939 research outputs found

    Alternaria sp. kao prouzrokovač pegavosti lista i sušenja biljaka muškatle na teritoriji grada Kruševca

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    Muškatla (Pelargonium spp.) predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih ukrasnih biljaka, široko rasprostranjenu u evropskoj hortikulturnoj proizvodnji. Godišnja proizvodnja licenciranih sortnih pelargonijuma u Evropi iznosi oko 400 miliona komada. U Srbiji ne postoje precizni, javno dostupni podaci o površinama pod muškatlom, ali je ova vrsta među najzastupljenijima u proizvodnji i upotrebi ukrasnog bilja, naročito za dekoraciju balkona, vrtova i javnih zelenih površina. Među bolestima koje ugrožavaju ovu biljku, vrste iz roda Alternaria široko su rasprostranjene i ekonomski značajne fitopatogene gljive koje mogu izazvati ozbiljna oštećenja. Karakteristični simptomi bolesti ispoljavaju se u vidu mrkih nekrotičnih pega sa koncentrično raspoređenim zonama, koje se najčešće javljaju na starijem lišću. Uzorci zaraženih biljaka prikupljeni su u martu 2025. godine na gazdinstvu porodice Vidojević u selu Makrešane, u okolini Kruševca. Sakupljane su biljke muškatle koje su imale između 10 i 40% oštećenja, sa simptomima nekrotičnih pega na listovima i stablu. Ukupno je prikupljeno deset uzoraka. Izolacija patogena izvršena je standardnim fitopatološkim metodama sa stabla i lista, a dobijen je veći broj izolata, od kojih je za dalja istraživanja odabrano pet (MA1, MA2, MA3, MA4 i MA5). Za proveru patogenosti korišćene su zdrave, dobro razvijene biljke muškatle starosti oko osam nedelja. Test patogenosti sproveden je metodom mehaničkog povređivanja lista i nanošenjem fragmenata kolonija gljive. Makroskopske i mikroskopske odlike izolata proučavane su na krompir-dekstroznoj podlozi (PDA), dok su odgajivačke osobine ispitivane i na agaru od kukuruznog brašna (CMA), vodenom agaru (WA) i na krompir-dekstroznoj podlozi (PDA). Test patogenosti pokazao je da su se prvi simptomi bolesti pojavili nakon 15 dana na najstarijem lišću, nakon čega su se razvile tipične alternarijske pege koje su dovele do sušenja i uginuća biljaka. Konidije su tamnosmeđe do maslinastosmeđe, melanizirane, elipsoidne do obovoidne, sa 3–10 poprečnih i 1–4 uzdužne pregrade. Površina konidija je hrapava, sa jasno izraženim ožiljkom (hilom), a na vrhu se nalazi kratak, ravan ili blago zakrivljen kljun, koji može i izostati. Dimenzije konidija iznose 16,01–40,94 × 9,85–16,01 μm, u proseku 29,45 × 13,16 μm. Konidije su raspoređene u lance od 2 do 10, koje se sukcesivno formiraju na vrhu jednostavnih, tamnih konidiofora. Nizovi su nepravilni i ne granaju se. Razvoj konidija je porokonidijalnog tipa. Na PDA podlozi gljiva formira tamnosivu do crnu, baršunastu koloniju sa svetlijom ivicom i tamnim naličjem. Ispitivanjem odgajivačkih osobina utvrđeno je da je najveći porast micelije ostvaren na CMA podlozi, zatim na WA, dok je najmanji porast zabeležen na PDA podlozi. Na osnovu morfoloških i patogenih karakteristika može se konstatovati da izolati pripadaju rodu Alternaria, najverovatnije vrsti A. alternata. Ovi rezultati predstavljaju preliminarna istraživanja u Srbiji. Dalja molekularna determinacija i sekvencioniranje izolata su u toku. Identifikacija vrste Alternaria na muškatli predstavlja značajan nalaz, jer omogućava dalji razvoj i unapređenje programa upravljanja ovom bolešću u cilju smanjenja potencijalnih gubitaka u proizvodnji

    Сравнително изследване на химичния състав на сливови сортове с пурпурно виолетова кожица, подходящи за сушене

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    In order to determine the suitability of plum cultivars Mildora and Krina for drying, we conducted the analysis of the chemical composition of fresh and dried fruits. Fruits intended for drying were harvested at the stage of adequate technological maturity, characterized by fully developed purplish violet skin color and a dry matter content exceeding 18%. This stage ranged from fully ripeness to the onset of overripeness, and several harvests were performed within technological maturity period. Drying of plum fruits was carried out in experimental drier at air temperature of 90°C, until 75% of the total dry matters was reached. The results indicated that fresh and dried fruits from both cultivars differed in chemical composition; however, both cultivars were suitable for drying, as evidenced by the high organoleptic ratings of prunes. Drying process resulted in a decrease in sucrose and an increase in invert sugars, and intensity of these changes was highly dependent on the cultivar and dry matter content in fresh fruits.За да определим пригодността на сливовите сортове Mildora и Krina за сушене, проведохме анализ на химичния състав на пресни и изсушени плодове. Плодовете, предназначени за сушене, бяха събрани на етап на достатъчна технологична зрялост, характеризираща се с напълно развит пурпурно виолетов цвят на кожицата и съдържание на сухо вещество над 18%. Този стадий варира от пълна зрялост до презряване, като в рамките на периода на технологична зрялост бяха извършени няколко беритби. Сушенето на сливовите плодовесе извършва в експериментална сушилня при температура на въздуха 90°C до достигане на 75% общо сухо вещество. Резултатите показват, че пресните и сушените плодове от двата сорта се различават по химичен състав; въпреки това и двата сорта са подходящи за сушене, за което свидетелстват високите органолептични оценки на сушените сливи. Процесът на сушене води до намаляване на захарозата и увеличаване на инвертните захари, като интензивността на тези промени е силно зависима от сорта и съдържанието на сухо вещество в пресните плодове

    Sorte višnje pogodne za preradu sušenjem

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    U Srbiji višnja po godišnjoj proizvodnji, posle šlјive i jabuke, a zajedno sa malinom zauzima treće odnosno četvrto mesto. Iako višnja po nutritivnom sastavu zadovolјava potrebe savremenog čoveka u pogledu šećera i bioaktivnih komponenata, zbog izrazite kiselosti većim delom se konzumira u vidu raznih prerađevina, odnosno manje se koristi kao sveže voće. Najveće količine se prerađuje u sokove, džemove, vina, likere, rakije, a takođe se izvozi u smrznutom stanju, dok se neznatne količine prerađuju sušenjem. Nutritivni sastav suvog voća je vrlo bitan parametar kvaliteta jer potrošači sve više vode računa o zdravoj ishrani. Takođe, današnji potrošači rado eksperimentišu sa raznim ukusima konzumirajući različito suvo voće (šlјiva, grožđe, smokva, jabuka, kruška, malina, jagoda, ananas, papaja, ...) pa bi suva višnja mogla značajno doprineti raznovrsnosti ponude. Međutim, da bi neki proizvod bio prihvaćen kod potrošača, mora zadovolјiti i određene organoleptičke pokazatelјe, kao što su izgled i ukus. Ukus proizvoda ili voća prevashodno zavisi od odnosa šećera i kiselina, koji je u korelaciji sa percepcijom slasti, ukusa i arome. Za ispitivanje su korišćene autohtone sorte višnje Oblačinska i Feketićka i sorte stvorene u Institutu za voćarstvo Čačak, Šumadinka, Sofija i Nevena. Sušenje iskoštičenih plodova je obavlјeno u eksperimentalnoj sušari na temperaturi vazduha 70 °C do postizanja 75% ukupne suve materije. Dobijeni suvi plodovi su ujednačene konzistencije i mogu se konzumirati bez ikakve pripreme. Utvrđene su razlike među ispitivanim sortama u pogledu boje, ukusa i arome osušenih plodova. Boja se kretala u rasponu od karmin crvene do tamno lјubičaste. Na ukus i aromu su prvenstveno imali uticaj odnos šećera i kiselina, tako da su suvi plodovi Feketićke dobili, prilikom senzornog ocenjivanja, najveće ocene, a suvi plodovi Šumadinke najmanje, što je u skladu i sa vrednostima odnosa šećera i kiselina. Na osnovu senzornog ocenjivanja zaklјučeno je da su se suve višnje, bez obzira na 16 ispolјene razlike između sorata, dopadale degustatorima, pa se stoga ove sorte višnje mogu preporučiti za preradu sušenjem

    Makrena – a new quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) cultivar developed at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak

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    U radu su prikazani rezultati dvogodišnjeg (2023/2024) proučavanja fenoloških (vreme cvetanja i sazrevanja) i pomoloških (morfometrijske, hemijske i organoleptičke) osobina i visine prinosa u početnim godinama plodonošenja nove sorte dunje Makrena, stvorene u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak ukrštanjem sorti Leskovačka i Češka dunja. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo i poređenje sa standard sortom Leskovačka, koja je najviše gajena u proizvodnim zasadima u Republici Srbiji. Proučavane sorte odlikovale su se kasnim vremenom cvetanja i istovremenim vremenom sazrevanja plodova, tokom prve polovine oktobra. Sorta Makrena se odlikovala višim vrednostima mase (219,16 g) i širine (78,05 mm) ploda, dok je veća visina ploda (71,16 mm) utvrđena kod sorte Leskovačka. U pogledu sadržaja ukupnih šećera i kiselina, kao i pH vrednosti, plodovi obe proučavane sorte odlikovali su se sličnim karakteristikama. Viši sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija (17,65%) i invertnih šećera (9,01%) utvrđen je u plodovima sorte Leskovačka, dok je viši sadržaj saharoze (1,25%) utvrđen kod sorte Makrena. Ukupna organoleptička ocena plodova obe sorte bila je slična. Plodovi sorte Makrena ocenjeni su kao atraktivniji (5,00) i bolje konzistencije (3,20), dok su se plodovi sorte Leskovačka odlikovali izraženijim ukusom (4,35) i aromom (3,10). U prvim godinama rodnosti, veći prinos (4,50 kg po stablu, odnosno 4,81 t ha-1) utvrđen je kod sorte Makrena. Vrednosti svih proučavanih parametara značajno su varirale između pojedinih godina istraživanja, što se može pripisati uticaju ekoloških faktora tokom godina proučavanja. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, nova sorta dunje Makrena se može preporučiti za gajenje u proizvodnim zasadima Srbije. Takođe, ova sorta predstavlja značajan početni material za buduće programe oplemenjivanja dunje usmerene ka stvaranju novih sorti visokog rodnog potencijala i boljeg kvaliteta ploda.This study presents the results of a two-year (2023/2024) investigation into the phenological (flowering and ripening time) and pomological (morphometric, chemical, and organoleptic) traits, as well as the yield performance, of the newly developed quince cultivar ʻMakrenaʼ (ʻLeskovačkaʼ × ʻČeškaʼ), bred at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. The research also included a comparative analysis with the standard cultivar, ʻLeskovačkaʼ, which is the most widely cultivated quince genotype in commercial orchards in the Republic of Serbia. Both studied cultivars exhibited a late-season flowering period and synchronous fruit ripening in the first half of October. Compared to the standard, the ʻMakrenaʼ demonstrated a higher average fruit weight (219.16 g) and width (78.05 mm), whereas ʻLeskovačkaʼ showed a greater average fruit height (71.16 mm). The fruits of both cultivars had similar average contents of total sugars and total acids, as well as similar pH values. A higher average content of soluble solids (17.65%) and invert sugars (9.01%) was observed in fruits of cultivar ʻLeskovačkaʼ, while ʻMakrenaʼ fruits contained a higher level of sucrose (1.25%). The overall organoleptic evaluation of the fruits was similar for both cultivars. Fruits of the ʻMakrenaʼ cultivar were rated as more attractive (5.00) and with better texture (3.20), while ʻLeskovačkaʼ fruits were characterized by a more pronounced flavour (4.35) and aroma (3.10). During the initial fruiting years, the ʻMakrenaʼ cultivar demonstrated hi -g her yields, averaging 4.50 kg per tree, or 4.81 t ha-1. The values of all examined parameters varied significantly between the individual years of the study, which can be attributed to the influence of environmental factors specific to each experimental year. Based on the obtained results, the new quince cultivar ʻMakrenaʼ can be recommended for cultivation in commercial orchards in Serbia. Furthermore, this cultivar represents valuable initial material for future quince breeding programs aimed at developing high-yielding cultivars with superior fruit qualityDr Ivana Glišić je glavni i odgovorni urednik časopisa Voćarstvo (Journal of Pomology)

    The Balkan region and the “Nano Gap”: An underexplored dimension of In vitro biotechnology for woody plants

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    Although nanotechnology is increasingly applied in plant tissue culture in many parts of Europe, its use in the Balkans remains limited, revealing a regional gap with untapped potential for advancing in vitro propagation and preservation of woody plant species. Building upon a recently published regional review covering 2001–2024, which analyzed in vitro biotechnology progress in nine Balkan countries, this paper introduces the concept of a “nano gap”, referring to the limited connection between existing nanotechnology research potential and its use in in vitro woody plant biotechnology. In Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Albania, significant progress has been made in optimizing micropropagation and in vitro conservation strategies by introducing temporary immersion systems, synthetic seed technology, adapting genotype-specific sterilization and multiplication protocols, and modifying established cryopreservation methods for regional woody species. However, the integration of nanotechnology into these systems remains largely unexplored. To date, there are no published results or validated applications for nano-enhanced media or nanoscale delivery systems for micropropagation and in vitro conservation of woody species. The limited integration of nanotechnology may be due to insufficient funding, lack of specialized infrastructure, and limited interdisciplinary expertise. Nevertheless, many Balkan countries possess growing capacities in nano-applications within agriculture and environmental sciences and are ready to advance toward interdisciplinary research and innovation. By mapping both scientific readiness and structural barriers, this review provides a strategic framework for bridging the “nano gap” and offers a novel regional perspective with broader implications for European research policy, sustainable agriculture, biodiversity preservation, and green innovation

    Variation in brown rot susceptibility and phenolic profile at different stages of plum fruit (Prunus domestica L.) development

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    Plum production is severely affected by brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. In this study, the relationship between the content of major phenolic compounds and the severity of brown rot in artificially inoculated fruits of two plum cultivars (“Stanley” and “Čačanska Rodna”) was investigated at three fruit developmental stages. The results showed that the phenolic profiles of healthy fruits did not differ significantly between cultivars. In the early stages of brown rot development, some phenolic compounds correlated significantly with lesion diameter in both cultivars. Later, as the disease progressed, negative correlation between disease severity and content of quercitrin, rutin, naringin, isoferulic acid, polydatin, and catechin and positive correlation between disease severity and content of naringenin and aesculetin was found. The most significant correlations were observed in pit hardening and ground color change of fruits, which may reflect potential involvement of these compounds in the susceptibility of plum fruits to Monilinia-induced infections

    From field data to evidence synthesis: a case study on pear fertilization

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    On-farm trials provide critical data for optimizing fruit production, but their integration into evidence synthesis is often limited due to design inconsistencies and incomplete reporting. This study presents a four-year field experiment conducted in western Serbia to evaluate the effects of seven fertilization treatments—including organic, mineral, organo-mineral fertilizers, and zeolite—on the growth, yield, fruit quality, and foliar mineral composition of Pyrus communis L. cv. ‘Williams’. The trial generated comprehensive agronomic and biochemical data under commercial conditions. Univariate and multivariate analyses (ANOVA, PCA, correlation) were used to determine statistically significant effects and relationships between fertilizer types and measured parameters. The study highlights both the potential and limitations of on-farm data for informing broader evidence syntheses in fruit science. Key challenges include a lack of standardization, variability in site-specific factors, and insufficient contextual metadata. Recommendations are provided to improve experimental design and data documentation, enhancing compatibility with systematic reviews

    Influence of planting material origin on the fruit quality of two raspberry cultivars across different harvest periods

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    This research investigated the influence of propagation methods and harvesting time on the fruit quality of two raspberry cultivars, ‘Meeker’ and ‘Willamette’. The plants were propagated through tissue culture and root suckering, and the fruits were picked during three harvest in 2020. The study analysed soluble solids content (SSC), total sugars (TS), titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic and anthocyanin content (TPC and TAC), as well as antioxidant activity (AA). The results showed that SSC and TS increased as harvest progressed, while TA decreased. The ‘Meeker’ showed higher TS and SSC values, indicating a naturally sweeter fruit profile. Fruit of ‘Willamette’ cultivar propagated through tissue culture had higher TAC and AA values. These findings highlight the impact of propagation technique on the accumulation of bioactive compounds in raspberry fruit. The results suggest that later harvests fruit with higher sugar content and antioxidant properties, can be advantageous for both fresh consumption and processing

    Application of vermicompost extract to improve the phytochemical composition of berry fruits

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    The growing market demand for environmentally friendly products for plant nutrition has led to the development of new fertilizers, particularly liquid compost-based products such as teas, extracts, and leachates. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of chemical fertilization (CF) and its combination with liquid fertilizer based on vermicompost and beneficial microorganisms (CF + VP) on the phytochemical profile of strawberry (Senga Sengana), blackberry (Čačanska Bestrna) and blueberry (Aurora). The results showed that CF + VP positively affected fruit weight (8.8 g), soluble solids (8.9°Bx), total sugars (65.5 g/kgFW), and the sum of all phenolic groups (275.12 g/kg FW) in blackberry fruits. Significantly higher fruit weight (15.5 g), total sugars (62.4 g/kg FW), organic acids (9.6 g/kg FW), and flavanones (20.06 mg/100 g FW) content in strawberry fruits were confirmed in CF + VP. The same treatment exhibited the highest effectiveness in terms of organic acids (17.3 g/kg FW) and anthocyanins (153.26 g/kg FW) in blueberry. The application of CF + VP improved all components of fruit quality in the examined species compared to CF, and the positive impact was particularly pronounced in the phenolic composition of blackberries. Taking into account the stimulating effects on the sensory and nutritional value of the fruit of the studied berry species, the usa of VP as a supplement to CF can be regarded as a sustainable practice for enhancing growing technology aimed at obtaining biologically valuable fruits

    Химични характеристики на почвата в малиновите насаждения в Сърбия

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    The Republic of Serbia is a leader in world’s raspberry production. The leading position in the world market has been achieved by the appropriate assortment, the improvement of growing techniques, high yields and recognizable fruit quality, resulting in better prices compared to the other raspberry producers. One of the key factors for achieving high yields and fruit quality is an appropriate choice of location and preparation of the soil for raspberry plantations, as well as the subsequent proper application of organic and mineral nutrients. Mistakes made in any of these steps significantly affect the physiological conditions of the plants, leading to reduced yields as well as lower fruit quality. The study presents the results of the chemical analyses of 500 soil samples taken from the territory of the main raspberry growing areas in Serbia. The obtained data in most cases deviated from the optimal values for successful and profitable raspberry production. The most common deviations were related to excessive acidity, and due to the patterned application of mineral nutrients, a large excess of phosphorus and potassium was found in a high number of plantations, resulting in a drop in yield per unit area, a decrease in producers' income, and accordingly their lower motivation for investment in raspberry production.Република Сърбия е лидер в производството на малини в света. Водещата позиция на световния пазар е постигната благодарение на подходящия асортимент, подобряването на техниките на отглеждане, високите добиви и разпознаваемото качество на плодовете, което води до по-добри цени в сравнение с другите производители на малини. Един от ключовите фактори за постигане на високи добиви и качество на плодовете е подходящият избор на място и подготовка на почвата за малиновите насаждения, както и последващото правилно прилагане на органични и минерални хранителни вещества. Грешките, допуснати в някой от тези етапи, оказват значително влияние върху условия на отглеждане на растенията, което води до намаляване на добивите, както и до по-ниско качество на плодовете. Проучването представя резултатите от химичните анализи на 500 почвени проби, взети от територията на основните райони за отглеждане на малини в Сърбия. Получените данни в повечето случаи се отклоняват от оптималните стойности за успешно и рентабилно производство на малини. Най-често срещаните отклонения са свързани с прекомерна киселинност, а поради шаблонното прилагане на минерални хранителни вещества в голям брой насаждения е установен голям излишък на фосфор и калий, което води до спад в добива от единица площ, намаляване на доходите на производителите и съответно до по-ниска мотивация за инвестиране в производството на малини

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