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Contribution to methods and techniques of scientific research: structure of the scientific research report - 5. conclusions
No full textIznošenje zaključaka proisteklih iz istraživanja je verovatno najvažniji odeljak izveštaja o istraživanju. Zaključivanje i zaključci, kao produkt tog procesa, zasnivaju se na rezultatima istraživanja, koji predstavljaju činjeničnu osnovu za izvlačenje zaključaka. Oni ističu specifičan značaj rada i omogućavaju određeni saznajni iskorak nauke i prakse, a zadatak im je da prepoznaju ključne nalaze istraživanja i poveže ih sa onim što je rečeno u uvod
National parks’ management models in Serbia and selected countries of the region: comparative analysis and improvement possibilities
No full textUpravljanje nacionalnim parkovima (NP), predstavlja veliki izazov, s obzirom da je potrebno obezbediti očuvanje, unapređenje i održivo korišćenje prirodnih i drugih vrednosti na području NP, kao i upravljanje posetiocima NP. Cilj rada je izučavanje modela upravljanja NP u Srbiji, kao i poređenje sa odabranim zemljama regiona jugoistočne Evrope (Slovenija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora). U radu su, na osnovu primera dobre prakse iz regiona i stavova upravljača NP i zainteresovanih strana u Srbiji, razmotrene mogućnosti unapređenja modela upravljanja, odnosno institucionalnih okvira i organizacije upravljanja NP u Srbiji. U istraživanju su korišćeni primarni podaci, prikupljeni putem intervjua sa predstavnicima upravljača NP i zainteresovanih strana, kao i sekundarni, za analizu organizacionih modela upravljanja NP u zemljama regiona. Upravljanje NP, kao najznačajnijim zaštićenim područjima u Srbiji, povereno je državnim javnim preduzećima (JP NP). U Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj NP upravljaju javne ustanove, kao javne službe osnovane od strane Vlade. U Crnoj Gori, svim NP upravlja Javno preduzeće za nacionalne parkove Crne Gore, koje je osnovala Vlada kao jedinstveno privredno društvo. Ispitanici su saglasni da je postojeći sistem upravljanja NP u Srbiji moguće unaprediti kroz jačanje institucionalnih okvira i uspostavljanje modela javnih ustanova
Perspectives of wildlife & hunting in the context of food security in Serbia – the case of Zabrđe
No full textUN FAO, proclaimed an urgent need for the “transformative change in food systems”. Followed
by the histeric cry for decreasing livestock and cardinal switch to laboratory proteins, some
groups proclaimed „crucial“ change in human nutrition as must, condemning carnivores for the
„climate catastrophy“. More profound academics are calling for noetic return to natural
nutrition cycles - reviving extensive grazing systems in marginal areas is seen as an ultimate
solution. The novel hypothesis is that in such areas, rewilding might provide even more
sustainable protein production than animal husbandry. To confirm hypothesis, indicators of the
sustainability of hunting (Reimoser et al., 2021) were applied in a typical marginal area –
Zabrđe, Southeast Serbia. The exercise included assessment of environmental conditions,
wildlife resources, their value chains and risks, and identification of the socio-economic
context. Semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders and questionnaire for hunters were
employed.
Natural conditions found in place are increasingly unfavorable (desertification). Yet, the area
has a big potential for silvopastoral systems. Due to depopulation, only extensive wildlife
farming seems rational. Hunting could develop sustainably. Increased interest in tourism,
provides a chance for the developing short value chains for game meat, but also represents a
risk. Human resources are the obstacle.
The main risks for wildlife are predators, waste, poaching, intensive forest cutting, fires,
disturbing the peace along lakes, lack of water and food. The dynamics of wildlife populations
must be adapted to Forest Land Restoration needed to stop extensive land degradation. The
results enable scaling-up, since the area is characteristic for the Balkans
Assessment of plastic pollution of the soil environment
No full textPlastic pollution is fast becoming a serious global environmental problem with the increase in plastic waste over recent decades. One of the first investigations of plastic and microplastic (MP) in the soil on the territory of Serbia is currently underway and is being carried out within the project "Evaluation of the microplastic in the Soils of Serbia – EMIPLAST – SoS" funded by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia. The aim of the research is to reveal the impact of the presence of plastic materials on soil’s main chemical, physical and biological properties. The examination of the impact of MP on the soil is being carried out through a comparative analysis of samples from localities that are and are not exposed to MP pollution. Sampling was done in three seasonal repetitions in the 2022 and will be done in the same way in 2023 in all selected plots. Microbial respiration is measured from all samples using the alkaline trap method as an indicator of microbial activity. The parameters related to the soil structure are not variable in such a short time frame, which is why they were determined at the beginning and will be determined at the end of the experimental period: mechanical composition, volumetric mass, specific mass, porosity, aggregate stability and organic matter content. Soil parameters that may affect aggregate stability such as pH, electrical conductivity and total carbon content, as well as soil nutritional status (N, P2O5, K2O, Cu, Zn, Mn and CaCO3) were determined.These parameters are used to characterize the soil at the research sites. Preliminary results showed that some soil properties are significantly affected by the presence of plastic materials. In order to establish the level of the negative impact of microplastics on soil properties and microbial activity in the longer term, the study is ongoing
Influence of thermal modification schedules on the natural weathering of maple and ash wood
No full textThis study aimed to compare the influence of two thermal modification (TM) schedules — with
short (65 h) and long (112 h) heating phases — on the natural weathering of maple (Acer
pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood. Over a duration of almost 21 months
(October 2021 – June 2023), the changes in wood colour and moisture content (MC) were monitored.
The samples were exposed to all weather conditions facing south, positioned 1 m above ground level
under a 45-degree slope with horizontal grain orientation. As the weathering process progressed, a
pronounced alteration in the inherent colouration of the control and TM samples (both schedules) was
observed in both wood species. At the end of the weathering process, the colour of all samples,
whether treated or untreated, had reached a similar appearance. In the initial phase of the experiment
(first winter - from October '21 to March '22) MC variations were more pronounced, but the extent of
these changes diminished with time. The control samples were found to be the most responsive to
weather condition changes, while TM (fast schedule) samples exhibited slightly higher MC variations
compared to samples modified under a slow schedule. Throughout the duration of the experiment, MC
of the maple control samples was mostly between 15% and 45%, whereas the MC of maple TMsamples ranged from 8% to 25%. The ash control samples had a MC ranging from 12% to 27%, while
the ash TM samples had MC mainly between 5% and 15%
London Plane (Platanus × Acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.) In The Street Tree Lines Of The Old Town In Belgrade
No full textStreet tree lines in the city provide many benefits. The most important among them are ecological,
aesthetic, psychological and cultural. However, tree lines on most streets in cities are exposed to many
stressful conditions. For that reason, it is important to know the ecological requirements of the tree
species from which they are established, as well as their ability to adapt to specific urban conditions.
This paper presents an overview of the existing condition of London plane tree lines (Platanus ×
acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.) as one of the frequently used tree line species in the area of the central
Belgrade municipality – Old Town, in the context to identify the main factors that affect the stability of
the population of these street trees. The results of the research are applicable in the process of street
tree line managemen
Management of protected areas under climate change: views of managers and stakeholders on capacities, needs and limitations
No full text: Protected areas have been established as effective means of protecting and
managing ecosystems. Depending on how they are managed, they can be used as successful
solution to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Improving the capacity of managers
and overcoming limitations for carrying out activities that can affect the protected areas
management under climate change is one of the main challenges of nature conservation.
The concept of protected areas management under climate change in Serbia should include
better interaction and connections between institutions of different levels and sectors, with
the involvement and cooperation of different stakeholders. This paper aims to study the
views of managers and stakeholders on the capacities, needs and limitations of managing
protected areas under climate change. The data was collected using an individual, structured
interview in the period January-March 2021. The sample consisted of 20 respondents, i.e.
representatives of public administration and nature conservation services at the national and
provincial levels, protected areas managers, educational and research organizations and civil
society. A comparative method was used to examine the similarities and differences in the
respondents' attitudes, while the data were processed by content analysis. Representatives of
public administration and service, in contrast to managers and representatives of educational
and research organizations, state that they have insufficient or weak personnel and other
capacities for managing protected areas under climate change. According to the views of
managers and stakeholders, limitations for carrying out activities on the management of
protected areas under climate change are insufficient personnel and technical capacities,
the scope of research and awareness of the impact of climate change, inadequate funding
and regulatory and institutional frameworks. On the other hand, the needs indicate the
necessity of providing relevant data and information, as well as intensifying cooperation with
institutions and organizations
Transformation of Pencils of Circles into Pencils of Conics and These into Pencils of Higher-Order Curves
No full textIn this paper, an elliptical pencil of circles is mapped by homology (perspective collineation) into a parabolic-parabolic pencil of hyperbolas because it has two by two common points 1 = 2 and 3 = 4 in infinity, i.e., four overlapping points in the antipode. The mapping also includes the mapping of degenerated conics decomposed into corresponding pairs of straight lines. The elliptical pencil of circles (the ellipses on plane 1) is mapped into a hyperbolic pencil (on plane 2) by perspective collineation for pole S1. The vanishing line v1 intersects all the circles of the pencil so that by homology all the circles are mapped into hyperbolas. To apply supersymmetry to the obtained pencils, the angle between plane 1 and plane 2 must be 45°. The pencil of hyperbolas is mapped by supersymmetry into a pencil of higher-order curves. The obtained pencils are further mapped by inversion and then again by supersymmetry to obtain higher-order curves rich in different shapes. In the second example, the elliptical pencil of circles is placed to the vanishing line v1 so that by homology, it is mapped into a pencil of conics containing an ellipse (circle 1 does not intersect the vanishing line), a parabola (circle 2 touches the vanishing line), a hyperbola (circle 3 intersects the vanishing line). The pencil of conics is elliptical-parabolic because it has two real and separate points and two infinite, i.e., two overlapping points in the antipode. This pencil of conic is also mapped by supersymmetry into a pencil of higher-order curves that intersect at the same number and type of base points as the starting pencil. Higher order curves obtained by mapping are rational line curves
Rainfall Simulators For Soil Research – Construction And Development
No full textRainfall simulators are important instruments in soil research. In 2019 we have constructed and calibratedportable field spraying rainfall simulator for a research of effects of changes in soil moisture content onchanges in mechanical parameters of soil and formation of surface runoff and soil erosion. Also, we haveconstructed a dripping rainfall simulator with one dripper for the research of splash erosion and calibrationof hypodermic needles for a further development of dripping rainfall simulator with a more than one dripperfor research of rainfall impact and runoff on soil erosion. Beside that we are in a process of modifyingportable field spraying rainfall simulator in term of drops falling height and size, giving us a greaterpossibility in the application and analysis of soil erosion. In the paper we will represent our results andexperience gained through the literature analyses and the process of construction and calibration of rainfallsimulators for our research. We have analyzed process of development rainfall simulators, conducted ananalysis of the design and performance of the current dripping rainfall simulators, while collecting data andcreating a database related to the design and performance of spraying rainfall simulators improving ourunderstanding of research needs and simulator abilities to simulate natural rainfalls. Such approach is pushingus toward to harmonization of some future rainfall simulators improving and facilitating data analysis of soilresearch all around the world. Scientific research in which rain simulators are used, and which can be appliedin the fields of hydrology, agriculture, forestry, as well as in other industrial branches, are becomingincreasingly necessary and frequent.[https://sediment.ru/posts/basenet2023/
Development of a methodology for the evaluation of ecosystem services
No full textUsluge eksostema su prednosti i dobiti koje ekosistemi pružaju društvu.
Servisi ekosistema ili ekosistemske usluge su svaki vid koristi koji čovečanstvo
ima iz ustaljenog sistema procesa u ekosistemu. Obuhvataju usluge snabdevanja,
regulisanja i podrške i kulture. Proizvodi ekosistema su resursi koji potiču iz
ekosistema, a čovek ih koristi u prirodnom ili izmenjenom obliku. Od vitalnog su
značaja za život ljudi. U Srbiji je ovaj prirodni kapital zanemaren, a monitoring
je jedva prisutan. Usluge koje ekosistem pruža čoveku je veoma teško valorizovati.
Da bi se sagledali efekti koji se adekvatnim upravljanjem mogu dobiti od prirode,
neophodno ih je i novčano predstaviti. Razvijeni su modeli koji kvantifikuju i
kartiraju vrednosti ekoloških usluga. Valorizacija usluga ekosistema kroz razvoj
metodologije uz primenu modela, pruža upravljanje ekosistemom i uključivanje u
proces planiranja i odlučivanja. Modeli su prostorno eksplicitno integrisane
alatke za modeliranje koja kvantifikuje promene u uslugama ekosistema, npr.
različite načine korišćenja zemljišta, količine ugljenika u zemljištu i sl.
Uglavnom koristi karte i tabelarne podatke o korišćenju resursa, upravljanju
prirodnim resursima u funkciji zaštite životne sredine što se kombinuje sa
ekonomskim podacima.
Razvojem metodologije za valorizaciju usluga ekosistema, predlažu se mehanizmi
i preduzimaju određene akcije za moguće novčane naknade pojedinih usluga
ekosistema, kao i „kazne“ usled degradacije ili neadekvatnog načina upravljanja
prirodnim resursima.
Održivost prirodnog resursa i zaštita životne sredine je primarni zadatak
naše društvene zajednice. Koncept održivosti je realan, samo ukoliko je društvo
spremno da investira u očuvanje i obnavljanje prirodnog kapitala za održanje
ekosistema i njegovih uslug