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Plum pox virus strains: Diversity and geographical distribution in Serbia
No full textVirus šarke šljive (Plum pox virus-PPV) je prouzrokovač bolesti šarke šljive. Od otkrića, šarka je viđena kao bolest od velikog značaja u zasadima šljive. PPV je prisutan širom sveta u mnogim vrstama iz roda Prunus, izazivajući velike ekonomske gubitke. Kod veoma osetljivih sorti šljive, kao što je Požegača, virus šarke izaziva prevremeno opadanje polodova i smanjuje njihov kvalitet što dovodi do totalnih gubitaka prinosa. Do sada je opisano osam sojeva virusa šarke: PPV-M, PPV-D, PPV-EA, PPV-C, PPV-Rec, PPV-W, PPV-T i PPV-CR. Tri glavna soja: PPV-M, PPV-D i PPV-Rec su najviše rašireni i prisutni su u mnogim evropskim zemljama. Ostali sojevi su zbog ograničenog broja domaćina ili ograničene geografske rasrostranjenosti od manjeg značaja. U Srbiji su do sada opisana sva tri glavna soja virusa šarke. U ovom radu, dat je sveobuhvatan pregled istraživanja varijabilnosti virusa šarke šljive u Srbiji.Plum pox virus (PPV) is the causal agent of Sharka disease. Since its discovery, Sharka has been considered as a calamity in plum orchards. PPV is present worldwide in many Prunus species, causing great economic losses. In highly susceptible plum varieties, such as Požegača, PPV causes a premature fruit drop and reduces fruit quality, which leads to total yield loss. Eight PPV strains (PPV-M, PPV-D, PPV-EA, PPV-C, PPV-Rec, PPV-W, PPV-T and PPVCR) have been recognized so far. Three major strains (PPV-M, PPV-D and PPV-Rec) are the most widely dispersed and occur frequently in many European countries. Other strains are of minor importance due to their limited host preferences or geographic distribution. So far, all three major strains have been identified in Serbia. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the research into Plum pox virus variability in Serbia
Cryopreservation of cherry rootstock Gisela 5 using vitrification procedure
No full textIn vitro-grown shoot tips of Gisela 5 (Prunus cerasus x Prunus canescens) cherry rootstock were tested for regrowth after cryopreservation using vitrification technique. Explants were precultured in the dark at 23 degrees C, in a liquid MS medium with a progressively increasing sucrose concentration (0.3 M for 15 h, then 0.7 M for 5 h), and subsequently loaded in a solution containing 2 M glycerol and 0.4 M sucrose for 20 minutes. Shoot tips were dehydrated at 0 degrees C using either the original PVS2 or modified PVS2 solution (PVS A3 - 22.5% sucrose, 37.5% glycerol, 15% ethylene glycol and 15% DMSO) for 30,40 and 50 minutes. The survival and regrowth of the cryopreserved shoot tips dehydrated with the original PVS2 solution ranged between 36-54% and 8-17%, respectively. However, the dehydration with the PVS A3 solution resulted in considerably higher survival rates (81-92%), as well as higher regrowth rates (39-56%) after cryopreservation. These results prove the feasibility of the PVS A3-based vitrification technique for a long-term storage of this genotype
Pomološke osobine novointrodukovanih sorti visokožbunaste borovnice (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)
No full textU agroekološkim uslovima Zapadne Srbije, u periodu od 2008. do 2010. godine, ispitivane su pomološke osobine sorti visokožbunaste borovnice u cilju preporuke za uvođenje u proizvodnju ove, u svetskim okvirima, sve traženije vrste voćaka. Ogled je postavljen na objektu „Čačak”, Instituta za voćarstvo u Čačku sa po 15 biljaka sorata ‘Bluecrop’ (kontrola), ’Duke’, ‘Reka’, ‘Nui’ i ‘Ozarkblu’. Proučavane su fiziološke osobine (fenofaza listanja, fenofaza cvetanja, fenofaza oprašivanja i oplođenja, fenofaza zrenja ploda, fenofaza otpadanja lišća i dužina vegetacionog perioda), dok su od pomoloških osobina ispitivane fizičke osobine plodova i prinos. Kvalitet ploda je ocenjivan na osnovu hemijskog sastava i organoleptičke ocene. Istraživanja su, takođe, jednim delom bila usmerena na dobijanje novih saznanja iz oblasti reproduktivne biologije visokožbunaste borovnice, odnosno odvijanje progamne faze oplođenja. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da su agroekološki uslovi Zapadne Srbije, uz adekvatnu primenu agrotehničkih i pomotehničkih mera, pogodni za komercijalno gajenje ispitivanih sorti visokožbunaste borovnice. To se posebno odnosi na sorte ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Duke’ i ‘Ozarkblue’, koje su ostvarile visoke prinose, kao i dobar kvalitet plodova. Zahvaljujući odličnoj rodnosti, ali zbog slabijeg kvaliteta ploda, sorta ‘Reka’ se može preporučiti za gajenje u ograničenom obimu, prvenstveno kao oprašivač za sorte ‘Bluecrop’ i ‘Duke’. Bez obzira na odličan kvalitet plodova, zbog manjih prinosa, ograničeni obim gajenja preporučuje se i za sortu ‘Nui’
Influence of fertigation on generative potential and pomological properties of different apple cultivars
No full textThe paper presents an investigation into the influence of fertigation on generative potential parameters and pomological properties of apple fruits. The study was done in apple orchard of Fruit Research Institute Čačak (Serbia) over two-year period (2009- 2011) on three cultivars ('Morens Jonagored', 'Gloster' and 'Granny Smith'). Fertigation included fertilizers NPK 16:8:32, NPK 12:0:43 and PGPR - inoculum of diazotrophic bacterium Klebsiella. Results of the study suggest that fertigation with 12:0:43 NPK fertilizer had the most pronounced effect on all generative potential parameters, except abundance of flowering (initial fruit set - 3.71; final fruit set - 3.31). Similarly, this fertilizer had the same effect on all yield parameters in the apple cultivars studied, i.e. yield per tree - 9.60 kg/tree, yield per unit land area - 24.40 t/ha, cumulative yield - 19.20 kg/tree, cumulative yield 48.00 t/ha and yield efficiency - 0.77 kg/cm2. Mineral fertilizer NPK 16:8:32 gave the highest abundance of flowering (4.51). In terms of pomological properties the applied fertilizers had a significant effect on fruit weight (239.05 g), soluble solids content (14.78%) and ripeness degree (4.75)
Impact of fruit ripeness degree in plum cultivars on chemical composition and sensory characteristics of plum brandy
No full textIspitivan je uticaj stepena zrelosti plodova najzastupljenijih sorata šljive kombinovanih svojstava u Srbiji (Požegače, Stenleja, Čačanske rodne i Čačanske lepotice) na ekonomičnost prerade, hemijski sastav i senzorne karakteristike prepečenice. Plodovi su brani u 4 (sorte Požegača, Čačanska rodna i Čačanska lepotica) i 5 stepena zrelosti (sorta Stenlej), počevši od stepena zrelosti 1 u kojem se beru za transport na udaljena tržišta radi korišćenja u svežem stanju, a zaključno sa stepenom zrelosti koji je uobičajen u tradicionalnoj proizvodnji šljivovice (plodovi šljiva su dostigli punu zrelost, pa čak ulaze i u stadijum prezrelosti). Takođe, ispitivan je i uticaj dozrevanja plodova šljiva ubranih u stadijimu zrelosti 1, u trajanju od 7 dana na temperaturi 20 °S, na karakteristike plodova i dobijenih rakija. Pri zrenju na stablu dolazi do promene parametara kvaliteta plodova koji su od značaja za njihovu upotrebnu vrednost, a koji utiču i na karakteristike dobijenih rakija. Pri dozrevanju ubranih plodova, pojedini parametri kvaliteta (sadržaji rastvorljive suve materije, šećera i kiselina) se bitnije ne menjaju, dok su kod drugih (čvrstina plodova, promene pektinskih materija) uočene znatno intenzivnije promene nego pri zrenju na stablu. Korišćenjem plodova ubranih u ranijim stepenima zrelosti dobijeni su prinosi rakije koji su manji i do 45,18%, što proizvodnju rakije od prerano ubranih šljiva, naročito u stepenima zrelosti 1 i 2, čini neekonomičnom. Bez obzira na stepen zrelosti korišćenih plodova i način prerade (dezintegrisane šljive sa košticama ili ispasirane šljive bez koštica), sve dobijene rakije odgovarale su zahtevima zakonske regulative Srbije i EU. Prerada zrelijih šljiva najizrazitije je uticala na smanjenje sadržaja 2- metil-1-propanola i 2/3-metil-1-butanola, a time i na opadanje sadržaja ukupnih viših alkohola i ukupnih isparljivih komponenata u rakijama...The paper examines the extent of impact made by degree of ripeness of fruits within the combined-features plum cultivars (so-called ’combi’ plums) most typically represented in Serbia (Požegača, Stanley, Čačanska rodna and Čačanska lepotica) on the cost-effectiveness of processing, chemical composition and sensory characteristics of ’prepečenica’ plum brandy. The picking was performed at 4 different ripeness stages (for fruits of Požegača, Čačanska rodna and Čačanska lepotica) and, alternatively at 5 different ripeness stages (for fruits of Stanley cultivar), starting from ripeness stage 1 at which picking normally includes fruits intended for transport to distant fresh-fruit markets and ending with a stage that corresponds to the level of ripeness preferred in traditional plum brandy production (at which plum fruits have reached their full maturity, sometimes even allowed to become over-ripe). The study also examined effects of the process of ripening of plum fruits picked at stage 1 and left to ripen for 7 days at a temperature of 20 °С, in terms of the impact made by this process on the fruit characteristics and the characteristics of the brandies produced from them. Ripening of fruits on trees causes changes in the parameters of fruit quality which play an important role in their utilisation value and also have an impact on the characteristics of the brandies produced from the fruits. During the ripening of picked fruits, certain quality parameters (contents of dry soluble matter, sugars and acids) do not change significantly, whereas certain other parameters (firmness of fruits, changes in pectin matter) demonstrated highly more intense changes, when compared to fruits ripening on the tree. The brandy yields produced using fruits picked at early ripening stage were up to 45.18% lower, whereby a brandy production based on overly early picked fruits – especially fruits picked at stages 1 and 2, was practically rendered cost-ineffective. Regardless of the degree of ripeness of the processed fruits and regardless of the processing method (disintegrated mashed plum fruits with stones, or pulped plum fruits without stones), all of the obtained brandies complied with the requirements of the applicable Serbia and EU legislations..
Pollen germination and pollen tube growth in zp maize lines
No full textThe study was conducted on the in vitro pollen germination at 26 degrees, 28 degrees, 32 degrees and 35 degrees C for 24h of male parental lines, pollen tube growth in vivo in cross pollination of female and male parental lines that make couples in four hybrids: ZP 504 su (female ZPPL 51 x male ZPPL 67); ZP 677 (female ZPPL 17 x male ZPPL 201); ZP 704 (female ZPPL 109 x male ZPPL 79), ZP 611 k (female ZPPL 126 x male ZPPL 105), and the open pollination of female parental lines of the above mentioned hybrids. Pollen germination in vitro and pollen tube growth dynamics in vivo showed different genotypic specificities with the tests applied. The obtained results were discussed in the context of reproductive biology of ZP maize lines and aimed to create the preconditions for successful management and direction of the process in practice -seed production in certain environmental conditions
Experiences with Mazzard and Colt sweet cherry rootstocks in Serbia which are used for high density planting system under heavy and acidic soil conditions
No full textFrom 2008 to 2013 we investigate impact of Mazzard seedlings and Colt rootstock on tree growth, precocity, productivity, gross profit, fruit quality and leaf nutrients level of seven sweet cherry cultivars which are grown at Cacak region (Serbia) on heavy and acidic soil in high density planting system (HDP). Results showed that most of the evaluated traits significantly varied between rootstock and among cultivars. Thus, Mazzard induced higher tree vigor, yield performances, gross profit, flesh rate, fruit acidity, and leaf P and Mn levels, whereas Colt induced higher fruit weight, fruit dimensions, size and shape values, stone weight, ripening index and leaf N, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn amounts. Regarding cultivars, 'Stark Hardy Giant' ('SHG') had the lowest tree vigor on both rootstocks, whereas the highest was induced by 'New Star' on Mazzard, and by 'Summit' and 'Lapins' on Colt. Generally, the highest values of yield attributes and financial results were found in 'Sunburst' on Mazzard and 'SHG' on Colt, whereas 'New Star' had the poorest. 'New Star' on both rootstocks, 'June Early' on Mazzard, and 'Lapins' on Colt were cultivars with the better fruit weight and other physical traits, whereas 'Hedelfinger' had higher soluble solids content (SSC) and acidity on both rootstocks as compared with others. 'New Star' grafted on Mazzard and `Lapins' on Colt showed a tendency to promote higher RI. Cherries of trees grafted on Colt showed higher capacity to accumulate leaf N, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, whereas leaf of cherries on Colt had higher P and Mn amounts. High variability among cultivars regarding leaf nutrients content was found. Both rootstocks and all cultivars on them exhibited excessive leaf N and Cu levels, and high insufficiency of other leaf macro- and micronutrients. Colt showed better balanced nutritional values for macronutrients, whereas rootstock impact on this trait for micronutrients was not significant. `SHG' on both rootstocks, in general, is the cultivar with the best balanced nutritional values as compared to others
Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Dried and Candied Fruits Commonly Consumed in Serbia
No full textDried fruits (plums, apricots, figs, grapes (amber light and amber dark), chokeberries, and bilberries), and candied fruits (cranberries, cherries, and dates), commercially available and commonly consumed in Serbia, were purchased on the same day in local groceries, and analysed for total phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Total phenolics contents of dried and candied fruits were as follows: dried chokeberries GT dried bilberries > dried plums > candied cherries, dried apricot > dried grapes (amber light) > candied cranberries, dried figs, dried grapes (amber dark), candied dates. The order of antioxidant capacity showed a very similar trend as the total phenolics content. Significant correlation between total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity (R = 0.9931, P LT 0.001) was observed. Using HPLC, the identification of selected phenolic compounds was carried out. Most of these compounds were the most abundant in dried chokeberries and dried bilberries, and consequently the highest antioxidant capacity was found in these dried fruit species
Allelic polymorphism and inheritance of MdACS1 and MdAC01 genes in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)
No full textThe allelic polymorphism and inheritance of MdACS1 and MdACO1 genes were analysed in 28 apple cultivars, which were derived from reciprocal crosses of the following parental pairs: Golden Delicious'xJames Grieve', Golden Delicious'xJonathan', Cox's Orange Pippin'xGolden Delicious', Cox's Orange Pippin'xJonathan'. Polymorphisms were detected by PCR and the use of two restriction enzymes (BamH1 and RsaI). In addition, new primers were designed for the further discrimination of MdACO1 alleles. Two alleles of MdACS1 gene (MdACS1-1 and MdACS1-2) and three alleles of MdACO1 gene (a, b and c) were detected. Cloning and sequencing of MdACO1 alleles confirmed a high conservation and some differences within the coding regions and helped to reconcile between different numbering systems. Observed segregations confirmed that alleles a, b and c belonged to the MdACO1 gene. It is apparent that polymorphisms within the MdACS1 and MdACO1 genes could aid cultivar genotyping and identification and, furthermore, that the MdACS1-2/2 genotype is correlated with a long apple storage life