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Molecular characterization of blueberry mosaic-associated virus in highbush blueberries in Serbia
No full textThe symptoms of blueberry mosaic disease were noticed on highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in two distant plantations in west Serbia a decade ago. The symptoms included a yellow, white, yellowish green and pink mosaic pattern on the leaves of the blueberry cultivars Bluecrop, Duke, and Goldtraub. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the presence of blueberry mosaic-associated virus (BlMaV) in two localities. In this paper, we analyzed the sequences of 10 BlMaV isolates collected from these plantations. The percentage of nucleotide sequence identity among the analyzed isolates ranged from 87.9 to 100.0%. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of two groups of geographically and temporally distant BlMaV isolates in Serbia
Characteristics of blackcurrants spirit
No full textRakija od crne ribizle je redak, ali i, zahvaljujući aromatičnim karakteristikama, veoma interesantan proizvod za savremene potrošače koji tragaju za inovativnim proizvodima i nesvakidašnjim senzornim doživljajima. U radu su prikazani rezultati dvogodišnjih ispitivanja kvaliteta rakija proizvedenih od tri sorte crne ribizle – Ben Sarek, Ben Lomond i Čačanska crna. Rakije su proizvedene klasičnim postupkom, od spontano fermentisanih, izmuljanih plodova uz korišćenje tradicionalne dvostruke destilacije. Nizak sadržaj šećera u plodovima i odabrani tradicionalan način prerade uslovili su male prinose destilata. Dobijene rakije su analizirane metodima GC/FID i GC/MS. Pored najzastupljenijih isparljivih komponenata koji čine telo voćnih destilata, analizirane su i aromatične komponente koje su karakteristične za ovu voćnu rakiju. Sve rakije su zadovoljavale zahteve regulative u pogledu najzastupljenijih isparljivih sastojaka, izuzev po sadržaju metanola koji je u svim uzorcima bio iznad zakonski dozvoljene vrednosti. Kvantifikovano je ukupno 37 manje zastupljenih, karakterističnih isparljivih jedinjenja (2 aldehida, 1 acetal, 5 alkohola, 3 kiseline, 8 estara i 18 terpenoida). Utvrđeno je da se monosortne rakije značajno razlikuju po sadržaju određenih komponenata. Preradom Čačanske crne dobijene su rakije sa najvećim sadržajem alkohola i estara, među kojima su najzastupljeniji bili 1-heksanol, etilbutirat i etilheksanoat. Najveći sadržaj terpenoida, sa dominantnim linalool oksidom, terpinen-4-olom, α-terpineolom i spatulenolom, nađen je u rakijama sorte Ben Lomond. Najmanji sadržaji većine ispitivanih komponenata nađeni su u rakiji sorte Ben Sarek. Sve sortne rakije, imale su visok senzorni kvalitet u obe godine. Međutim, nešto više senzorne ocene dobile su rakije od sorte Ben Sarek, koje su u obe godine bile ocenjene zlatnom medaljom. Rakije od ostale dve sorte su u zavisnosti od godine, bile ocenjene srebrnom, odnosno zlatnom medaljom.Blackcurrant spirit is rare, but thanks to its aromatic characteristics, it is also a very interesting product for modern consumers who are looking for innovative products and unusual sensory experiences. The paper presents the results of a two-year examination of the quality of spirits produced from three varieties of black currant: Ben Sarek, Ben Lomond, and Čačanska Crna. Blackcurrant spirits were produced from spontaneously fermented crushed fruits using traditional double distillation. The low sugar content in the fruits and the chosen traditional way of processing resulted in low distillate yields. The spirits were analyzed by the GC/FID and GC/MS methods. All spirits met the requirements of the regulations regarding the major volatile compounds, except for the methanol content, which in all samples was above the legally allowed value. A total of 37 minor volatile components were quantified (2 aldehydes, 1 acetal, 5 alcohols, 3 acids, 8 esters, and 18 terpenoids). It was found that the contents of some minor components vary considerably among monovarietal spirits. By processing Čačanska Crna, the spirits with the highest contents of alcohols and esters were obtained (1-hexanol, ethyl butyrate, and ethyl hexanoate were the most abundant). The highest content of terpenoids, with dominant linalool oxide, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, and spathulenol, was found in spirits of the Ben Lomond variety. The lowest contents of most of the examined components were found in spirits of the Ben Sarek variety. All varietal spirits had a high sensory quality in both years. Spirits from the Ben Sarek variety were awarded a gold medal in both years. Spirits from the other two varieties were awarded a silver or gold medal, depending on the year
Тhe influence of the drying process on the chemical composition of dried sour cherries
No full textSušeno voće predstavlja značajan izvor energije za organizam zahvaljujući visokom sadržaju šećera, a zbog prisutnih fenolnih jedinjenja, koji doprinose povećanju antioksidativnog kapaciteta, sušeno voće se sve češće ubraja i u visokovredne namirnice. U Srbiji višnja po godišnjoj proizvodnji, posle šljive i jabuke, a zajedno sa malinom, zauzima treće odnosno četvrto mesto. Najveće količine se izvoze u svežem ili smrznutom stanju, ali se, takođe, plodovi koriste i u prehrambenoj industriji za proizvodnju sokova, džemova, vina, likera, rakije, dok se neznatne količine prerađuju sušenjem. U toku sušenja dolazi do promena pojedinih komponenata hemijskog sastava u stepenu koji zavisi od sastava ploda i uslova tokom procesa sušenja. Stoga je cilj ovog rada poređenje sadržaja šećera, ukupnih kiselina, odnosa šećer/kiseline, ukupnih fenola i antioksidativnog kapaciteta u svežim i osušenim višnjama. Za ispitivanje su korišćene sorte višnje stvorene u Institutu za voćarstvo, Čačak (Šumadinka i Sofija) i autohtone sorte Oblačinska i Feketićka. Sušenje iskoštičenih plodova je obavljeno u eksperimentalnoj sušari na temperaturi vazduha 70 °C do postizanja 75% ukupne suve materije. Kod dobijenih osušenih plodova ispitivanih sorti višnje uočene su manje vrednosti svih ispitivanih parametara računato na 100 grama ukupne suve materije u odnosu na sveže plodove, ali to smanjenje nije uticalo na odnos šećer/kiseline koji definiše ukus sušenog ploda. Ispoljene razlike u hemijskom sastavu svežih i sušenih višanja bile su posledica sortnih karakteristika. Sorta Feketićka je imala najveći odnos šećer/kiseline, dok su sorte Šumadinka i Sofija imale najveće vrednosti antioksidativnog kapaciteta i sadržaja ukupnih fenola, kako u svežim tako i u sušenim plodovima.Dried fruit is an important source of energy due to its high content of sugars, and due to the presence of phenolic compounds that contribute to the antioxidant capacity, dried fruit is considered as high-value food. Sour cherries, together with raspberries, ranks third and fourth in terms of fruits annual production in Serbia, after plums and apples. The largest quantities are exported - fresh or frozen, but the fruits are also used in the food industry in production of juices, jams, wine, liqueurs, brandy, while small quantities are processed by drying. During drying, certain components of the chemical composition change and a degree of the change primarily depends on the composition of the fruit and the conditions during the drying process. Therefore, the aim of this work was comparison of the contents of sugars, total acids, sugar/acid ratio, total phenols and antioxidant capacity between fresh and dried sour cherries. The study evaluated sour cherry cultivars created at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (ʻŠumadinka’ and ʻSofija’) and autochthonous cultivars ʻOblačinska’ and ʻFeketićka’. The drying of pitted fruits was carried out in an experimental dryer at an air temperature of 70 °C until reaching 75% of the total dry matter. Compared to fresh fruits, the obtained dried fruits had a lower content of all tested parameters calculated per 100 grams of total dry matter, but this reduction did not affect the sugar/acid ratio that defines the taste of the dried fruit. The observed differences in chemical composition of fresh and dried sour cherries were the result of cultivars characteristics. The cultivar ʻFeketićka’ had the highest sugar/acid ratio, while the highest values of antioxidant capacity and content of total phenols, both in fresh and dried fruits, were detected in ʻŠumadinka’ and ʻSofija’
Detection and molecular characterization of two little cherry viruses infecting stone fruits in Serbia
No full textLittle cherry virus 1 (LChV1) and little cherry virus 2 (LChV2) are causative agents of the Little Cherry Disease. The disease causes a strong reduction of fruit size in sensitive cultivars and in severe cases, a total loss of its crop. Beside cherries, little cherry viruses can infect other cultivated stone fruit species, such as plum, apricot, peach, and almond. To investigate the presence of these viruses in Serbian orchards, a large-scale survey was conducted from 2017 to 2020. A number of 202 stone fruit samples (sweet cherry, sour cherry, apricot, plum, and peach) were collected and analyzed for the presence of LChV1 and LChV2. LChV1 was confirmed in 18 analyzed samples (8.9%) in 10 sweet cherries, five apricots, and three plums. LChV2 was detected in only one sweet cherry sample (0.5%). A phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Serbian LChV1 isolates from plums and sweet cherries belong to the G5 phylogenetic group. LChV1 isolates from apricot belong to the G3 and G5 phylogenetic groups
Primena Ramanove spektroskopije za karakterizaciju autohtonih sorti trešnje (Prunus avium l.) poreklom sa Balkana
No full textThe quality assessment and evaluation of fruits and vegetables are crucial in their postprocessing, shelf life, and price. Most of the techniques applied to evaluate fruit and vegetable quality are invasive. However, there is a growing interest in non-invasive techniques for assessing fruit quality, which are gaining traction due to their application and operation mechanism. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the applicability of the Raman spectroscopy for spectral signature assessment of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars (’Đuti’, ‘Canetova’, ‘Ohridska crna’, and ‘Dolga Šiška’). Combined with principal component analysis (PCA), Raman spectroscopy was used in assessing nutritionally similar samples, such as the studied sweet cherry cultivars. Sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose), anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, quantified by comparison to reference standards using high-performance liquid chromatography, exhibited Raman bands (at 337, 399, 455, 538, 617, 1327, and 1600 cm-1, respectively) of varying intensities, indicating differences among cultivars. Compared to the other cultivars, the ‘Ohridska crna’ cultivar had the highest nutritional and health-promoting compounds. A correlation was found between the Raman bands and the sugar and phenolic content obtained by chemical analysis. The results indicate the applicability of chemometric modeling associated with Raman spectroscopy for rapid sweet cherry authentication.Procena kvaliteta voća i povrća je od ključne važnosti za njihovu dalju obradu, predviđanje roka trajanja i formiranje cene. Većina tehnika koje se primenjuju za analizu kvaliteta ovih namirnica su invazivne. Međutim, sve veće interesovanje se javlja za neinvazivnim tehnikama za ocenjivanje kvaliteta voća, koje dobijaju na značaju zbog svoje jednostavnije primene i mehanizma rada. Ova studija po prvi put demonstrira primenljivost Ramanove spektroskopije za merenje spektralnih karakteristika različitih sorti trešnje (Prunus avium L.) (‘đuti’, ‘canetova’, ‘ohridska crna’ i ‘dolga šiška’). U kombinaciji sa analizom glavnih komponenti (engl. principal component analysis – PCA), Ramanova spektroskopija je korišćena za procenu uzoraka nutritivno sličnog sastava, kao što su proučavane sorte trešnje. Šećeri (glukoza, saharoza i fruktoza), antocijanini, fenolne kiseline i flavonoidi, kvantifikovani poređenjem sa referentnim standardima, korišćenjem tečne hromatografije visokih performansi (engl. high-performance liquid chromatography – HPLC), pokazali su Ramanove pikove (na 337, 399, 455, 538, 617, 1327 odnosno 1600 cm⁻¹) različitih intenziteta, što ukazuje na razlike između sorti. Sorta ‘ohridska crna’, u poređenju sa drugim sortama, sadrži najveću količinu nutritivnih i bioaktivnih jedinjenja. Nađena je korelacija između Ramanovih pikova i rezultata sadržaja šećera i fenola dobijenih hemijskom analizom. Ostvareni rezultati su ukazali na primenljivost hemometrijskog modelovanja povezanog sa Ramanovom spektroskopijom za brzu autentifikaciju trešnje
Physical and chemical properties of convective- and microwave-dried blackberry fruits grown using organic procedures
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of convective and microwave drying on the bioactive-compounds content of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) fruits, as well as drying parameters and energy consumption. The fruit was dehydrated in a convective dehydrator at a temperature of 50 ◦C and 70 ◦C and in a microwave oven at power levels of 90 W, 180 W and 240 W. The highest amount of anthocyanins, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity were obtained in blackberry fruits that were microwave dried at 90 W and 180 W (46.3–52.5 and 51.8–83.5 mg 100 g−1 dm of total anthocyanins, 296.3–255.8 and 418.4–502.2 mg 100 g−1 dm of total phenolics, and 1.20–1.51 and 1.45–2.35 mmol TE 100 g−1 dm of antioxidant capacity for 90 W and 180 W models, respectively). It turned out that microwave dehydration shortened the processing time and lowered the energy consumption compared to convective drying (a significantly reduced drying time of 92–99% with microwave dehydration). Blackberry fruits dehydrated at 240 W showed the shortest dehydration time (59–67 min), minimal energy consumption (0.23 kWh) and the most efficient diffusion (1.48–1.66 × 10−8 m2 s−1)
Mycopopulation on seed of weed plants in organic vegetable production crop
No full textWhat often happens that weeds are not controlled after harvesting
the cultivated crop. Thus, they continue to grow unhindered on agricultural
land, becoming dangerous hosts for a large number of plant diseases and
sources of constant infection. So far, there have been no systematic studies of
the mycopopulation of weed seeds in Serbia. In this paper, we present the
results of preliminary research. Weed seeds samples were collected during the
summer and autumn vegetation of 2023. Isolation was performed using
standard phytopathological methods. In these studies of the mycopopulation of
weed seeds, a total of 500 seeds originating from ten weed species were
examined. Seven genera of fungi were determined in this way: Penicillium,
Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Rhizopus and Muco
Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of dry sweet cherry fruits.
No full textThree sweet cherry cultivars, ‛Carmen’ (early-medium ripening cultivar), ‛Kordia’ (late ripening cultivar), and ‛Regina’ (very late ripening cultivar) were studied for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic acids content (TPAC) and antioxidant potential. All cultivars have large to very large fruits with an average weight of 8 to 10 g. The fruits were picked at the full maturity stage, in the cherry orchard at the experimental farm "Radmilovac" of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade. Drying was performed at the experimental dryer using the convective drying method (two constant air temperatures, 70 and 80 °C, air flow speed 4 m/s) until a constant mass was reached. The extracts of the dried fruits were prepared with methanol (1:5 ratio) in an ultrasonic bath (240 W, 35 kHz) at 25°C for 30 minutes. The results of TPC, TFC and TPAC were expressed as corresponding equivalents per gram of dry extract (gallic acid GAE/g, quercetin QE/g, and caffeic acid CAE/g, respectively). The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated by total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DPPH radical and ABTS radical-cation scavenging potential assays and expressed either as equivalents of ascorbic acid (AA) or as IC50 values for DPPH⦁ and ABTS⦁+ assays. The highest TPC was determined in the extract of ‛Kordia’ fruits dried at both temperatures (70 °C - 12.59 and 80 °C - 10.89 mg GAE/g), but without significant differences (p>0.05). The ‛Kordia’ cultivars dried at 70 °C had the highest TFC content (1.10 mg QE/g), which was significantly different from that dried at 80 °C (p0.05). The increased contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids in the extract of ‛Kordia’ cherry fruits were associated with the lower drying temperature of the fruits
A comparative study of in vitro rooting techniques for ‘Meekerʼ and ‘Willametteʼ raspberry cultivars
No full textCilj ove istraživačke studije bio je uspostavljanje protokola za fazu ožiljavanja kod dve sorte maline, ‘Meekerʼ i ‘Willametteʼ. Tokom faze ožiljavanja korišćen je hranljivi medijum sa mineralnim solima smanjenim na polovinu i nepromenjenim organskim kompleksom, sa varijacijama u hormonskom sastavu. Ispitani su efekti vrsta (IBA, NAA i IAA) i koncentracija (1 i 2 mg/l) auksina. Testirano je dvanaest kombinacija, uključujući šest sa aktivnim ugljem (1 mg/l) i šest bez njega. Svi medijumi su sadržali agar i saharozu u koncentraciji 7,2 odnosno 20 g/l, redom. Subkultura je trajala mesec dana, nakon čega su analizirani parametri ožiljavanja: procenat ožiljavanja, prosečan broj korena, dužina korena i dužina ožiljenih biljaka. Medijum koj sadrži 1 mg/l IBA u kombinaciji sa aktivnim ugljem uticao je na najveću stopu ožiljavanja kod sorte ‘Willametteʼ (78,33%), kao i kod sorte ‘Meekerʼ (85,70%). Ova kombinacija takođe je rezultirala najvećom dužinom korena i brojem korenova za obe sorte. Za sortu ‘Meekerʼ, medijum koji sadrži 1 mg/l IBA sa aktivnim ugljem je uticao na najveću dužinu ožiljenih biljaka (1,74 cm), dok je za sortu ‘Willametteʼ najveća dužina biljaka postignuta sa spomenutom kombinacijom, nezavisno od prisustva aktivnog uglja (1,92 i 1,85 cm, redom). Sveukupno, ovo istraživanje pruža detaljan protokol za poboljšanje efikasnosti in vitro ožiljavanja maline, posebno za sorte ‘Meekerʼ i ‘Willametteʼ. Preporučeni protokol može značajno koristiti rasadnicima i istraživačima koji teže unapređenju razmnožavanja i proizvodnji bezvirusnih sadnica ovih ekonomski važnih sorti maline.The objective of this research was to establish a rooting phase protocol for two raspberry cultivars, ‘Meekerʼ and ‘Willametteʼ. During the rooting phase, a medium with mineral salts reduced to half strength and an unchanged organic complex was used, with variations in the hormonal composition. The effects of auxin types (IBA, NAA, and IAA) and concentrations (1 and 2 mg/l) were examined. Twelve combinations were tested, including six with activated charcoal (1 mg/l) and six without it. All media contained agar and sucrose at a concentration of 7.2 and 20 g/l, respectively. The subculture lasted one month, after which rooting parameters were analyzed: rooting percentage, average number of roots, root length, and length of rooted plants. The medium containing 1 mg/l IBA with activated charcoal showed the highest rooting percentages for ‘Willametteʼ (78.33%) and ‘Meekerʼ (85.70%). This combination also resulted in the greatest root length and number of roots for both cultivars. For ‘Meekerʼ, 1 mg/l IBA with activated charcoal led to the greatest length of rooted plants (1,74 cm), while for cultivar ‘Willameteʼ, the greatest plant length was achieved with this combination, regardless of the presence of activated charcoal (1.92 and 1.85 cm, respectively). Overall, this research provides a detailed protocol to improve the in vitro rooting efficiency of raspberry plants, particularly for the ‘Meekerʼ and ‘Willametteʼ cultivars. The recommended protocol can significantly benefit nurseries and researchers aiming to enhance the propagation and production of virus free plants of these economically important raspberry cultivars
Imidazole fungicides in fruit tree tissue culture: Impact and potential applications
No full textThe application of imidazole fungicides in in vitro culture has revealed that certain fungicidal substances can exhibit various uncommon side effects across different tissue-cultured plant species. The effect of the imidazole fungicide Prochloraz on the micropropagation of fruit tree species (pear rootstock Pyrodwarf and cherry rootstock Gisela 5) that had previously demonstrated poor multiplication and/or rooting capacity in vitro will be discussed in this paper. Prochloraz at 1, 5, and 10 μM concentrations significantly increased the shoot-inducing effects of N-benzyladenine (BA) in both genotypes, but no cytokinin-like effect was observed in cytokinin-free media. Furthermore, shoots of both rootstocks were the longest and had the largest fresh and dry weights on media containing this fungicide in combination with BA and GA3. Prochloraz, either alone or in combination with indole-3-butyric acid, also affects root induction under in vitro conditioms. Prochloraz alone stimulated the growth of lengthy roots; however, when combined with IBA, short, thick, white, radially spread roots emerged. These results strongly indicate that Prochloras could be recommended for micropropagation of these rootstocks