dobijeni podaci upoređeni sa stvarno registrovanim krivičnim delima. Zaključeno je da je došlo do smanjenja kriminaliteta i to u većoj meri kod imovinskih nego nasilnih krivičnih dela. Procenat smanjenja varira i među regionima i među analiziranim gradovima. Što se tiče prognoziranja pojedinih krivičnih dela, najveće procentualne razlike i to upravo u periodu vanrednog stanja ustanovljene su između predviđenih i registrovanih krivičnih prijava za zloupotrebu položaja odgovornog lica, krađu i nasilničko ponašanje.This paper examines c rime in Serbia in 2020 when the actual Covid-19 pandemic has started. The first part of the paper is dedicated to presentation of relevant literature which analyzed crime during the pandemic in different countries. Further, the author gives and in depth analyses the theoretical background, first and foremost theories of environmental criminology, that could explain changes of crime due to the different social circumstances. The second part of the paper deals with crime rate in Serbia in 2020 in comparison to previous years. Data used stem from two sources. Firstly, annual crime rate is calculated by using judicial statistics whereas monthly presentation of criminal charges is based on police statistics. This is due to the fact that judicial statistics in Serbia contain only annual crime data. Secondly, the author has used ARIMA program to make crime forecasts for the capital city of the Republic of Serbia and for this analysis police statistics have been used. Results show that the general crime rate in Serbia has dropped for 20% in comparison to 2019. Variations between state regions are observable and for example Vojvodina region records the decrease of 12.7% whereas Šumadija and Western Serbia the decrease of 25.4%. Also, crime rate was calculated for several criminal offences: homicide and aggravated homicide, rape, domestic violence, violent behaviour, theft, aggravated theft, robbery, abuse of power of the responsible person in the economy. Apart from homicide and aggravated homicide (the crime rate calculated together), all other criminal offences recorded a decline in 2020 in comparison to 2019 and this was especially evident for the abuse of power of the responsible person in the economy, aggravated theft and robbery. With respect to police statistics, we presented monthly data of criminal charges for three criminal offences (theft, aggravated theft, domestic violence) in 2020 for four cities: Belgrade, Novi Sad, Kragujevac and Niš. The data are presented in absolute numbers. When it comes to theft and aggravated theft, the lowest number of criminal charges in all cities was recorded in April, when the decision on the state of emergency was in force. Since the middle of the year and after the abolishment of the state of emergency, there has been a noticeable trend of increasing of criminal charges for theft and aggravated theft in all cities. Domestic violence hasn't followed such a trend. Only in Belgrade the lowest number of filed criminal charges was recorded in April, while in other cities this happened in the period September-October. Finally, the author uses ARIMA model to make comparison between expected and recorded criminal charges for homicide and aggravated homicide, rape, domestic violence, violent behaviour, theft, aggravated theft, robbery, abuse of power of the responsible person in the economy in the city of Belgrade. We used police data for the period January 2015-February 2020 as a base for crime forecasts for the period March-December 2020. In the lockdown homicide and aggravated homicide were recorded slightly less than expected whereas these crimes were evidently higher in the period May-August. All other criminal offences recorded lower values than expected. The greatest discrepancy was noticed in the lockdown (April-May). The recorded value was almost for 100% lower for abuse of power of the responsible person in the economy than expected, 70% for violent behaviour and theft, 50% for robbery and 40% for aggravated theft. The recorded number of criminal charges for domestic violence was for 25% lower in April than expected. After the lockdown, all criminal offences recorded higher values but, except from homicide and aggravated homicide, these values were still generally lower than predicted
Corporate purpose with a look on COVID-19 pandemic
Get PDFImaju li privredna društva jasno određen cilj? Da li je taj cilj jedinstven za sva privredna društva? Može li privredno društvo da formuliše svoj cilj i da postupa u skladu sa njim? Da li je ovo oblast u kojoj zakonodavac treba da interveniše, do koje mere i na koji način? Kakvu ulogu treba i može da ima samo privredno društvo prilikom određivanja sopstvenog cilja? Ovo su sámo neka od pitanja na koja autor u ovom radu pokušava da dâ odgovor, imajući u vidu brojne teorijske rasprave, kao i uporedna i domaća zakonodavna rešenja. Dilema između primene akcionarske teorije i multiinteresne (stejkholderske) teorije predstavlja jednu od najvećih kontroverzi savremenog kompanijskog prava. Aktuelna pandemija je samo dodatno apostrofirala osnovne probleme ovih teorija. Imajući u vidu da se konačni odgovori u ovoj oblasti ne mogu dati, autor sagledava domaća rešenja, kako bi dao preporuke za njihovo tumačenje.What is the purpose of companies? Is that purpose unique for all companies? Is a company allowed to formulate its own purpose and to make decisions in accordance with that purpose? Is this the area where the lawmaker should intervene, to what extent and in which manner? What role should or could a company have in determining its own purpose? These are some of the questions to which the author is trying to find the answers, taking into consideration a number of theoretical discussions, as well as comparative and domestic legislative movements. Dilemma between the shareholder theory and the stakeholders' theory represents one of the most controversial topics in modern company law. The COVID pandemic has additionally emphasized the basic problems of these theories. Bearing in mind that definite solutions in this area cannot be given, the author analyses relevant Serbian statutory provisions, in order to make certain suggestions for their adequate interpretation
Epistemic Authority and Legal Interpretation
No full textThe relations between epistemic authority and legal interpretation have been widely neglected in contemporary legal theory. In this paper I’ll lay out the grounds for the discussion about the sociological and philosophical conceptions of power and authority in order to access their relevance for the theory of legal interpretation. The main hypothesis is that the problems of the practice of legal interpretations in contemporary legal systems are by and large solved not by resorting to philosophies of language nor by doctrines of legal interpretation, but by relying on various kinds of authorities. The paper will present (1) an analysis of authority that will lead to the kinds of authority that are relevant for legal interpretation and argue that (2) the proper way to understand these authorities is by employing the concept of institutional control of legal interpretation. The analysis substantiates the conclusion that authority is a key component of understanding judicial interpretation as a volitive or stipulative enterprise, without implications of arbitrariness
Virtual Arbitration hearings: The new normal?
Get PDFThis paper addresses the notion and legal framework for virtual hearings in international arbitration. The authors first examine the existing laws in different jurisdictions and how they tackle the issue both when it comes to litigation and when it comes to arbitration, followed by analyses of various institutional arbitration rules, including recent changes thereof and pertinent case law on the matter. They further examine the general idea of a virtual setting for the hearing against legal and technical objections frequently encountered in practice. In particular, the interplay of technical capabilities and legal standards such as "due process" and the "right to present one's case" is assessed. Finally, the authors identify possible pathways to replacing the classical in-person hearing with the virtual one and the key legal and practical considerations to be assessed before deciding to proceed with it
Legality of the currency clause after entry into force of the Law on Conversion
Get PDFU radu se razmatra punovažnost valutne klauzule u svetlu primene Zakona o konverziji stambenih kredita indeksiranih u švajcarskim francima. Prvi deo je posvećen pojmu i karakteristikama valutne klauzule, kako bi se utvrdio uticaj njene ništavosti na punovažnost ugovora o kreditu. Autor ističe nedoslednost u rešavanju tog pitanja u sudskoj praksi i predlaže argumente u prilog stavu o delimičnoj ništavosti ugovora. U drugom delu je dat prikaz shvatanja o punovažnosti valutne klauzule kojom se kredit indeksira u švajcarskim francima. Potom je izložen način na koji Zakonom o konverziji pokušava da se reši problem "švajcaraca". Tim zakonom nije uređeno pitanje ništavosti valutne klauzule ni ugovora o kreditu indeksiranom u švajcarskim francima. Iz analize pravne prirode ugovora o konverziji proizlazi da konverzija nije moguća ako je izvorni ugovor o kreditu ništav zbog nepunovažnosti valutne klauzule. Stoga, i nakon donošenja Zakona o konverziji, pitanje ništavosti valutne klauzule ostaje sporno i aktuelno.This paper deals with legality of the currency clause in light of the Law on Conversion of Housing Loans Indexed in Swiss Francs. The first part analyses characteristics of the currency clause, in order to explain effects of its possible illegality on validity of the loan agreement. The author emphasizes inconsistency in the way Serbian courts approach this issue and suggests arguments for treating the loan agreement as being only partially invalid. The second part presents different opinions regarding legality of the Swiss francs currency clause, which is generally treated as an invalid contract term in judicial practice. Thereafter, solutions to the problem of Swiss francs in the Law are examined. It is concluded that conversion is not possible if the original loan agreement was invalid due to an illegal currency clause. Consequently, illegality of the currency clause remains open after entry into force of the said Law
