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Forever Young: The Gap-Filling Mechanism of the CISG As a Factor of Its Modernization
No full textThe United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is celebrating its 40th anniversary as one of the most important and the most widely accepted treaties of international sales law. One of the reasons of such a remarkable reputation is the Convention’s gap-filling mechanism. That gap-filling mechanism is designed to address not only the issues that cannot find their place under a specific rule although they should be governed by the Convention but also the new matters that emerge with the development and evolution of international trade. Though it is contained in just one seemingly simple provision, the gap-filling mechanism of the CISG hides many complexities and raises questions that require meticulous analysis. This holds true for virtually all elements of that mechanism: the method of its interpretation, the scope of application, the reference to general principles of the Convention and the use of rules of private international law. Upon detailed examination of those issues, the author concludes that the gap-filling mechanism of the CISG has indeed contributed to keeping the Convention up to date with modern legal challenges and proposes some solutions that might lead to even greater promotion of its international character and the uniformity of its application, susceptible of further affirming the role of the gap-filling mechanism as a factor of the Convention’s modernization
Some methodological dilemmas in comparative tax law
Get PDFS obzirom na to da se uporedno pravo, kao nauka i metod, tokom većeg dela HH veka razvijalo prvenstveno kao uporedno privatno pravo, sa kasnijim uključivanjem ustavnog, upravnog i krivičnog prava, upoređivanje nacionalnih poreskih sistema - ako se izuzmu malobrojni pionirski radovi - bilo je donedavno marginalno. Posebno su zapo stavljana istraživanja metoda primerenog uporednom poreskom pravu. Polazeći od stava da se metod u uporednopravnom istraživanju svodi na tehniku poređenja, autori su razmotrili dilemu da li je polazna osnova za komparaciju pretpostavka o sličnosti ili o razlikama. Iz različitosti tih pretpostavki razvila su se dva osnovna metodološka pristupa u uporednom (poreskom) pravu - funkcionalizam (zasnovan na pretpostavci o sličnostima) i pristup kulturnih ra zlika, iz kojeg je kasnije nastao kritički pristup. Pošto su analizirali prednosti i nedostatke oba pristupa, autori su razradili osnove "kulturnog funkcionalizma", zasnovanog na uključivanju kulturnog konteksta u istraživanje načina na koje poreska prava koja se upoređuju rešavaju date probleme.Since for much of the 20th century the comparative law was developing as the comparative private law, with subsequent inclusion of constitutional, administrative and criminal law, comparisons of national tax systems were until recently marginal. The examination of the methods appropriate for the comparative tax law was especially neglected. Assuming that method in comparative law can be identified by techniques of comparisons, the authors considered dilemma whether the starting point for comparisons is praesumptio similitudinis or presumption of difference. Stemming from diversities of these assumptions, two methodological approaches in the comparative (tax) law have developed - functionalism (based on presumption of similarities) and cultural differences approach, from which critical approach subsequently emerged. Having analysed advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, the authors elaborated the basics of "cultural functionalism", based on the inclusion of cultural context into the research of the ways how tax laws subject to comparison solve the given problems
Illegal construction in the language sphere
Get PDFKonstatujući da je društvena akcija u cilju postizanja što većeg stepena ravnopravnosti između muškaraca i žena potrebna i korisna, autor dovodi u pitanje valjanost pristupa iz nedavno usvojenog Zakona o rodnoj ravnopravnosti koji nastoji da rodnu ravnopravnost uspostavlja, uz ostalo, prisilnom intervencijom u sferi jezika, kroz nametanje primene tzv. "rodno osetljivog jezika". Pored toga što ovakav pristup teško da bi mogao da zaista doprinese ravnopravnosti, prisilna intervencija u sferi jezika predstavlja povredu jezika kao segmenta nematerijalnog kulturnog nasleđa, što je suprotno Ustavu Republike Srbije i nizu međunarodnopravnih akata. Srećom, odredbe Zakona o rodnoj ravnopravnosti koje se odnose na primenu rodno osetljivog jezika su u toj meri neprecizne, nejasne i pune unutrašnjih kontradiktornosti da se može konstatovati da su neprimenjive.Stating that social action aimed at achieving a higher degree of equality between men and women is necessary and useful, the author questions the validity of the approach in the recently adopted Law on Gender Equality that tries to establish gender equality, among other things, by forced intervention in the language sphere, through imposing the application of the so-called "gender-sensitive language". Despite the fact that such an approach could hardly contribute to actual equality, this forced intervention in the language sphere is the violation of the language as a segment of intangible cultural heritage, which is contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia and a number of international acts. Fortunately, the provisions of the Law on Gender Equality regarding the application of gender-sensitive language are inaccurate, unclear and full of internal contradictions to such an extent that it can be said that they are not applicable
Eu asylum system in and after the Covid-19 pandemic: disclosing the weaknesses of the current rules and assessing the prospects of the new pact on migration and asylum
No full textThe paper analyses the influence that the Covid-19 pandemic has had on the functioning of the European asylum system. The analysis is divided into three parts and addresses problematic issues associated with different stages of the pandemic. In the first part of the paper, the author outlines the asylum practices of EU Member States in the initial stage of the Covid-19 pandemic during which the pandemic was perceived as a state of emergency. By exploring the legal possibilities to derogate both from the EU asylum rules and international human rights standards, the author offers conclusions as regards limits of derogations and the legality of Member States' practices, especially their failure to differentiate between rules that are susceptive of being derogated in emergency situations and those that are not. The second part of the paper analyses the current phase of the pandemic in which it is perceived as a 'new normal' and focuses on making the EU asylum system immune to Covid-19 influence to the greatest extent possible and in line with relevant EU and human rights rules. The author insists on the vulnerability as an inherent feature of persons in need of international protection and researches upon the relationship between the two competing interests involved - protection of asylum seekers and ensuring public health as a legitimate reason for restricting certain asylum seekers' rights. The final part of the paper analyses the prospects of the future EU asylum system, as announced by the New Pact on Migration and Asylum in September 2020, to adapt to the exigencies of both the current Covid-19 crisis and pandemics that are yet to come. With an exclusive focus on referral to Covid-19 and provisions relevant for the current and future pandemics, the author criticizes several solutions included in the instruments that make up the Pact. It is concluded that the Pact failed to offer solutions for problems experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic and that, under the pretext of public health, it prioritizes the interests of Member States over the interests of applicants for international protection
The law applicable to objective arbitrability: 'Lex fori', 'lex arbitri' and their alternatives
Get PDFImajući u vidu da za pitanje arbitrabilnosti predmeta spora ne postoji uniformno rešenje iz međunarodnih konvencija i Model zakona, kao i da različita nacionalna zakonodavstva na drugačije načine rešavaju ovo pitanje, primećuje se veliki značaj pravilnog određivanja merodavnog prava za objektivnu arbitrabilnost. U radu su prvo analizirane lex fori i lex arbitri, kao klasične tačke vezivanja, a zatim i njihove alternative, kao što su lex causae za ugovor, mesto potencijalnog izvršenja odluke i pravo merodavno za materijalnu punovažnost arbitražnog sporazuma, te je razmatran i predlog napuštanja kolizione tehnike. Nakon zaključka da je iz više razloga neadekvatno na ovo pitanje primenjivati pravo merodavno za arbitražni sporazum, kao i da još uvek ne može da se smatra da postoji autonomni pojam arbitrabilnosti iz Njujorške konvencije, autor prepoznaje da definicija objektivne arbitrabilnosti obuhvata više aspekata, te da je za svaki od njih potrebno zasebno odrediti pravo koje se primenjuje.Bearing in mind that there is no uniform solution to the issue of arbitrability of the subject matter of a dispute in international conventions and the Model Law, as well as that different national legislations solve this issue in different ways, the great importance of correctly determining the applicable law for objective arbitrability is noticed. The paper first analyses the lex fori and lex arbitri as classic points of attachment, and then their alternatives such as the lex causae for contract, the place of potential enforcement of the award and the law applicable to the material validity of the arbitration agreement, as well as the proposal to abandon the collision technique. After concluding that for several reasons it is inadequate to apply the law applicable to the arbitration agreement to this issue, and that it is still early to consider that there is an autonomous notion of arbitrability from the New York Convention, the author recognizes that the definition of objective arbitrability encompasses several aspects. Accordingly, for each of them it is necessary to determine separately the applicable law
The Serbian tax policy for a new digital age: Some proposals while we wait for a general tax reform
Get PDFOvaj rad se bavi pitanjem na koji način pomoći srpskim poslodavcima u borbi za našu domaću radnu snagu sa stranom konkurencijom, imajući u vidu to da je, usled primene modernih tehnologija, ona u većem delu našeg uslužnog sektora privrede postala deo globalnog tržišta rada. Autor dodaje navedenom izazovu i potrebu da se srpska privreda transformiše iz modela koji je prevashodno sadržan u pružanju usluga, na onaj zasnovan na stvaranju veće vrednosti kroz razvoj intelektualne svojine u domaćem vlasništvu. Srpska kreativna industrija ili, preciznije, njen IT sektor, uzeti su kao primarno polje istraživanja, gde su napori da se usklade prethodno navedena dva interesa uočeni još od 2018. godine. Na osnovu postojećeg stanja autor predlaže set poreskih mera koje imaju za cilj da pomognu prelazak sadašnje srpske privrede na model 4.0, pri čemu borba da se zadrži srpski talenat u Srbiji i to kod srpskih poslodavaca igra ključnu ulogu.This paper addresses the topic of how to help Serbian employers fight for our domestic talent with foreign competition, as due to modern technologies, in the better part of our service sector the Serbian workforce has entered the global market. The author adds to this concern the need to transform the Serbian economy from a service provision one to a model centred around high value creation of domestically owned IP. The Serbian creative industry or, to be more precise, its IT sector, is used as the primary field of research, and its own and fiscal policy makers attempts to align the aforementioned two interests are outlined starting from 2018. Based on the developments so far the author proposes a set of tax measures aimed at facilitating the transition of the current Serbian economy into a 4.0 format, wherein the fight to maintain Serbian talent in Serbia and within Serbian employers plays a crucial role
Legal consequences of the caregiver's death in a life care contract
Get PDFZakon o nasleđivanju propisuje da prava i obaveze davaoca izdržavanja mogu da naslede samo njegovi potomci i supružnik. Ukoliko druga lica naslede davaoca ili potomci i supružnik odbiju da preuzmu izdržavanje, ugovor se raskida po samom zakonu. Pravo na naknadu za primljeno izdržavanje predviđeno je samo za slučaj da potomci i supružnik odbiju da preuzmu izdržavanje iz opravdanih razloga. Ovaj rad je posvećen analizi i kritici tog rešenja. Autor pokazuje da je ograničenje nasledivosti suviše usko i kruto, da je pitanje naknade neadekvatno uređeno i da su interesi primaoca izdržavanja ugroženi jer njemu nije ostavljena mogućnost da utiče na sudbinu ugovora. Autor predlaže rešenje prema kojem bi nasledivost pozicije davaoca izdržavanja bila neograničena, uz pravo svake strane da odbije da nastavi s ugovorom. Opravdanost razloga za raskid ugovora uzimala bi se u obzir prilikom odlučivanja o naknadi za primljeno izdržavanje.Serbian Succession Act provides that the position of a caregiver in a life care contract may be inherited only by their descendants and spouse. If other persons succeed the caregiver, or if descendants or spouse refuse to provide care, the contract is rescinded by operation of law. The right to compensation for received care is provided only if descendants or spouse have a justified reason for refusing to provide care. This article contains a critical analysis of this solution. The author shows that the restriction of heritability is too narrow, that the issue of compensation is inadequately resolved, and that the interests of care recipient are endangered because they cannot influence the fate of the contract. The author proposes a solution of unlimited heritability with the right of both parties to rescind the contract. The reasons for rescission would be taken into account when the issue of compensation is decided
When law enters history: Prohibition of crime negationism and its limits in international law
Get PDFThe topic of this article is the interaction between the freedom of expression and the memorial laws concerning historical crimes. The author offers an analysis of the phenomenon of negationism through the prism of international law. The article is based on two interrelated hypotheses. The first is that the prohibition of negationism has a legal foundation in international law only if accompanied by the ability to incite hatred or violence. For this purpose, international and regional European standards on negationism are analyzed. The second hypothesis is that in the practice of implementation of memorial laws, the border between hate speech and legitimate historical denialism becomes blurred. This fact might lead to excessive encroachment upon the freedom of expression. The author offers an analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights as a referential framework for the application of memorial laws in practice aimed at evading these excesses
Legal consequences of the disturbances in air traffic caused by the Covid-19 crisis
Get PDFU radu se razmatra pravni režim odgovornosti avio-prevozioca u slučaju krize izazvane korona virusom. Težište razmatranja je na poremećajima u saobraćaju koji se izražavaju najčešće kroz otkazivanje letova i pravima koje putnici imaju u takvim situacijama. Osnovni problem predstavlja pravno kvalifikovanje korona krize i shodno tome konačno određivanje obima i vrste putničkih prava. Zaključuje se da korona kriza predstavlja svojevrsnu društvenu višu silu, posebno imajući u vidu državne mere kojima se ograničava kretanje stanovništva, a što neposredno utiče na otkazivanje letova. Kako bi se prava putnika učinila izvesnijim u takvim situacijama, na nivou područja "Evropskog neba" je usvojeno zvanično Tumačenje kojim se potvrđuje da putnici kao potrošači uvek imaju pravo da izaberu da raskidaju ugovor koji je neizvršen usled pandemijskog razloga i da, prema tome, imaju pravo na povraćaj cene putne karte.In the article, the author considers special legal regime of liability of an air carrier in the circumstances of the corona pandemic. Author is focused on the air traffic's disturbances which are, mainly, manifested in the cancellation of flight and, consequently, to the appropriate rights of passengers. Th e basic problem which is targeted by the author is the legal qualification of the corona crisis and, in short, deciding whether corona crisis has an attribute of force majeure. It has been derived a conclusion about corona crisis as some kind of social force majeure, especially having regard to state's measures of limiting of movement of people across the border. In order to make passengers rights in these circumstances more certain, the European Commission enacted the official interpretation of the several regulations which are dedicated to rights of passengers. Th e most important right in that official interpreted act is the right to reimbursement which in a concrete sense, means to return sum which passenger previously paid for a ticket