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Timber Strength Grading as Necessary Basis for Structural Design in Ex-YU Region: Part
No full textClassification of timber for various commercial purposes is essential for its proper application in order to ensure the reliability and economic use. Visual grading of structural timber is commonly used in a number of EU countries, with different grading national standards optimized for locally available wood. Countries in the ex-YU region are traditional partners in wood trade and had the same standards for visual grading, but in most of the regions these standards are not completely compliant with EN requirements. Consequently, that leads to the fact that the most of regionally available structural timber is not assigned into strength classes, which is the starting point for the limit-state concept in design of timber structures. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the lack of strength classification of structural timber in the ex-YU region, which is a prerequisite for the design of timber structures made by civil engineers. Based on an overview of visual classification types with regional experience in grading, relevant EN standards, and differences in design concepts with possible consequences of grading approach, it can be concluded that "quality" grades and "strength" classes are not easily comparable
Sustainable Land Use and Climate Change in Belgrade - The Role of Urban Gardens
No full textPopulation growth and urban sprawl are expected to continue increasing pressures on agricultural land, green infrastructure and climate change's impact on the urban environment. Accordingly, the challenge of securing sustainable land use and climate change mitigation needs to be confronted in cities globe wide. Urban green areas represent an asset of public interest with multiple roles - they are recreational zones, noise and pollution protection belts, areas with aesthetic, social and curative values as well as an infrastructure for combating climate change. All these functions accentuate the relevance of urban gardens in urban development, for which their preservation and development play an irreplaceable role in cities. This paper analyses a specific form of urban gardens in Belgrade ("bastenske kolonije" or "garden colonies") with a focus on urban land use planning. The research methodology consists of a literature and document review and systematic analysis. The study includes legislative in Serbia and urban planning documents in Belgrade, with the goal being to identify governmental and planning attitude towards urban gardening and their recognition of ecosystem services and climate change combat. The preliminary results indicate that this form of sustainable land in Belgrade is left to the spontaneous actions of individuals with no legally defined status in the previous perio
Insights into pH dynamics, dissolved oxygen variability, and ion removal efficiency in floating treatment wetland
No full textCilj ovog rada je analiza dinamičkih procesa u biološkom sistemu sa plutajućim ostrvima (FTW) konstruisanog na obali reke, sa fokusom na pH, rastvoreni kiseonik (DO) i promenu koncentracija kalcijuma i magnezijuma. Iako je manji broj istraživanja sproveden o ponašanju Ca i Mg u konstruisanim akvatičnim ekosistemima, nisu pronađeni radovi koji bi se posebno bavili mehanizmima uklanjanja ovih jona u FTW. Rezultati su pokazali da su i zagađena i prečišćena voda imale karakteristike slabo alkalne sredine. Ekstremno nizak nivo DO u bazenima sa plutajućim ostrvima povećan je nakon prolaska vode kroz bazen sa algama. Efikasnost uklanjanja Ca u bazenima sa plutajućim ostrvima se kretala od 2% do 6%, dok je u bazenu sa algama postignuta efikasnost od 23% do 49%. Slabo uklanjanje Mg (1-6%) može da ukaže na potencijalne probleme u procesima uklanjanja Mg u FTW. Analiza reakcije biljaka na izlaganje zagađenoj vodi je pokazala varijacije specifične za vrste u koncentracijama Ca i Mg u nadzemnoj biomasi i korenu. Koncentracija Ca u tkivu algi se vremenom povećavala, dok se sadržaja Mg izrazito smanjivao. Studija je takođe ukazala na postepeno smanjenje koncentracije Ca i Mg u kamenoj vuni u skladu sa trajanjem izlaganja supstrata zagađenoj vodi. Ovo istraživanje doprinosi boljem razumevanju složene dinamike prečišćavanja vode u FTW i naglašava potrebu za kontinuiranim istraživanjem mehanizama uklanjanja jona, reakcije biljaka na povećane koncentracije Ca i Mg i uloge algi u ovim biološkim sistemima.This paper aims to analyse the dynamic responses within FTW constructed on the riverbank, focusing on pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and the dynamics of calcium and magnesium concentrations. While some research has been carried out on Ca and Mg behavior in constructed wetlands no papers specifically addressed the removal mechanisms of these ions in FTWs have been found. Results showed that both polluted and treated water exhibited characteristics consistent with a mildly alkaline environment. Extremely low DO levels in cells with floating islands were increased after water passing through cell with algae. Ca removal efficiency in cells with floating island cells ranged from 2% to 6%, while the cell with algae achieved 23% to 49% efficiency. Modest Mg removal (1-6%) could indicate potential challenges in Mg removal processes within the FTWs. The analysis of plant responses to polluted water exposure reveals species-specific variations in Ca and Mg concentrations in shoots and roots. Ca concentration in algae tissue increased over time contrasting the marked decrease of Mg content. The study also revealed a gradual decrease of Ca and Mg concentration in stone wool corresponding to exposure duration. This research contributes to a better understanding of the complex dynamics of water treatment in FTWs, emphasizing the need for continued investigation into ion removal mechanisms, plant responses to increased Ca and Mg concentrations, and the role of algae in these biological systems
Benefits of horticultural therapy at the arboretum of faculty of the Forestry for persons with a disability of the municipality of Čukarica
No full textSaradnja Centra za smeštaj i dnevni boravak dece i omladine ometene u razvoju
sa Opštine Čukarica i Šumarskog fakulteta u Beogradu, koja se odvija na prostoru
Zaštićenog područja - spomenik prirode "Arboretum Šumarskog fakulteta" (ZPSP
Arboretum) otpočela je 2010. godine i razvijala se u više pravaca. Započela je sa
sprovođenjem programa hortikulturne terapije kao dela aktivnog vida upotrebe biljaka
za poboljšanje stanja korisnika Centra i nastavila kroz korišćenje prirodnog okruženja
prostora Arboretuma kao isceliteljskog prostora za senzaciju čula, uživanje u
ambijentalnom uređenju, pasivnom opuštanju i relaksiranju u sigurnom i umirujućem
ambijentu. Empirijska istraživanja u sprovođenju programa hortikulturne terapije sa
korisnicima Centra imala su za cilj da se primenom principa dizajna zasnovanog na
rezultatima naučnog istraživanja (naučno-zasnovan dizajn) na odabranom prostoru ZPSP
Arboretuma dizajnira isceliteljski vrt. Za formiranje projektantskih smernica za uređenje
isceliteljskog vrta, korišćene su ček liste (skale ocenjivanja) za praćenje ponašanja
korisnika Centra na prostoru Arboretuma uz procenu njihovih socijalnih veština, kao i
uvida u interesovanje i razumevanje njihovih potreba pre i posle završenih aktivnosti.
Shodno raspoloženju korisnika, stepen aktivnosti u okupacionoj hortikulturnoj terapiji je
bio promenljiv. Korisnici koji nisu učestvovali direktno u aktivnostima, već pasivno
posmatrali aktivnosti drugih, ohrabrivani su da rade sa biljkama kao i da, do mogućnosti
aktivnog uključivanja u rad, nastave posmatranja sezonskih promena uz akcentovanje
osećaja lepog, osećaja smirenosti i bezbednosti. Ujedno, svi korisnici su kroz pasivno
učešće u različitim restorativnim ambijentima Arboretuma kroz vid rekreativne šetnje ili
pasivnog sedenja koristili benefite boravka u prirodnom okruženju. Zapažanja vezana za
ovaj tip terapijskog dejstva zelenila, beležena su uz pomoć opservacionih mapa
prostornih celina Arboretuma uz grafičko obeležavanje i lociranje učestalosti zadržavanja
korisnika i korišćenja određenih prostora. Zapažanja su beležili radni terapeuti i pejzažne
arhitekte (nastavnici i studenti volonteri) na terenu, po završenoj dnevnoj aktivnosti
korisnika. U radno okupacionoj hortikulturnoj terapiji, aktivnosti ciljne grupe su
jednostavne radnje, uz smenjivanje radnji u kraćim vremenskim intervalima (vremensko
trajanje do 20 minuta). Aktivnosti su se sprovodile kroz proces učenja i stvaranja, sa
sekundarnim ciljem dobijanja proizvoda, uz stalni nadzor terapeuta i rad "1 na 1"
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(terapeut: korisnik). Lagane radne aktivnosti sa biljnim delovima, reznicama, lukovicama,
sa semenom, presadnja bilјaka, rad sa zemlјom, slobodna mogućnost "prlјanja ruku" u
prirodnom okruženju, istakle su se kao važni preventivni elementi za pobolјšanje opšteg
stanja osoba sa smetnjama. Svaka od pomenutih aktivnosti vrednovana je i kao takva
ukazala na važnost postojanja pri dizajnu terapijskog vrta. Pored toga, omiljeni ambijenti
u prostornom okviru Arboretuma, locirani uz pomoć mapa, takođe su iskorišćeni kao
smernice za ciljani dizajn isceliteljskog parka.The cooperation of the Center for Accommodation and Day Care of
Children and Youth with a Disabilities from the Municipality of Čukarica and the Faculty
of Forestry in Belgrade, which takes place in the area of the Protected Area - monument
of nature "Arboretum of the Faculty of Forestry" (PAMN Arboretum), began in 2010 and
developed in several directions. The implementation of the horticultural therapy program
was initiated as part of the active vision of the use of plants to improve the condition of
the Center's users and it was continued through the use of the natural environment of the
Arboretum area as a healing space for sensory sensation, enjoyment in the ambient
arrangement, passive relaxation and calming down in a safe and soothing environment.
Empirical research of the implementation of horticultural therapy programs with the
users of the Center aimed to design a healing garden by applying the principles of design
based on the results of scientific research (scientific-based design) in the selected area of
the PAMN Arboretum. Design guidelines for the arrangement of the healing garden were
created with the use of checklists to monitor the behavior of the Center's users in the
Arboretum area with an assessment of their social skills, as well as insight into the interest
and understanding of their needs before and after the completed activities. The degree of
activity in occupational horticultural therapy varied depending on the mood of the user.
Users who did not participate directly in the activities, but passively observed the
activities of others, were encouraged to work with plants, as well as to continue observing
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seasonal changes, while emphasizing the feeling of beauty, calmness and safety until the
possibility of active involvement in the work appeared. At the same time, all users used
the benefits of staying in a natural environment, through passive participation in various
restorative environments of the Arboretum, through recreational walking or passive
sitting. Observations related to this type of therapeutic effect of greenery were recorded
with the help of observation maps of spatial units of the Arboretum with graphic marking
and locating the frequency of user retention and use of certain spaces. The observations
were recorded by occupational therapists and landscape architects (teachers and student
volunteers) in the field, after the daily activity of users was completed. In occupational
horticultural therapy, the activities of the target group are simple actions, with alternating
activities at short intervals (time duration up to 20 minutes). Activities were carried out
through the process of learning and creation, with the secondary goal of obtaining the
product, with constant supervision of the therapist and work "one on one basis" (therapist
: user). Light work activities with plant parts, cuttings, bulbs, with seeds, transplanting
plants, working with soil, the free possibility of "getting your hands dirty" in a natural
environment, have stood out as important preventive elements for improving the general
condition of people with disabilities. Each of the mentioned activities was evaluated and
as such pointed out the importance of existence of the therapeutic garden in the design.
In addition, favorite settings in the Arboretum's spatial framework, located with the help
of maps, were also used as guidelines for the targeted design of the healing garden
Sustainable use of forests
No full textU radu su dati principi i opisani načini održivog korišćenjašuma.Istaknut je značaj proizvodnih i ostalih funkcijašuma, i potreba za pronalaženjembalansa između trenutne potrebe za resursima i težnje da seonizaštite u budućnosti, jer neracionalno korišćenje uzrokuje dalekosežne i dugotrajne posljedice. Od kraja prošlogvijeka došlo je do drastične promjene u pristupu korišćenju šuma, i sve više se ističe i uvažava ekološki aspekt, odnosno pokušaj da se uticaj sječe stabala, ali i transporta drvnih sortimenata na životnu sredinu svede na minimum.Mjere za smanjenje štetnih uticaja mehanizovanih sredstava rada na poslovima korištenjašuma ogledaju se u smanjivanju dodirnog pritiska vozila na zemljište, korišćenju vozila sa gusjenicama, korišćenju lanaca na točkovima vozila, korišćenju polugusenicana tandem točkovima vozila, korišćenju uređaja za podešavanje pritiska vazduha u gumama, smanjenju tereta kojivozila prevoze ili vuku. Sve veća potražnja za drvetom, zajedno sa sve većim ekonomskim i ekološkim zahtjevima, podrazumijeva novi pristup i još veću upotrebu takozvanih „novih tehnologija“.Savremeniprincip koji se naziva „precizno šumarstvo“(Precision Forestry),propagira korišćenjesavremenih alata i tehnologijaza dobijanje što više kvalitetnih informacija, kako bi se unaprijedioproces donošenja odluka i osiguralo ostvarenje trenutnih i budućih ciljeva gazdovanja šumama. Treba imati na umu i da nova tehnološka rješenja,pored prednosti,imaju i niz nedostataka koji se,prije svega,ogledaju u velikojmonotoniji u radu, ali i psihičkom naprezanju radnika. Međutim,bez novih tehnologija,nije moguće očuvati šumske ekosisteme i zadovoljiti narastajuće potrebe društva. Sredstva rada koja se koriste na poslovima prvefaze transporta drvnih sortimenata u šumama Republike Srpske uglavnomsuzastarjela, što nije slučaj sa sredstvima na poslovima sječe stabala i izrade drvnih sortimenata. Primjena ovakvih sredstava rada nije efikasna sa tehničkog, ekonomskog, ekološkog i ergonomskog aspekta. Sredstva rada koja se primjenjuju u razvijenim zemljama prilagođena su uslovima koje podrazumijeva održivo korišćenješuma. Problem sa kojim se susreću zemlje u razvoju jesteobezbjeđenje finansijskih sredstava za nabavkusavremenihsredstava. Ovaj problem treba rješavati kroz subvencije, povoljne kreditne linije, višegodišnje ugovore radova i dr. Kako bi veliki potencijal koji Republika Srpska posjeduje u šumarstvu bio iskorišćen na najbolji način, potrebno je ulagati u obnovu mehanizacije, izgradnju puteva, ali i edukaciju zaposlenih. Šumski putevi predstavljaju najznačajnije infrastrukturne objekte u šumama, čijom se izgradnjom i redovnim održavanjem obezbjeđuju uslovi za racionalno, intenzivno i održivo gazdovanje šumama. I pored značajnih ulaganja u mrežu šumskih puteva u Republici Srpskoj u posljednje dvije decenije,i evidentnog unapređenja stanja, sa ovom praksom potrebno je nastaviti u još većoj mjeri kako bi se dostigao željeni nivo razvoja. Kako se u pojedinim šumskoprivrednim područjima gustinamreže šumskih puteva približava optimumu, u narednom periodu potrebno je više pažnje posvetiti unapređenju kvaliteta šumskih puteva radi smanjenja troškova eksploatacije i troškova održavanja. Izgradnja šumskih puteva stvara sve veću zabrinutost javnosti zbog dugoročnog uticaja na životnu sredinu, zbog čega je ovim aktivnostima potrebno prići planski, sistematično i odgovorno, uvažavajući sve principe očuvanja šumskih ekosistema, posebno u područjima jedinstvenih ekoloških odlik
Algorithm of the procedure of “model” cutting of roundwood and calculation of wood values for the creation of a computer program
No full textThere are different needs in forestry for information on the assortment structure of
an individual tree or the entire stand. This information is of particular importance for assessing the value of wood, then calculating different types of taxes, as well as when evaluating
investments. In order to carry out the aforementioned tasks, it was necessary to devise such
a way of obtaining information about the assortment structure that does not involve felling
trees and the standard procedure of cutting them. That’s how the idea of “model” (virtual)
tailoring came about, which is based only on tree dimensions (chest diameter and height)
with data from the standard for forest wood assortments. At the same time, it should be
borne in mind that in this case it is an ideal assortment structure, which cannot be realized in
reality, which makes the application of this method conditional on a later correction, which
would make the assortment structure (or the value of wood, which is based on such a structure) calculated) corrected and harmonized with the actual situation. In this sense, this work
presents the procedure of “model” tree trimming and the algorithm for creating a computer
program, which would automate and greatly speed up this wor
Management of nature parks in state enterprise “Srbijašume”
No full textZaštićena područja mogu pružiti svoje ekološke, društvene i ekonomske koristi samo ako se njima efikasno upravlja. Cilj rada je da se izvrši analiza upravljanja parkovima prirode koji su povereni Javnom preduzeću za gazdovanje šumama „Srbijašume“, identifikuju problemi i mogućnosti upravljanja i daju upravljački i drugi reformski predlozi u cilju poboljšanja efikasnosti upravljanja zaštićenim područjima. JP „Srbijašume“ upravljač je 5 parkova prirode na površini od 280.497 ha, što čini 94% ukupne površine parkova prirode u Srbiji. Organizacija upravljanja zaštićenim područjima u JP „Srbijašume“ je u skladu sa Zakonom o zaštiti prirode kojim su propisani uslovi koje mora da ispuni upravljač u pogledu stručne, kadrovske i organizacione osposobljenosti za obavljanje poslova zaštite, unapređenja, promovisanja i održivog razvoja zaštićenog područja. Upravljanje zaštićenim područjima usklađeno je sa trostepenom organizacijom preduzeća (generalna direkcija, šumska gazdinstva, šumske uprave). Za upravljanje parkovima prirode „Stara planina“, „Golija“, „Zlatibor“ i „Radan“ formirane su posebne radne jedinice
Antiviral properties of lignicolous fungi of Serbia
No full textGljive imaju višestruku ulogu u prirodi. Međutim, čovek ih sa svog stanovišta najčešće posmatra kao korisne ili štetne (zavisno od svoje primarne aktivnosti). Tako i gljive truležnice drveta najčešće posmatra kao parazitske i saprofitske organizme, ekonomski štetne, previđajući njihove korisne funkcije. Jedna od korisnih funkcija je njihova mogućnost korišćenja u lečenju različitih bolesti. U radu su prikazani rezultati proučavanja antivirusnih svojstava lignikolnih gljiva. Uzorci za izolaciju i identifikaciju gljiva prikupljani su na više lokaliteta u Srbiji. Konstatovano je da gljive izazivači truleži drveta imaju različita antivirusna svojstva i to najčešće protiv virusa gripa, hepatitisa, herpesa, SARS-CoV-2 i HIV-a.Fungi have multiple roles in nature. However, from his point of view, man most often views them as useful or harmful (depending on his primary activity). Thus, wood decaying fungi are most often seen as parasitic and saprophytic organisms, economically harmful, overlooking their useful functions. One of their useful functions is a possibility of their use in the treatment of various diseases. The results of the research of antiviral properties of lignicolous fungi are presented in this paper. Samples for isolation and identification of fungi are collected on several sites in Serbia. It has been determined that the fungi that cause wood decay have various antiviral properties, most often against viruses such as influenza, hepatitis, herpes, SARS-CoV-2 and HIV
The reconstruction of the great 2020 torrential flood in Western Serbia
No full textThe Ljubovida watershed in Western Serbia with an area of 158 km(2) is frequently affected by torrential floods, which have devastating effects. The soil characteristics, land use patterns and rugged topography ensure the rapid generation of surface runoff during extreme rainfall events. The main focus of this work is to reconstruct the extreme torrential flood event of Ljubovida on 22 June 2020, by applying three flood estimation methods suitable for ungauged watersheds-the hydraulic method of flood traces, the rational method and the combined method of Soil Conservation Service and synthetic unit hydrograph theory (SCS-SUH). In all three methods, there are the most sensitive and critical parameters, so the derivation of their values was carefully carried out. These parameters are the Manning roughness coefficient, n in the method of flood traces, the runoff coefficient, C in the rational method and the curve number, CN in the SCS-SUH method. Therefore, in the case of a watershed with no hydrological record, we propose the employment of multiple methods to minimize the uncertainties in the analysis of torrential floods. The approach with three implemented methods in this work allowed to compare the obtained results, i.e. estimated peak discharges: (a) Q(maxFT) = 176.8 m(3) s(-1) by applying the hydraulic method of flood traces; (b) Q(maxRM) = 152.7 m(3) s(-1) by applying the rational method; and (c) Q(maxSCS) = 186.7 m(3) s(-1) by applying the SCS-SUH method. Taking into account the variability of the results, the mean peak discharge of the June 2020 Ljubovida flood of 172.07 m(3) s(-1) is adopted, so the specific maximal discharge is 1.09 m(3) s(-1) km(-2). According to the SCS-SUH method, we concluded that the flood event of Ljubovida on 22 June 2020, was a flood with a 100-year return period. The main results and findings could serve as a solid basis for designing future studies on flood risk management in response to the growing hazards of torrential floods