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Country-Level Modeling of Forest Fires in Austria and the Czech Republic: Insights from Open-Source Data
No full textForest fires are becoming a serious concern in Central European countries such as Austria (AT) and the Czech Republic (CZ). Mapping fire ignition probabilities across countries can be a useful tool for fire risk mitigation. This study was conducted to: (i) evaluate the contribution of the variables obtained from open-source datasets (i.e., MODIS, OpenStreetMap, and WorldClim) for modeling fire ignition probability at the country level; and (ii) investigate how well the Random Forest (RF) method performs from one country to another. The importance of the predictors was evaluated using the Gini impurity method, and RF was evaluated using the ROC-AUC and confusion matrix. The most important variables were the topographic wetness index in the AT model and slope in the CZ model. The AUC values in the validation sets were 0.848 (AT model) and 0.717 (CZ model). When the respective models were applied to the entire dataset, they achieved 82.5% (AT model) and 66.4% (CZ model) accuracy. Cross-comparison revealed that the CZ model may be successfully applied to the AT dataset (AUC = 0.808, Acc = 82.5%), while the AT model showed poor explanatory power when applied to the CZ dataset (AUC = 0.582, Acc = 13.6%). Our study provides insights into the effect of the accuracy and completeness of open-source data on the reliability of national-level forest fire probability assessment
Heating Rate during Thermal Modification in Steam Atmosphere: Influence on the Properties of Maple and Ash Wood
No full textThis study aimed to compare two thermal modification (TM) schedules-with short and long heating phases-and their influence on the properties of maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood. Two TM runs were conducted in industrial conditions (open system, steam atmosphere; substantially longer method compared to the processes usually described in the literature), with the same peak phase (200 degrees C, 3 h), but with different heating rates-slow (1.1 degrees C/h) and fast (2.5 degrees C/h). The results revealed that both TMs significantly reduced hygroscopicity and swelling of wood, but the influence of slow heating rate-through prolonged exposure of wood to relatively high temperatures-on dimensional stability was more pronounced. The modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and Brinell hardness remained mostly unchanged after TM (except for fast-modified maple), while the modulus of rupture was strongly reduced by TM in both species. It is assumed-at least in the case of maple wood-that a combination of initial moisture content above 8% and fast heating rate during TM can cause more intensive degradation of wood polymers. Relatively small differences in colour between slow- and fast-modified wood were found. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the heating phase is an important part of the TM schedule, and it can directly affect (together with peak temperature and time) certain wood properties
Management and income of the economically most important game species of Serbia
No full textThe most important hunting game species found in majority of established hunting grounds in the Republic of Serbia are roe deer, wild boar and hare. The objective of this paper is to determine abundance, shooting rate and income generated by managing mentioned game populations in Serbia. On the basis of data of the Republican Bureau of Statistics of Serbia the records on abundance and shooting rate in game species in the 2011-2021 period were collected. The value of shot animals has been determined both on the basis of market pricelist of the Hunting Association of Serbia for the 2021/22 hunting year and according to the structure of animals shot per certain game categories obtained in previous research. Shooting rate realized in relation to overall roe deer abundance in 2021 was 7.90% with the shooting value reaching 1,106,724 euros. Wild boar abundance index recorded population growth of even 33.53% in 2021 and percentage of population utilization accounted for 63.83% while value of shooting reached 834,509 euros being three times higher than the income of shooting established in 2011. Hare population abundance has recorded a drastic fall and this decreasing trend has been reflected also in a reduced shooting rate thus in 2021 the value of shooting rate of hare was 676,625 euros. The results of the analysis of abundance, shooting rate and trends regarding their values make a basis for indicating a direction of improvement and the measures to enhance the management of these game species populations
Who designs healthy cities? A contribution to critical thinking about the landscape planning and design of the city of Belgrade
No full textS obzirom na projekciju Programa Ujedinjenih nacija za naselja (UN HABITAT,
2016) da će gradovi biti staništa u kojima će do 2050. godine živeti polovina svetske
populacije, u ovom istraživanju se polazi od koncepta „zdravi grad“ koji je, kao refleksija
na javno zdravlje, opisan kao „ono što mi kao društvo radimo kolektivno da bismo
obezbedili uslove u kojima ljudi mogu biti zdravi“. U istraživanju se razmatra i koncept
urbanog metabolizma, koji je „posuđen“ iz prirodnih nauka (biohemije i biologije), a
prilagođen potrebama proučavanja i boljeg razumevanja funkcionisanja savremenih
gradova u cilju održivog planiranja i oblikovanja gradova kao živih organizama. Poseban
fokus istraživanja je na konceptu zelene infrastrukture (ZI), koji se sve više posmatra kao
odraz društvene brige za čoveka, kao i na ulozi elemenata zelene infrastrukture u
metabolizmu rezilijentnog grada koji treba da stvori uslove za zdrav život njegovih
stanovnika. Postavljaju se pitanja: Kakvo pejzažno oblikovanje grada, tj. kakva
kompozicija i konfiguracija elementa zelene infrastrukture u strukturi grada i kakva
prostorna distribucija infrastrukturnih sistema obezbeđuje dobar metabolizam „zdravog
grada“? Koji su indikatori matrice zdravih gradova? Cilj rada je da se prikaže mesto i
uloga pejzažnih arhitekata u oblikovanju zdravih gradova, kao i da se prikaže kako se
kroz proces obrazovanja studenti osposobljavaju za proces kolaborativnog planiranja
predela. Predmet rada je oblikovanje dela urbanog predela Beograda koji predstavlja
ostatak prirodnog jezgra grada koji obezbeđuje odgovarajuće predeone usluge
ekosistema (kulturne, pružajuće i regulatorne). U radu će biti predstavljeni rezultati
Geodizajn radionice „Rezilijentni Beograd“ koja je realizovana sa studentima osnovnih i
master studija programa Pejzažna arhitektura.Considering the projection of the United Nations Habitat Program (UN
HABITAT, 2016) that cities will be habitats in which half of the world's population will
live by the 2050, this research is based on the concept of "healthy city" which, as a
reflection on public health, described as "what we as a society do collectively to provide
conditions in which people can be healthy". The research considers the concept of urban
metabolism, which is "borrowed" from the natural sciences (biochemistry and biology),
and adapted to the needs of studying and better understanding the functioning of modern
cities in order to sustainably plan and shape cities as living organisms. The special focus
of the research is on the concept of green infrastructure (GI), which is increasingly seen as
a reflection of social concern for humans, as well as on the role of green infrastructure
elements in the metabolism of a resilient city that should create conditions for a healthy
life for its inhabitants. Questions arise: What kind of landscape design of the guard, ie. what
composition and configuration of green infrastructure elements in the structure of the city and
what spatial distribution of infrastructure systems ensures a good metabolism, which is a
prerequisite for the "healthy city"? What are the indicators of the healthy cities matrix? The aim
of the paper is to show the place and role of landscape architects in planning and design
healthy cities, as well as to show how through the process of education they are trained
for the process of collaborative landscape planning. The subject of the paper is the
planning and design of a part of the urban landscape of Belgrade, which represents the
rest of the natural core of the city, which provides appropriate landscape ecosystem
services (cultural, providing and regulatory). The paper will present the results of the
Geodesign workshop, which was realized within summer semester in 2021 with bachelors
and masters students from Department of Landscape architecture and horticulture
Towards a healthy and functional green space: design and plan of a lawn establishment
No full textThe largest area of a green space is occupied by a lawn. The lawn represents the
basic, most common ground on the green spaces of urban, suburban and rural areas.
Therefore, its planning and design should be given special attention. In practice, little
attention is paid to the above issue. Designers and planners most often believe that it is
enough to assume that the lawn will be green and dense. The design, shape and size later
affect the functional and visual characteristics of the lawn. However, this fact is not widely
known. Operations such as uniform mowing, fertilization, watering and other activities
contribute to maintaining a healthy lawn, and good design facilitates and cheapens the
work on its establishment.
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The first step towards a healthy green space is a good plan, proper goal and design
corresponding to the needs of the space. A healthy green space means all its healthy
elements, of which the lawn is the most efficient and environmentally friendly substrate.
Planning ensures better fulfillment of the task, i.e. better quality, cheaper, faster
execution. Plans that are currently applicable in our country do not include a description
of all works that are involved in the establishment of healthy grasslands, and their
omission causes a number of oversights. Another important factor in planning the
establishment of a lawn is its purpose. All grasslands are not the same and are not based
on the same methods, operations and the like.
The size of a lawn is directly related to the design of the green area. The shape of
the lawn is largely determined by the good design of the green space for any type of
greenery. The process of selecting the place where we will form a grassland, i.e. a lawn of
a certain purpose, requires effort and knowledge, like with the previous items.
Preparation of the land surface for the establishment of the lawn requires
consideration of the need for leveling or profiling of the terrain. Consideration of the need
for the installation of drainage and irrigation systems, calcification, fertilization, basic and
pre-sowing treatment of the soil, are an integral part of good planning of a green space.
The activities of operations related to the establishment, tending and maintenance of a
healthy lawn should also be observed through two time aspects, i.e. the annual and daily
aspects.
The paper will present the results of the analysis of several healthy, well-planned
and designed law
Anticancer properties of lignicolus fungi in Serbia
No full textMaligne bolesti, rak ili kancer predstavljaju, posle kardiovaskularnih bolesti, drugi po redu uzrok smrtnosti ljudi. Korišćenje lekova u lečenju dovodi do neželjenih efekata, zato je neophodno razviti nove i efikasne lekove protiv raka, koji neće imati neželjena dejstva. Istraživanja sprovedena poslednjih nekoliko decenija su pokazala da jedinjenja nekih gljiva poseduju antikancerogena svojstva. U radu su prikazani rezultati proučavanja antikancerogenih svojstava lignikolnih gljiva. Uzorci za izolaciju i identifikaciju gljiva prikupljani su na više lokaliteta u Srbiji. Od svih identifikovanih vrsta konstatovano je da 27 vrsta poseduje antikancerogeno dejstvo, pojačavaju urođeni i stečeni imunitet i mogu se koristiti kao pomoćno sredstvo u lečenju više vrsta kancera kod čoveka
Light regime in stand of essile oak and turkey oak with hornbeam in National park Fruška Gora
No full textResults of light regime research in a mixed stand of sessile oak and turkey oak with
hornbeam in the area of National park ”Fruška Gora”, are shown in this paper. Researched
stand belongs to the most frequent sessile oak forest type (Quercetum montanum typicum
Čer. et Jov. 1953) on acidic brown and ilimerised acidic brown soil and represents a
xerophilous variant of sessile oak forest. The stand is of vegetative origin, 110 years old. Data
collection was done in the summer of 2008. The stand on the eastern-southeastern aspect is
located at 225 m a.s.l, the inclination is 12o
, and the canopy is sparse to complete (0.6 to 0.7).
The Stationary isohel method was used for the ascertaining stand light regime. An Isohel map
was drawn, and the average light intensity and light permeability indices were calculated for
the areas between isohels, based on average light intensity values on monitoring spots. In the
studied stand, the light intensity is the highest at 12 p.m. when it is 16005.5 Lx, and the
average daily light intensity in the stand is 6594.8 Lx. The average value of the permeability
coefficient in the stand is 14.71%. The maximum value of the permeability coefficient occurs
in the early morning hours (8 a.m.) when it is 21.53% as a consequence of the eastern to
southeastern exposure of the stand
Comparative analysis of soil pollution load of cb and pb in the area of the municipalities of Bar and Žabljak in Montenegro
No full textSoil has a comprehensive role in facing the planet Earth with global, regional
and local challenges concerning the availability of food and water, sustainable development,
preservation of biodiversity, climate stability, and quality of life in general. Montenegro has
achieved a relatively advanced level of legislative alignment with the EU Acquis in the area
of air quality, which include the Protocol on Heavy Metals (since 2011). In the area of the
municipalities of Bar and Žabljak in Montenegro, soil sampling was carried out during 2021
and 2022 and the content of heavy metals in the samples was determined. For the purposes
of this paper, the concentrations of cadmium and lead were analyzed and their comparison
was made with the data of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme(EMEP) (for
the period 1990-2020) which indicate a significant cumulative effect of deposition values
of these heavy metals. The municipality of Bar is located in the coastal part of Montenegro
where geomorphology, pedology, vegetation, and climate as the basic description parameters
of a researched area significantly differ from the municipality of Žabljak which is located in
the north. Just because of the great differences in the natural features of these areas, it is
interesting to observe the differences in the deposition and concentration of pollution. The
comparison was made with the aim of validating EMEP data, as well as with the purpose
of determining the origin of cadmium and lead in the soil - whether their presence is the
result of natural processes or the origin is anthropogenic. Statistical analyzes also examined
the correlation between the physicochemical properties of the soil and the concentration
of heavy metals determined by laboratory analyses, as well as the correlation between the
concentration of heavy metals in the soil and the depositions measured within the EMEP
program
Using Portable Field Rainfall Simulator for Experimental Research of Soil Resistance
No full textDue to the action of erosion processes, degraded areas of forests have a reduced capacity to perform ecosystem services and a reduced production potential of wood mass. In an attempt to reduce such negative effects, one of the steps is to determine the elements of the mechanisms of erosion processes in order to achieve an appropriate solution for remediation by analysing the physical and mechanical parameters of the soil. Using a portable field rainfall simulator in the forest area in the gullies and the conditionally stable zone of the gullies’ banks, experimental soil testing has conducted. Тhe simulator that was used is based on the pop up sprinkler system described in detail by Živanović et al. (2022). The limited amount of water on the field, as well as the duration of the pouring rain for the study area, affected the duration of each test to be limited to 10 minutes. During the experiment, the effects of changes in soil moisture on changes in the parameters of soil shear resistance and resistance to penetration, as well as the formation of surface runoff and soil erosion, have been observed. Research has been conducted during the spring and autumn. It was established that the change in the current soil moisture affects the change in the mechanical parameters of the soil. Compared to tests on gullies’ banks, the values of soil shear resistance and resistance to penetration are lower in tests in gullies. The presence of cracks and macropores influenced the appearance of rapid infiltration into the soil of part of the precipitation, which resulted in small amounts of runoff water on the exit profile (3.76–32.71% of the total volume of rain). Surface erosion occurs in the form of tearing off entire microaggregates and their transport via micro-furrows to the outlet profile. The concentration of sediments in the water, during tests on the banks, tended to decrease with each subsequent repetition. It’s been determined that soils of the research area are sensitive to erosion processes when they are in a state of low natural humidity. With an increase in water content above 20%, the soil becomes more sensitive to erosion processes and other forms of physical degradation. After an increase in the current water content above 42% (the average value of the liquid limit), the soil was in a saturated state when the resistance forces cease to act
Wood pellets market in the Western Balkans: state and prospects for development
No full textWood pellet production in the Western Balkans continued to grow at double-digit growth rates. In 2021,
1.81 million tonnes were produced, which was 12.4% more than in the previous year. The popularity of
wood pellets and the growth of its consumption led to to the growth of the number of producers. In 2021
there were 259 producers in the region, out of which 68 certified their production according to the EN
plus certificate system. The number of the certified producers in 2021 increased by 7 compared to 2020
(EN plus, Bioenergy Europe, 2022)