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Formal aspects of derogation of human rights due to the pandemic of COVID 19 in comparative practice of constitutional courts
Get PDFU radu se predstavljaju sličnosti i razlike u argumentaciji ustavnih sudova Republike Srbije, Republike Hrvatske, Bosne i Hercegovine i Mađarske prilikom odlučivanja o proceduralnim, odnosno formalnim aspektima derogacije ljudskih prava i drugih (restriktivnih) mera donetih povodom kovida 19, kao što su nadležnost organa i tela za donošenje restriktivnih mera, karakter, odnosno kvalitet akata kojima se te mere naređuju i kontrola od zakonodavne i/ili izvršne vlasti. Zajedničko im je da su, iako sudovi ni u jednoj odluci nisu zanemarili potrebu za restriktivnim merama zbog očuvanja javnog zdravlja, drugačije tretirali značaj formalnopravnih zahteva vladavine prava u uslovima pandemije. Cilj rada je da se analizom relevantnih ustavnosudskih odluka pronađu neki zajednički kriterijumi, merila i testovi za ocenu ustavnosti tih mera radi povećanja pravne sigurnosti u sličnim životnim situacijama u budućnosti.The paper presents the similarities and differences in the argumentation of the constitutional courts of the Republic of Serbia, the Republic of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Hungary when deciding on procedural/formal aspects of human rights derogation and other (restrictive) measures adopted due to COVID-19, such as the competence of bodies ordering restrictive measures, character/quality of their acts, control by the legislature and/or the executive. The commonality is that, despite the courts not neglecting the need for restrictive measures and the general interest in preserving public health, they treated the importance of formal requirements of the rule of law differently in pandemic conditions. The aim of this paper is to identify relevant common criteria and tests for assessing the constitutionality of these measures, in order to increase legal certainty in similar situations in the future, caused by new epidemics
Domestic and foreign policy terminology of ancient Rome: Two sides of the same coin
Get PDFU radu su upoređivani saveti koje je Kvint davao svome bratu Marku Ciceronu o tome kako treba da vodi predizbornu kampanju, sa uputstvima koje je Ulpijan davao upravnicima provincija o tome kako treba da se ophode prema provincijalcima. Identifikovani su isti ili slični termini. Može se reći da su se kandidati na izborima služili sličnim metodama manipulacije u kampanji kakvim se služila rimska politika i u provicijama. Na kraju krajeva, to su samo dve strane iste medalje.The paper compares the advice that Quintus gave to his brother Marcus Cicero, on how to conduct an election campaign, with the instructions that Ulpian gave to the governors of the provinces on how to treat the provincials. On that occasion, the same or similar terms were identified. It can be said that the candidates in the elections used similar methods of manipulation in the campaign as were used in Roman politics in the provinces. After all, they are just two sides of the same coin
Passion and responsibility: The puzzle of asymmetry
Get PDFTo what extent - if at all - acting in passion diminishes the agents responsibility for his/her deed? Some new aspects of this classical problem have been discovered by experimental psychologists (Pizarro, Uhlmann, Salovey) whose research has revealed a puzzling asymmetry in assigning responsibility for morally bad and morally good actions, performed under the influence of emotions (people tend to regard the blameworthiness of an immoral act as being diminished by the fact that it was performed in passion, but do not regard passion as influencing the praiseworthiness of a moral act). The article discusses the puzzles explanation proposed by the authors of the experiment (based on the concept of metadesires) and offers an alternative explanation, drawing on the distinction between passio antecedens and passio consequens, proposed by Thomas Aquinas. The paper also provides some reflections on the normative aspects of the problem of acting under the influence of emotions
Unconstitutionality of the General Administrative Procedure Act: The Constitutional Court as the 'positive legislator'
Get PDFUstavni sud je oglasio neustavnom odredbu čl. 178, st. 3 ZUP, kojom je određen objektivni rok za ponavljanje upravnog postupka. Ustavni sud je utvrdio da je postojanje pomenutog roka neustavno u odnosu na dva od 12 razloga za ponavljanje postupka, konkretno, kad do ponavljanja postupka dolazi usled toga što su Ustavni sud po ustavnoj žalbi ili Evropski sud po predstavci utvrdili da je rešenjem donetim u upravnom postupku povređeno neko Ustavom ili Evropskom konvencijom zajemčeno pravo. Nažalost, odredba čl. 178, st. 3 ZUP propisivala je objektivni rok za svih 12 razloga za ponavljanje postupka. Njenim uklanjanjem je Ustavni sud izašao iz svoje uloge 'negativnog zakonodavca', te umesto zakonodavca izvršio pravno-politički izbor, uklanjajući i delove norme koji nisu nesaglasni sa Ustavom. Autor kritički sagledava predmetnu odluku Ustavnog suda, sa stanovišta njenog obima, njene pravne osnovanosti i njenih posledica. Kritici je podvrgnuta i uloga zakonodavca, koji je propustio priliku da izmeni odnosnu odredbu tokom šest meseci koje mu je na raspolaganju ostavio Ustavni sud.The Constitutional Court of Serbia declared Article 178(3) of the General Administra-tive Procedure Act (GAPA) unconstitutional. This provision sets an objective deadline for reopening of the administrative procedure. The Constitutional Court found that this deadline is unconstitutional when the procedure is reopened as a result of the Constitutional Court decision on constitutional appeal or the ECtHR judgment determining that a decision rendered in an administrative proceeding violated a right guaranteed by the Constitution or the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Unfortunately, the said GAPA provision prescribed an objective deadline for other 10 reasons for reopening of the procedure. By declaring this provision unconstitutional, the Constitutional Court stepped out of its role of the 'negative legislator' and made a legislative choice instead of the legislator, by removing par-ts of the norm that are not inconsistent with the Constitution. When making this decision, the Constitutional Court relied on its previous decisions, which removed the same provisions on the objective deadline for reopening of the civil litigation and misdemeanor proceedings. The Constitutional Court ignored the fact that this is an administrative procedure and, erroneously, referred to the inconsistency of the GAPA with the provisions of the Constitution and the ECHR, which guarantee the right to a fair trial, judicial protection and legal remedy. The second, equally unfounded, premise on which the Constitutional Court based its decision is the be-lief that the abolition of the objective deadline for reopening of the administrative procedure was necessary in order to enable the removal of the consequences of violations of the rights determined by the Constitutional Court or the ECtHR. By leaving only a subjective deadline, which is difficult to prove in practice, the level of legal certainty has been lowered. Finally, in its case law, the ECtHR considered that the existence of a limitless possibility of the official removal of final legal acts constituted a violation of Article 6 of the ECHR. The Constitutional Court's abolition of the objective deadline for reopening of the procedure has made this possible
Hartʼs judicial discretion revisited
Get PDFThe Harvard Law Review recently, for the first time, published Hart’s essay titled “Discretion”. It is a carefully arranged version of the lecture which he gave at Harvard in 1956. This essay fills significant gap in Hart's work concerning judicial reasoning. In my paper attention is devoted to his conception of judicial discretion, its two main types (express and tacit), and his understanding of interpretation and rationality related to Hartian discretion. According to Hart, discretion is a form of decision-making in hard cases, which is rational and to some extent constrained by law. However, because no combination of legal rules and principles, properly interpreted, will always give only one legally right answer, the judge in some cases must resort to non-legal reasons, i.e. exercise discretion. Hart’s insight that the law is not the sole ground for (judicial) decisions suggests that there is something “out there” (in our “practical universe”) that plays a role in the legal “earthly” world, and consequently, in the judicial world as well
Limitations in contracting exoneration clauses: Comparative legal analysis
Get PDFAutorka razmatra načine na koje je autonomija volje ugovornih strana ograničena u pogledu ugovaranja egzoneracionih klauzula. Uvodni deo rada objašnjava pojam egzoneracionih klauzula, a zatim se izlažu njihove prednosti za pravni promet, ali i rizici koje one sa sobom nose. U centralnom delu rada prikazana su ograničenja ugovaranja egzoneracionih klauzula u francuskom, švajcarskom i engleskom pravu. Na kraju, autorka analizira razlike između načina na koje predstavljeni uporednopravni sistemi postavljaju granice u pogledu ugovaranja egzoneracionih klauzula. Zaključuje da francusko i švajcarsko pravo propisuju ograničenja s obzirom na sadržinu klauzule, dok engleski sudovi razmatraju proceduralni aspekt, odnosno ponašanje ugovornih strana prilikom zaključenja ugovora.The author discusses how the autonomy of the will of the contracting parties can be limited in terms of exoneration clauses. The introductory part of the paper defines exoneration clauses and presents the advantages as well as the risks they might cause. The main part of the paper presents the limitations of contracting exoneration clauses in French, Swiss and English law. Finally, the author analyses the differences between the ways in which the presented comparative legal systems set limits in terms of contracting exoneration clauses. She concludes that French and Swiss law prescribe restrictions with regard to the content of the clause, while English courts take into account the procedural aspect, i.e. the behaviour of the contracting parties while negotiating
How much for a legal intern?: Internships at law offices in Serbia
Get PDFNamera rada je da se prikaže položaj advokatskih pripravnika u Srbiji. U prvom delu rada dat je teorijski okvir istraživanja, kao i pregled normativnog položaja advokatskih pripravnika, dok su u drugom delu prikazani metodološki okvir istraživanja i analiza prikupljenih podataka na osnovu odgovora 517 ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju hipotezu o prenošenju efekata raslojavanja unutar advokatske profesije kao posledice aktuelnih društveno-ekonomskih promena na položaj advokatskih pripravnika, pružajući i uvid u lična iskustva i izazove u vezi sa obavljanjem pripravničkog staža, te navode na preispitivanje pravne regulative kojom su definisani prava i obaveze advokatskih pripravnika.The aim of this paper is to examine the position of legal interns in Serbia. The first part of the paper provides the theoretical framework for the research, as well as an overview of the normative position of legal interns, whereas the second part presents the methodological framework of the research and analysis of the data collected from 517 respondents. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis that current socio-economic changes have led to the transmission of stratification within the legal profession to the position of legal interns. Additionally, the data provide valuable insights into the experiences and challenges faced by legal interns, which have implications for the review of legal regulations governing their rights and obligations
The External Influence on Constitutional Identity: Comparing Estonia and Serbia
No full textThe current chapter addresses constitutional identity in Estonia and Serbia. Our primary focus is the internationalization or the ‘outside influence’ on the legal culture of these two countries during the transition. We analyze the contribution and impact of experts and countries, regions, and international organizations that were invited or came by themselves to give legal advice to legislators during the transition to democracy as well as during the integration into the EU. Estonia regained its independence in 1991 and has been an EU member since 2004. In the 1990s, during the drafting of the Constitution as well as all the other central legal acts (Criminal Code, Civil Code, Administrative Law), legal experts, mainly from Germany, Nordic countries, the US, and the Council of Europe, advised on the draft legislation as well as trained legal professionals. From 1997, the importance of EU law and the opinion of the European Commission and their exports increased. Serbia is, as a candidate country, currently in the EU integration process. In 2006, the Republic of Serbia adopted the Constitution, which introduced Article 1 that defines the state and, for the first time, underlines its “commitment to European principles and values”. In addition, it is currently undergoing constitutional changes and drafted constitutional amendments that are guided by the Venice Commission and the EU Commission. One of the most critical negotiating chapters is Chapter 23 (Judiciary and Fundamental Rights), which is monitored by both bodies and dictates the overall progress of the negotiation process. Overall, the Europeanization process, as part of the internalization of European constitutions, is very dominant
