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Biologically active plant compounds and their mechanisms of action: Review.
No full textABSTRACT Introduction and Purpose: Numerous studies conducted over the past few decades have confirmed that active compounds isolated from plants have multiple biological effects, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary focus of phytochemical research has been on phenolic compounds and their potential applications in medicine, cosmetics, pharmacy and agriculture. The aim of this work is to highlight the significance of biologically active components isolated from plants and to clarify their mechanisms of action at the cellular level, with the goal of contributing to the development of plant-based antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Materials and Methods: In this scientific paper, we present the research results on biologically active compounds from plants and their mechanisms of action at the cellular level to summarize this field of study and, in part, contribute to the development of biologically active plant-derived compounds. During the database search, we used the following keywords: "biologically active plant compounds," "antimicrobial activity," and "antioxidant properties of plants." Results: Plants are characterized by a mixture of various active mechanisms with different pharmacological profiles, allowing them to affect multiple diseases, unlike synthetic drugs, which are designed to inhibit or stimulate a single pharmacological pathway. The antimicrobial potential of essential oils and plant extracts is due to the presence of many pharmacologically active compounds, and their mode of action on bacterial cells depends on the concentration of the active substance, the type of microorganism, and the structure of their cell wall. Biologically active compounds isolated from plants are associated with antioxidant activity in biological systems, as they play an important role in the absorption and neutralization of free radicals. Discussion and Conclusion: In recent years, significant efforts have been made to isolate and examine biologically active compounds from plants and their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Special attention has been given to the mechanisms of action of these compounds on microbial cells. Biologically active compounds affect the transmembrane pH gradient and membrane integrity of microbial cells, causing leakage of intracellular contents, disruption of transport and energy production processes, as well as the respiratory chain, and play an important role in the absorption and neutralization of free radicals. A review of the literature concludes that the plant world represents an inexhaustible source of biologically active compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which should continue to be studied to contribute to the development of plant-based antimicrobial and antioxidant agents
Aromatični profili monosortnih Geisteva od maline
No full textThe paper presents the results of gas chromatography-flame ionization detection-mass spectrometry (GC-FID-MS) analysis of volatile substances that form the aromatic profiles of raspberry Geists produced from Serbia's most common raspberry varieties (‘Willamette’, ‘Meeker’, and ‘Tulameen’). Considering that raspberry Geist is a spirit drink obtained by maceration of unfermented fruits in ethanol, followed by distillation of the obtained macerate, the compounds that dominate the aromatic complex of this alcoholic beverage are volatile compounds originating mainly from raspberry fruits. A total of 134 compounds were quantified, of which 112 in Geist from the cultivar ‘Willamette’, 76 in Geist from the cultivar ‘Meeker’, and 99 in Geist from the cultivar ‘Tulameen’. The identified compounds belonged to the classes of terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, C13 norisoprenoids, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, acetals, esters, acids, lactones, and others. Among the 60 compounds common to all 3 monovarietal Geists, 15 were represented in higher concentrations, especially (E)-β-ionone, α-ionone, 2-hexenal, and ethyl oleate.Zbog izražene specifične i fine arome, maline su interesantna sirovina za proizvodnju alkoholnih pića. Postoje 4 vrste jakih alkoholnih pića od maline (liker, rakija, jako alkoholno piće dobijeno maceracijom i destilacijom, i Geist), koji se dobijaju na različite načine. Važan razlog za proizvodnju Geista od maline je zasnovan na činjenici da se plodovi maline odlikuju niskim sadržajem šećera, pa se njihovom preradom, koja uključuje alkoholnu fermentaciju, ne mogu dobiti visoki prinosi etanola, odnosno destilata. Pored toga, sveže maline često imaju i izuzetno visoku cenu, što ih čini skupom sirovinom za proizvodnju rakije koja podrazumeva i alkoholnu fermentaciju plodova. Međutim, zbog intenzivne i fine arome jakih pića od maline, koja postaju sve interesantnija modernim potrošačima, proizvođači se često odlučuju da, uzimajući u obzir i ekonomičnost prerade, proizvedu malinov Geist, za koji je potrebno znatno manje sirovine nego za proizvodnju rakije od maline. Tehnološki postupak proizvodnje Geista obuhvata samo maceraciju plodova, pa zatim destilaciju macerata, pri čemu se dobija destilat fine i izražene arome. S obzirom da u proizvodnji Geisteva nema alkoholne fermentacije sirovine, koja u značajnoj meri utiče na sastav finalnog proizvoda, presudni značaj za aromu Geista ima izbor sirovine, odnosno sorte maline. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrde aromatični profili Geisteva od maline, proizvedenih od sorata koje se najčešće gaje u Srbiji (Willamette, Meeker i Tulameen), u cilju karakterizacije, odnosno određivanja kvaliteta i autentičnosti ovih jakih alkoholnih pića.
Izmuljani plodovi tri ispitivane sorte maline su macerirani u rafinisanom etanolu, na sobnoj temperaturi, u toku jednog dana. Za svaku sortu izvršene su tri posebne maceracije. Macerati (zajedno sa plodovima) su zatim destilisani u pilot-scale alambiku tradicionalne konstrukcije, izrađenom od bakra, pri čemu su dobijeni destilati sa sadržajem etanola od 60 vol%. Po tri destilata od iste sorte maline su zatim mešana, i čuvana u staklenim balonima do analiza. Za analize, uzorci su razblaženi dejonizovanom vodom na 40 vol% etanola. Analiza aromatičnih materija monosortnih Geisteva od maline sprovedena je metodom gasne hromatografije spregnute sa plamen jonizacionim detektorom i masenim spektrometrom (GC-FID-MS).
U Geistevima od najzastupljenijih sorata maline u Srbiji, po prvi put su kvantifikovane aromatične materije koje presudno utiču na aromu ovih jakih pića. Ukupno je kvantifikovano 134 jedinjenja, od čega 112 u Geistu od sorte Willamette (WG), 76 u Geistu od sorte Meeker (MG) i 99 u Geistu od sorte Tulameen (TG). Posmatrano po klasama hemijskih jedinjenja, u Geistevima od maline nađeno je 30 estara, 17 aldehida, 17 C13-norizoprenoida, 12 acetala, 11 terpenoida, 6 ketona, 4 alkohola, 4 kiseline, 3 laktona, 2 seskviterpenoida, 3 jedinjenja iz ostalih klasa, kao i 25 neidentifikovanih (NI) jedinjenja. U eksperimentalno proizvedenim monosortnim Geistevima, kvantifikovano su bili najzastupljeniji C13 norizoprenoidi (40.5‒44.5%), estri (11.4‒22.7%), aldehidi (13.4‒21.5%), i terpenoidi (5.1%‒6.6%). Ukupno 60 sastojaka je bilo zajedničko za sva tri monosortna Geista. Među ovim jedinjenjima, 15 je bilo zastupljeno u značajnoj količini u sva tri monosortna Geista, i praktično su činili osnovni aromatični skelet Geisteva. To su: α-pinen, linalol, α-terpineol, metastigma-4,6,8-trien, α-jonon, (E)-β-jonon, 2-heksenal, nonanal, dekanal, tetradekanal, etilheksadekanoat, etillinoleat, etiloleat, 1,1-dietoksipentan, NI (RT 31.61)
The influence of newer clonal rootstocks on the biological and pomological traits of the plum cultivar ʻČačanska Lepoticaʼ
No full textU svetu se intenzivno radi na stvaranju i selekciji podloga za šljivu, kao i polivalentnih podloga koje
se mogu koristiti za različite vrste iz roda Prunus. S obzirom na brojne izazove u savremenoj
proizvodnji, selekcija podloga ide u više pravaca, jer je izuzetno teško stvoriti podlogu koja
zadovoljava sve kriterijume. S tim u vezi, između ostalih, selekcionisane su podloge manje bujnosti,
podloge koje pokazuju visok nivo prilagođenosti na klimatske i zemljišne uslove, kao i podloge koje
su tolerantne/otporne na virus šarke šljive. U ovom radu, tokom perioda 2020–2022. godina,
ispitivan je uticaj četiri novije vegetativne (ʻWavitʼ, ʻWeivaʼ, ʻDocera 6ʼ i ʻDospina 235ʼ) i jedne
standardne (sejanac džanarike) podloge, na najznačajnije biološko-pomološke osobine sorte šljive
ʻČačanska lepoticaʼ kao jedne od najznačajnijih sorti u Republici Srbiji. Dobijeni rezultati su
pokazali da su ispitivane osobine značajno varirale među ispitivanim podlogama, ali i tokom godina
istraživanja. Značajan interakcijski efekat utvrđen kod prinosa, mase ploda i koštice, randmana
mezokarpa, sadržaja ukupnih kiselina i indeksa zrenja je pokazao da su ispitivane podloge na
različit način uticale na pomenute parametre tokom godina istraživanja, dok je kod ostalih
ispitivanih parametara ovaj efekat izostao, ukazujući na nezavisan uticaj podloge i godine.
Generalno, najveću bujnost i prinos po stablu, ali i najniži koeficijent rodnosti uzrokovao je sejanac
džanarike, dok je s druge strane podloga ʻWavitʼ podstakla najmanju bujnost, najveći koeficijent
rodnosti i neznatno manji kumulativni prinos u odnosu na sejanac džanarike. Najkrupniji plod je
dobijen kada su za kalemljenje korišćene podloge ʻWavitʼ i ʻWeivaʼ sa neznatnim razlikama u
odnosu na sejanac džanarike, dok je najsitniji plod dobijen kada su kao podloge korišćene ʻDocera
6ʼ i ʻDospina 235ʼ. Generalno, najviše vrednosti hemijskih parametara su utvrđene kada je kao
podloga korišćen sejanac džanarike, a uglavnom najniže kada je kao podloga korišćena ʻDocera 6ʼ.Intensive efforts are being made worldwide to develop and select rootstocks for plum, as well as
polyvalent rootstocks that can be used for different species within the genus Prunus. Given the
numerous challenges in modern production, rootstock selection is moving in multiple directions. In
this regard, rootstocks with lower vigour, rootstocks that show a high level of adaptability to
climatic and soil conditions, as well as rootstocks that are tolerant/resistant to the Sharka virus, have
been selected. This study, conducted during the period 2020–2022, examined the influence of four
newer clonal rootstocks (ʻWavitʼ, ʻWeivaʼ, ʻDocera 6ʼ, and ʻDospina 235ʼ) and one standard
rootstock (Myrobalan seedling) on the most significant biological and pomological traits of the
plum cultivar ʻČačanska Lepoticaʼ. The results showed that the examined traits varied significantly
among the tested rootstocks, as well as over the years of research. A significant interaction effect
found for yield, fruit and stone weight, flesh percentage, total acid content, and ripening index
indicated that the tested rootstocks affected these parameters differently over the years of study.
This effect was absent for the other examined parameters, indicating an independent influence of
rootstock and year. In general, the highest vigour and yield per tree, but also the lowest yield
efficiency, were caused by the Myrobalan seedling. On the other hand, the ‘Wavit’ rootstock
induced the lowest vigour, the highest yield efficiency, and a slightly lower cumulative yield
compared to the Myrobalan seedling. The largest fruit size was found when the rootstocks ‘Wavit’
and ‘Weiva’ were used for grafting, with slight differences compared to the Myrobalan seedling,
while the smallest fruit size was found when ‘Docera 6’ and ‘Dospina 235’ were used as rootstocks.
In general, the highest values of chemical parameters were caused by the Myrobalan seedling, and
the lowest mostly by ‘Docera 6’.dr Nebojša Milošević je bio član Organizacionog odbora 17. kongresa voćara i vinogradara Srbije sa međunarodnim učešće
Mycopopulation on raspberries in Serbia
No full textRaspberry is a perennial deciduous plant, bushy or semi-shrubby, with annual and long
biennial shoots, which belongs to the rose family. For many years, raspberries have been
among the most economically important types of fruit in the Republic of Serbia. So far, there
have been no systematic researches on raspberry mycopopulation in Serbia. In this paper, we
present the results of preliminary research on raspberry mycopopulation originating from
Serbia. A total of 28 randomly collected samples from three locations in Serbia were
analyzed. Root and stem were analyzed. Plant fragments were carefully washed under running
water. The samples thus prepared were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for
1 minute and washed three times in sterile distilled water. They were then dried on sterile
filter paper and placed on potato dextrose agar (KDA). In each Petri dish, five fragments
taken per sample were placed in five repetitions, and incubated in a thermostat at 24°C. The
examination was performed every three days, and on most samples mycelia developed around
the plant fragment by the 14th day. Microscopic examination was performed using an
Olympus CX31 microscope. The frequency of isolation was calculated in % according to the
formula: number of colonized parts with fungi/total number of analyzed plant parts x 100. A
total of 700 plant fragments were examined, from which six genera of fungi were isolated:
Didymella, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium, Alternaria and Epicoccum
Field performance of tissue culture and standard propagated raspberry under different irrigation regimes
No full textHealthy plant material, uniform, and genetically pure is essential for the successful production of fruit, particularly raspberries, since it guarantees quality and consistent yields. Four-year study (2018‒2021) was focused on two raspberry cultivars, ‘Meekerʼ and ‘Willametteʼ, propagated by both tissue culture (MpP) and root suckering (RsP) methods in three irrigation regimes (IR1-100% ETc, IR2-50% ETc and IR3-25% ETc). ‘Meekerʼ had longer primocanes, higher productivity, better fruit sweetness, and higher soluble solids and sugar content under optimal irrigation. Micropropagated plants demonstrated initially longer primocanes and slightly better productivity compared to root-suckered plants. Over time, the growth rates between the two vegetative propagation methods became similar. The IR1 irrigation regime maximized yields, providing sufficient water without inducing stress. Irrigation improved primocane height and fruiting lateral length, contributing to optimal growing conditions. Antioxidant activity peaked in 2019 under both optimal and deficit irrigation and remained stable across regimes in 2021. ‘Meeker’ showed a high sweetness index due to high sugar and low acidity but was sensitive to water deficit. ‘Willamette’ maintained high total anthocyanins and stable sugar content which emphasizes its adaptability. Both cultivars showed high antioxidant activity with variability across study years. Our study showed that the raspberry cultivar ‘Meeker’ excelled in vegetative growth, productivity, and fruit taste, making it suitable for obtaining high yields under optimal irrigation. In contrast, ‘Willamette’ is better suited for obtaining high-quality fruit under water-limited conditions
Possible applications of new approaches to minimize recalcitrance in woody plant species
No full textIn the laboratory of in vitro culture of the Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE) various woody plant species were successfully regenerated in vitro. That were various poplar species and their clones and cultivars like Populus deltoides (cl. B229, cl. 182/81, PE19/66), Populus alba (cl. L12, L50, L80), P. alba cult. Villa Franka, hybrid Pannonia-M1 (P. x euramericana - P. nigra x P. deltoides) and recently Wild cherry (cl. 6A and 8A). Those specieswere the starting material for in vitro testing their physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic response to various abiotic and biotic stresses like drought, salinity, heavy metal pollution, pests. The usual techniques that were applied were different kind of tissue introduction, micropropagation and rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis by varying hormonal and nutrient status of the corresponding nutrient medium. The response in the regeneration rates and micropropagation were the best in poplar M1 clone but the best induction in the medium, shoot regeneration rates and elongation and its micropropagation were found in Populus alba clones. Using expression platforms of various abiotic responsive genes including transcription factor genes (GRAS family TFs like PtGRAS17 and PtGRAS16, PtDREB2 of DREB family TFs and abiotic stress-inducible genes PtP5SC1, PtSOS1, Rd29A, Rd29B genes and genome editing technology using CRISPR/Cas9 design of WRKY TF genes, bZIP etc. Populus alba was a model plant but found some obstacles during regeneration after transgenesis. Some possible new approaches to skip in vitro recalcitrance of woody plants were further challenge, like protoplast extraction, de novo emerging transgenic plants on primed wild type rooted seedlings. Some of those improvements are expected to bring faster and more stable and reliable results in further research work with in vitro techniques
Investigation of pollen morphology and viability of sweet and sour cherry genotypes by multivariate analysis
No full textThe aim of this study was to examine the dimensions and surface morphology of pollen grains of some sweet and sour cherry genotypes through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an additional alternative identification tool. In vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length as indicators of their viability were determined as well. Observations were carried on 10 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and 7 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) genotypes. All genotypes had prolate, tricolpate pollen grains, and striate exine ornamentation, with more parallel longitudinal ridges. Significant differences among genotypes within species and between species were found for most pollen grain characteristics and exine ornamentation. In both sweet and sour cherry the largest variability was recorded for colpus length (CV = 15.0% and 12.9%, respectively). For sweet cherry genotypes, in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length ranged between 1.4% to 51.5% and 360.4 to 669.3 μm respectively, while for sour cherries they ranged from 15.5% to 37.0% and 96.3 to 960.2 μm, respectively. The results of the correlation analysis showed that in vitro pollen germination correlated positively with pollen length/pollen width (L/W) ratio (r = .640) and furrow width (r = .588), and negatively with the number of ridges (r = .517), while pollen tube length was not significantly correlated with any of the studied characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that pollen length, pollen width, L/W ratio, colpus length, mesocolpium width, and ridge width are relevant tools to discriminate among the studied genotypes. The measurements made on pollen grains did not reveal individually big differences, but when all features were considered together, the pollen of each genotype exhibited a unique pattern. The distribution on the scatter plot showed considerable variation among sweet and sour cherry genotypes based on pollen morphological characteristics, which led to their distribution into two separate groups. This demonstrates the ability to distinguish cherry species based on pollen morphological characteristics determined by SEM. To improve discriminative ability for genotypes within species combination between pollen ultrastructural analysis, morphological and molecular markers is desirable, in subsequent work
Bioeconomic Potential of Valorizing Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Press Residues
No full textThe concepts of sustainable development and circular economy require finding innovative ways for more efficient use of resources, produced raw materials, and waste. The aim of the research was to assess the economic and ecological justification of valorizing blackcurrant pressing residues. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with a blackcurrant producer, as well as with three potential service providers for the processing of pressing residues. The results show that the valorization of blackcurrant pomace is an ecologically and economically responsible approach to production. There are several ways to valorize blackcurrant pomace, and in this study,
the emphasis is on extracting oil from the seeds and obtaining flour from the dried pressing residues. The economic justification of valorizing blackcurrant pressing residues has been identified, as the produced oil adds value to the pressing residue by 2.87 €/kg, and the flour produced by all three processors by 6.60 €/kg, 5.87 €/kg, and 5.57 €/kg, respectively. It was unequivocally established that value chains for blackcurrant pressing residues exist and that it is possible to add value to a currently worthless by-product, thereby increasing profits, removing waste from the production chain, and making the agricultural enterprise more competitive. The
paper points to the need to integrate bioeconomy principles into agricultural residue management practices.Koncepti održivog razvoja i cirkularne ekonomije nalažu da se pronađu inovativni načini za efikasnije iskorištavanje resursa, proizvedenih sirovina i otpada. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se proceni ekonomsko-ekološka opravdanost valorizacije ostataka presovanja crne ribizle. U tu
svrhu obavljen je polustruktuirani intervju sa proizvođačem crne ribizle, kao i sa tri potencijalna pružaoca usluga prerade ostataka presovanja. Rezultati pokazuju da je valorizacija komine crne ribizle ekološki i ekonomski odgovoran pristup proizvodnji. Postoji nekoliko načina za valorizaciju komine crne ribizle, a u ovoj studiji akcenat je stavljen na ceđenje ulja iz semena i dobijanje brašna od osušenih ostataka presovanja. Ekonomska opravdanost valorizacije ostataka presovanja crne
ribizle je identifikovana, budući da proizvedeno ulje dodaje vrednost ostatku presovanja za 2,87 €/kg, a brašno proizvedeno kod sva tri prerađivača za 6,60 €/kg, 5,87 €/kg i 5,57 €/kg, respektivno. Nedvosmisleno je utvrđeno da lanci vrednosti ostataka presovanja crne ribizle postoje i da je moguće dodati vrednost trenutno bezvrednom nusproizvodu i na taj način povećati profit, ukloniti otpad iz proizvodnog lanca, a poljoprivredno gazdinstvo učiniti konkurentnijim. Rad ukazuje
na potrebu za integrisanjem principa bioekonomije u prakse upravljanja poljoprivrednim ostacima
Balkan autochthonous sweet cherry genotypes – potential for temperature-adaptable reproductive behaviour and nutraceutical value
No full textSweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is among the most popular temperate fruit crops, due to its attractive fruits, nutritional content and suitability for both fresh consumption and processing. Cherry fruits are a reach source of bioactive compounds and other substances with high antioxidant power, as well as neurochemicals (melatonin, serotonin), which especially refers to autochthonous genotypes. Although many sweet cherry breeding programmes are active worldwide, their genetic base remains quite narrow. Therefore, identifying and characterizing valuable, diverse resources is crucial to expanding the genetic pool for current and future programmes. Nowadays, sweet cherry production is directed towards the problems arising from climate change and demands for high-quality, healthy fruits. The reproductive phase is particularly sensitive to temperature stress, which during the blooming time has a detrimental effect on fruit set in commercial orchards. Within the CherrySeRB project, in which the Fruit
Research Institute, Čačak is the leading institution among several partners, the focus is on characterization of the indigenous Balkan sweet cherry genotypes for desirable reproductive properties that can face warmer temperature conditions during the flowering. In that sense, the investigation of autochthonous sweet cherry genotypes originating from Serbia (‘Canetova’, ‘G-2’) and North Macedonia (‘Ohridska Crna’, ‘Dolga Šiška’) has significantly contributed to the characterization of Balkan cherry genetic resources. By combining interdisciplinary modern methodologies – molecular, biological, histological and nutritional, CherrySeRB connects production challenges arising from climate change and the richness of still underutilized Balkan cherry germplasm, which represents a novelty in the breeding approach applicable to other fruit species.Sanja Radičević - član Programskog odbora naučnog skupa Scientific Conference: Innovations in Sustainable Agriculture – Bridging Science and Practice, December 11th 2024, Skopje, Republic of North Macedoni
Unapređena kontejnerska proizvodnja sadnica crvene maline (Rubus idaeus L.) sorte Vilamet korenovim reznicama
No full textPovećanje efikasnosti razmnožavanja maline korenovim reznicama, poređenjem procenta ožiljavanja inokulisanih reznica bakterijom Agrobacterium rhizogenes i tretmana nanoemulzijom na bazi dihidrokvercetina sa kontrolom, odnosno netretiranim reznicama, a u funkciji dobijanja većeg broja visokokvalitetnih sadnica sa dobro razvijenim korenovim sistemom i novoformiranim izdankom omogućava značajno povećanje kapaciteta proizvodnje kontejnerskih sadnica sorte maline Vilamet, imajući u vidu da je period realizacije u periodu mirovanja što značajno doprinosi povećanju ekonomičnosti proizvodnje. Sagledavajući sve proučavane parametre uspešnosti ožiljavanja korenovih reznica inokulacijom bakterijom Agrobacterium rhizogenes i tretiranjem nanoemulzijom na bazi dihidroksikvercetina preporučuje se protokol poboljšanog razmnožavanja dvonodalnim korenovim reznicama maline sorte Vilamet koji obezbeđuje efikasno, brzo i ekonomski opravdano dobijanje sadnica maline tokom perioda mirovanja. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, u okviru tehničkog rešenja definisano je da bakterija Agrobacterium rhizogenes stimulativno deluje na ožiljavanje, iniciranjem tačaka rasta u pojedinim delovima korenovog sistema, ali i delovanjem na povećanje korenove mase u pravilno odabranom supstratu odgovarajućih fizičko-hemijskih osobina. Potvrđeno je da se tokom perioda mirovanja malina može uspešno razmnožavati korenovim reznicama što povećanjem količine proizvedenog sortno i zdravstveno ispravog sadnog materijala na godišnjem nivou značajno povećava profitabilnost proizvodnje sadnog materijala maline.Bitno poboljšano tehničko rešenje na nacionalnom nivou (M84