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Current Trends and Future Perspectives of Integrated Watershed Management
No full textThe significance of Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) has increased in recent years due to its ecological, economic, and social implications. To align with these principles and achieve efficiency, watershed management necessitates the evaluation and integration of numerous diverse factors. This literature review aims to examine the current research trend in IWM and its association with various thematic elements. The identified thematic elements include water resources management, decision -making processes, agricultural and forested watersheds, soil management, natural hazards, stakeholder involvement, climate change, policy frameworks, cost management and risk analysis, livelihoods, ecosystem services, habitat and biodiversity conservation, and tourism. The predominant thematic elements were water resource management, decision -making, and agricultural and forested watersheds. The countries that were most frequently referred to in the examined literature were Ethiopia, China, the USA, and Iran. A synthesis of data obtained via the analysis of scientific research trends in the specified domain can serve as a basis for the establishment and strategizing of comprehensive watershed management. While it is important to consider all these aspects combined in IWM practice, it is also essential to have a comprehensive grasp of each factor as a vital step in integrating them. The participants involved in this endeavour, hailing from diverse professional backgrounds, must engage in close collaboration to successfully integrate the aforementioned aspects. The collaborative method can only have a chance of success if all participants involved demonstrate a high level of dedication. The level of dedication required should be grounded in a comprehensive understanding of the difficulties and demands that are mutually shared by all involved parties
The effect of the oak powdery mildew, oak lace bug, and other foliofagous insects on the growth of young pedunculate oak trees
No full textPedunculate oak (Quercus robur L., 1753) is one of the widely distributed oak species in Europe. A large number of organisms develop on its leaves. To determine the extent to which the oak powdery mildew, oak lace bug, and other foliofagous insects affect the growth of young oak trees, three experimental fields were selected in a 10-year-old pedunculate oak stand. In each of them, 50 trees were randomly selected, and their height was measured at the beginning of the vegetative season. The first experimental field was treated with a systemic insecticide, the second with a systemic fungicide, and the third, a comparison area, with water, during the entire vegetative season. At the end of the vegetative season, 25 plants with one apical branch were selected in each experimental field. Their height was measured, and 20 leaves were taken from each plant to determine the extent of the damage on them at the end of the experiment. After processing the obtained data, it was determined that: 1. Both foliofagous insects and oak leaf inhabiting fungi affect the growth of the oak trees significantly; 2. The oak lace bug did not influence the growth of the young trees significantly, as its abundance was low in all of the experimental areas; 3. The greatest damage on the leaves was caused by defoliator insects, which is why they contributed the most to the decrease in growth caused by insects; 4. The influence of the foliofagous insects on the growth of the trees was not significantly different from the influence of fungi; 5. Suppression of oak powdery mildew and foliofagous insects on young trees is useful as it positively influences the vitality and growth of those trees, and contributes to economic and ecological gain
Measurement of Water Drop Sizes Generated by a Dripping Rainfall Simulator with Drippers in the Form of Hypodermic Needles
No full textDripping rainfall simulators (DRS) for soil research generate water drops with different types of drippers, but metal tubes are most commonly used, often in the form of hypodermic needles. However, scientific papers using dripping rainfall simulators are often incomplete in terms of data on hypodermic needle characteristics, as well as data on drops produced by hypodermic needles under different water pressures. This study determines which drop sizes and dripping speeds are generated by various hypodermic needles at different water pressures. For the purpose of this study, a dripping rainfall simulator was designed and constructed for laboratory use. Water drops were generated with 11 different needles, ranging in size from 16 G to 32 G (tube gauge number), at different water pressures. Measured water drop sizes ranged from 1.42 to 3.69 mm at a dripping speed between 10 and 360 drops per minute and water head from 14 to over 1970 mm. Measured drop sizes, supplemented with data from previous studies, provided information on the relation between drop sizes and the size of the hypodermic needles. Van Boxel's numerical model provided estimations of the fall velocity for different drop diameters and their kinetic energy for falling heights up to 11.5 m. The results of this research can be used to design dripping rainfall simulators for soil research
Primena daljinske detekcije u inventuri mešovitih šuma hrasta lužnjaka
No full textU visokim, mešovitim, srednjedobnim i dozrevajućim sastojinama hrasta
lužnjaka testirana je mogućnost primene aerofotogrametrije u inventuri, kako za
određivanje informacija vezanih za opis staništa i sastojine, tako i za određivanje
numeričkih elemenata (broja stabala, temeljnice i zapremine na hektaru) dobijenih na
osnovu podataka očitanih sa snimka (prečnika krošnje, visine i procenjenog prsnog
prečnika stabla na osnovu izabranog matematičkog modela). Većinu informacija iz
domena opisa staništa i sastojine, a posebno one koje se odnose na njene prizemne
delove (zastupljenost mrtvog pokrivača, prizemne vegetacije, žbunja, korova, podm-
latka i stepena njegovog oštećenja, itd.) nije bilo moguće identifikovati na snimku.
Kada su u pitanju prosečan broj stabala, temeljnica i zapremina sastojine na hektaru,
dobijeni na bazi podataka očitanih sa avio snimka, konstatovana je značajna razlika
u odnosu na vrednosti dobijene terestričkim premerom. U srednjedobnim sastojina-
ma broj stabala određen na osnovu avio snimka veći je za 21,5%, a u dozrevajućim je
manji za 9,5% u odnosu na vrednosti dobijene potpunim premerom. Kod srednjedobnih
sastojina temeljnica AP-1 veća je za 13,5%, a AP-2 za 15,6% u odnosu na vrednosti ovog
elementa dobijenog potpunim premerom. Kod dozrevajućih sastojina ova odstupanja
iznose 13,1% i 3,7%. Zapremina sastojine je element kod kojeg su konstatovana najveća
odstupanja u odnosu na potpuni premer. U srednjedobnim sastojinama razlika iznosi
31,0% i 28,1%, a u dozrevajućim 37,9% kod AP-1 i čak 67,1% kod AP-2. Uzroci nemo-
gućnosti precizne interpretacije većine informacija vezanih za opis staništa i
sastojine, kao i značajnih razlika numeričkih elemenata u odnosu na potpuni premer
nalaze se u širokim i međusobno isprepletanim krošnjama (gustom sklopu) hrasta
koji zauzima gornji sprat i vertikalnoj struktuiranosti ovih mešovitih sastojina.
Dobijeni rezultati eliminišu mogućnost primene aerofotogrametrije u inventuri
konkretnih šuma, jer ne obezbeđuje pouzdan informacioni osnov za izradu realnih
planova gazdovanja šumama. Prostor za njenu primenu postoji u diferenciranju na-
čina korišćenja zemljišta, lociranju požarišta, površina pogođenih orkanskim
vetrovima i drugim nepogodama itd, pa i u inventuri čistih sastojina ređeg sklopa
Biomorfni dizajn u pejzažnoj arhitekturi: pregled i primena kroz eksperi¬mentalni dizajn inspirisan vrstom Carica papaya L.
No full textBiomorphic shapes, often abstract, evoke the living forms which could be found in
our environment, such as plants and other living organisms. The biomorphic design could be
seen in many different design industries. In this paper, the potential application of the biomorphic
design as a innovative design approach in landscape architecture is explored through the
literature overview and experimental design study. This paper provides a modest contribution
in order to develop the framework which could be applied in both the landscape architectural
design and education. The aim of this research is to present the biomorphic design, a biologically-
based approach, as innovative design framework finding its application in landscape
architecture. The foundation of proposed design framework lies in a collected biological data,
later processed by using advanced computational tools. In order to represent the biomorphic
design framework application, an experimental design study is conducted. The nature-inspiration
was found in the Botanical garden ,,Jevremovac’’ in Belgrade. Species Carica papaya L.
served as bioinspiration for conceptual biodesign solution presented in this paper. The conceptual
biodesign solution is represented in a form of the biomorphic open space design with
landscape architectural elements: pool, bench and bridge, as the result of this study. These
three landscape architectural elements are modeled in Building Information Modeling (BIM)
software to explore the possibilities of designing biomorphic shapes and patterns as different
landscape architectural elements by applying the biomorphic design approach. Biomorphic
design represent a innovative approach to landscape design. By drawing inspiration from the
beauty of nature, created structures that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also sustainable,
and harmonious with their surroundings.Biomorfni oblici, često apstraktni, evociraju ,,žive’’ oblike koji se mogu naći
u našem okruženju, kao što su biljke i drugi živi organizmi. Biomorfni dizajn se
može naći u mnogim različitim dizajnerskim industrijama. U ovom radu istražuje se potencijalna primena biomorfnog dizajna kao inovativnog pristupa dizajnu u pejzaž-
noj arhitekturi kroz pregled literature i studiju eksperimentalnog dizajna. Ovaj rad
daje skroman doprinos u razvijanju okvira koji bi se mogao primeniti kako u pejzaž-
nom arhitektonskom projektovanju tako i u obrazovanju. Cilj ovog istraživanja jeste
predstavljanje biomorfnog dizajna, biološki zasnovanog pristupa, kao inovativnog
dizajnerskog okvira koji nalazi svoju primenu u pejzažnoj arhitekturi. Osnova predlo-
ženog dizajnerskog okvira leži u prikupljenim biološkim podacima, koji se kasnije
obrađuju korišćenjem naprednih računarskih alata. Da bi se predstavila primena bio-
morfnog dizajnerskog pristupa, sprovedeno je istraživanje kroz eksperimentalni di-
zajn. Inspiracija iz prirode pronađena je u Botaničkoj bašti ,,Jevremovac’’ u Beogradu.
Vrsta Carica papaya L. poslužila je kao bioinspiracija za konceptualno biodizajnersko
rešenje predstavljeno u ovom radu. Konceptualno biodizajnersko rešenje je predsta-
vljeno u vidu biomorfnog dizajna otvorenog prostora sa pejzažnoarhitektonskim ele-
mentima: bazen, klupa i most, kao rezultat ove studije. Ova tri pejzažnoarhitektonska
elementa su modelovana koristeći Building Information Modeling (BIM) softver kako bi
se istražile mogućnosti oblikovanja biomorfnih oblika i obrazaca kao različitih
pejzažno arhitektonskih elemenata primenom pristupa biomorfnog dizajna. Biomor-
fni dizajn predstavlja inovativni pristup pejzažnom dizajnu. Crpeći inspiraciju iz
lepote prirode, kreirane strukture koje nisu samo estetski ugodne, već i održive i
harmonične sa okolinom
Efikasnost rada mobilne šumske žičare Konrad Mounty 4000 pri transportu oblog drveta u sastojinama bukve
No full textU radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja efikasnosti rada mobilne šumske žičare sa procesorom Konrad Mounty 4000 pri transportu oblog drveta u sastojinama bukve. Istraživanje je sprovedeno studijom vremena i rada. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u Ribničkom šumsko-privrednom području, tačnije u Šumskom gazdinstvu „Ribnik“. Efekti rada mobilne žičare razlikovali su se u zavisnosti od uslova rada, dužine trase žičare, bočne distance privlačenja, prosečne zapremine ture, metoda izrade. Učinci pri radu mobilnom žičarom sa procesorskom glavom utvrđeni su pojedinačno po fazama. Utvrđeno je da na brzinu kretanja kolica po nosećem užetu, kao i brzina kretanja tovara do nosećeg užeta opada sa povećanjem zapremine tovara. Vreme odvlačenja užeta i privlačenja zavisi od distance privlačenja i nagiba terena. Sa povećanjem transportne distance i prosečnog nagiba terena pri privlačenju užeta uzbrdo vreme privlačenja raste. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da mobilna šumska žičara sa procesorom, koja je bila predmet istraživanja predstavlja alternativno tehničko rešenje kada je u pitanju I faza transporta drvnih sortimenata u čistim sastojinama bukve lošeg kvaliteta
Genotyping of fagus sylvatica from the pan-european provenance trial in Serbia
No full textBeech is one of the most valued and the most studied European tree species. In context of climate
change, productivity reduction and mortality increment are expected in beech populations. PanEuropean provenance beech trials, which were established from 2007 to 2010, represent an
invaluable source for gathering data about most suitable provenances for restoration and
afforestation especially in the light of climate change. We genotyped 155 beech individuals from
16 European provenances from the pan-European provenance trial in Debeli Lug, Serbia, using
13 nuclear microsatellites to assess whether the genetic structure reflects the European
phytoclimatic regions as an important aspect for seed transfer. Data analysis was performed using
GenAlex 6.5 software and the tailored R scripts. A total of 166 alleles were detected, the number
of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 20, and the level of genetic diversity was rather high,
He=0.774. The AMOVA results revealed a low level of inter-provenance (4%) and interindividual (6%) variability. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) applied at
the level of two strata, provenance and region, indicated that genetically close provenances
belong to the same phytoclimatic region. Our results, together with previous studies on growth,
physiological parameters, estimates of adaptive and productive potential indicators of different
provenances represent an important contribution to the formulation of strategies for
seed/seedlings transfer across the Europe
The role of forest resources in the development of southeastern Serbia: market analysis and perspectives
No full textThe global wood trade is important for the world economy and
significantly impacts the construction, paper, and bioenergy industries. Growing
demand comes from industrialized countries and developing economies, which
invest in urbanization and infrastructure development. As a large consumer and
wood exporter, Europe is influenced by climate change, geopolitics, and energy
crises. On the other hand, Serbia has a long tradition in wood export, but at the
same time faces challenges in modernization and sustainable forest management.
In such circumstances, this research aims to analyze the market trends in wood
assortments in the Southeastern Forest Area of Serbia in the period 2008-2017.
The purpose of the research is to identify the main trends in the field of logging,
processing, and sales of wood assortments in the analyzed area. The subject of the
research includes state forests, Public Enterprise (PE) "Srbijašume", forest estates
in the Southeastern Forest Area, the volume of logging, production, and sales of
wood assortments, as well as their price.
The data were collected from the databases of the PE "Srbijašume" and
included annual sales and prices of beech, oak, and poplar, which were adjusted
according to annual price indices to calculate their real prices. The methods used
in the analysis include descriptive statistics, the Mann-Kendall test for trend
detection, and autocorrelation of time series.
The results indicate a statistically significant increase in the volume of
felling, sales, average prices, and gross revenues during the analyzed period.
Beech and oak dominate the sales, reflecting their importance in the regional
forest inventory. This data confirms the steady growth of the wood industry
sector in the South East region and underlines the importance of responsible
resource management and adaptability to market dynamics
Variability of morpho-anatomical traits of oneyear-old Quercus sp. container seedlings
No full textIn the paper was investigated the variability of the morphological and
anatomical traits of one-year-old seedlings of different species from the genus Quercus
(Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl. and Quercus frainetto Ten.) cultivated
in a plastic container Bosnaplast 18. The acorn was sown in November 2022, while the
measurements of the studied elements were performed at the end of the growing
season next year. In terms of morphological characteristics, the highest mean values of
both researched parameters (root collar diameter and height) were recorded in Q.
robur, followed by Q. frainetto, while the lowest mean values were found in Q. petraea.
As for anatomical parameters, the following were analyzed: vessels width, the
proportion of bark, pith and wood, as well as the participation of early- and latewood
zones. Vessels width shows the least average values in Q. petraea, while no significant
differences were recorded between Q. robur and Q. frainetto. The highest presence of
wood, as well as the early zone within it, was found in Q. robur. The proportion of bark
is a little bit higher in Q. frainetto compared to the other two species, while the pith
proportion is significantly lower in Q. robur than in the other two species. Based on the
obtained results, we can conclude that Q. robur seedlings show the best performance,
before all from morphological point of vie