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The impact of local adaptation on the phenological patterns of flowering in Buddleja davidii 'Pink Delight' in Karađorđev park, Belgrade (Serbia)
No full textPlant adaptation to location is an important factor in achieving sustainable urban parks aimed
at preserving biodiversity and ensuring ecosystem services, as well as places with significant
social, biological, and aesthetic values. Given that knowledge of biodiversity is crucial for both
in situ and ex situ conservation, this study examines the impact of local adaptation on the
flowering of Buddleja davidii 'Pink Delight' with the goal of selecting taxa adapted to the
environmental conditions in the centre of Belgrade. By applying the Mann-Kendall, Sen's slope,
and Spearman Rank tests, correlations between phenological observations and climatic
elements were quantified, and statistical significance was determined for the period 2007-2024.
Our findings confirm a long flowering phenophase, averaging 124 days, indicating an earlier
start (15.9 days) and earlier full bloom (15 days), as well as a significantly shorter period from
the beginning to full bloom (5-6 days) compared to the 61 days reported in the Pl@ntNet
database at GBIF for the Northern Hemisphere. The results confirm that a certain amount of
heat is necessary for the flowering of 'Pink Delight'. Eighteen years of observations show local
adaptation, also in terms of the floral scent composition, as the inflorescences of 'Pink Delight'
were visited by a broader spectrum of insects. The study also highlights the positive role of
'Pink Delight' in the perception of non-invasive exotics in sustainably designed urban parks,
countering the belief that locally adapted non-invasive exotics are dangerous or incompatible
with concepts of urban sustainability in green space
QUALITY OF WOOD RESIDUE AND USED WOOD IN THE FUNCTION OF SUSTAINABLE WOOD FUEL PRODUCTION
No full texthis study presents the results of an analysis of relevant EU standards and
regulations related to the quality of wood residue from the wood processing industry
and used wood. The use of these categories of woody biomass for the production of
wood fuels is in line with the requirements of the EN ISO 17225-1:2021 standard. In
this specific case, the analysis is limited to the use of these categories of woody biomass
for the production of wood pellets, wood briquettes and wood chips. In addition to the
quality assessment required by the standard, the systems used in the UK and Germany
to grade wood residue and used wood were also analyzed. The analysis also included
the main EU regulations for waste management, including wood waste, to understand
how they address the quality of wood residue and used wood. The study found that the
quality of wood residue from the wood processing industry and of used wood used for
the production of wood fuel is only determined by the content of heavy metals and
organohalogen compounds. The subject of this study is therefore the EU standards and
regulations relevant to the quality and management of wood residue from the wood
processing industry and used wood. In addition, the grading systems of wood residue
and used wood in selected European countries and the corresponding EU regulations
were also the subject of the study. The research was carried out with the aim of
determining the quality that wood residue from the wood processing industry and used
wood should have in order to be used for the production of wood fuels. Future studies
will extend the analysis to the EU regulations for wood packaging and the trade volume
of these products on the EU market
Morphological Variability Of Prunus Avium In The Urban Forest – Implications For Conservation And Genetic Resource Improvement
No full textUrban forests are ecosystems exposed to various pressures. Their adaptation to future
climate extremes and intense anthropogenic influences depends, among other factors,
on genetic diversity. A high degree of gene pool variability in woody species positively
affects ecosystem resilience, long-term stability, and adaptive potential under climate
change conditions. This variability also forms the foundation for the conservation
of biodiversity and the ecological functions of forests. Study presents the results of
morphological variability assessment of leaves, fruits, and seeds of wild cherry (Prunus
avium L.). A total of 13 individuals were source for material sampling. Population was
identified within the area of Zvezdarska Forest - IUCN Category III – Natural Monument
or Feature. Ten leaves, seeds, and fruits were sampled from each individual. Leaves
were prepared as herbarium specimens and scanned, while fruits and seeds were
photographed with side scale on paper sheet. Geometric morphometric analysis of
leaves was conducted using the MorphoJ program. Nine homologous landmarks were
marked on each leaf using the TPS software package (tpsDig, tpsUtil, tpsRelw). Size
variation was analyzed using centroid size (CS) and Procrustes ANOVA, while shape
analysis included both Procrustes ANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA).
Fruits and seeds were analyzed using linear morphometric methods in ImageJ software,
with measurements of length and width. All obtained results indicate significant
morphological variability among the examined parameters, suggesting a relatively high
level of genetic diversity within the population. These findings provide a foundation
for the conservation, sustainable use and improvement of the wild cherry gene pool
in Zvezdarska Forest. Due to high variability and small population size, a wild cherry
progeny test has been established at the nursery of the Faculty of Forestry (Belgrade) as
effort for expanding population
METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORIES OF SERBIA AND CHINA
No full textThe National Forest Inventory (NFI) represents a systematic process of collecting data on forest resources for the purposes of sustainable forest management planning, forestry policy development, preparation of strategic documents and meeting international obligations in the forestry sector. In Serbia, two NFI cycles have been conducted to date. The first NFI was implemented during 2004–2006 and NFI-2 during 2019–2022. In contrast, China initiated its national forest inventory much earlier. The first inventory was carried out between 1973 and 1976 and since then the country has continuously implemented five-year cycles, completing a total of ten cycles by 2023. This study applies a comparative analysis of the national forest inventory cycles of Serbia and China, specifically the second cycle of Serbia’s NFI (NFI-2) and the tenth cycle of China’s NFI (CNFI-10). Both NFI systems collect a wide range of forest-related data, though with certain differences in methodological approach. Serbia’s NFI-2 applies a two-phase sampling design. In the first phase, photo-interpretation is conducted using orthophotos and satellite imagery to classify the sampling areas, identifying forest land and detecting land-use changes since the previous 2006 inventory, and to plan fieldwork. This phase includes a systematic sample of clusters consisting of four circular plots, arranged on a 1 × 1 km grid, totaling 310,008 sample locations. In the second phase, terrestrial measurements are conducted on 4,851 clusters distributed systematically on a 4 × 4 km grid. Each cluster contains four circular plots arranged systematically so that they form a square with side lengths of 200 m. All four plots within a cluster are permanent (with fixed centers), enabling comparative measurements in subsequent inventory cycles. The plots consist of three concentric circles with different radii. Serbia (NFI-2) records, among other things, the following groups of data: administrative and geospatial information, site information, biodiversity-related information, stand-level information and tree-level information. In contrast to Serbia, the CNFI is implemented as a continuous system of permanent plots within a five-year cycle. The inventory covers the entire country through a systematic sample with geographically stratified grids at the provincial level. Overall, the CNFI encompasses nearly 300,000 permanent sample plots across the country, most commonly square, although circular or rectangular plots are also used depending on the province and its forest cover (approximately 0.0667 ha, i.e., 1 Chinese mu is a size of sample plot), arranged on grids ranging from 2 × 2 km to 8 × 8 km depending on forest density. Remote sensing has been an integral part of the CNFI since its early phases. This combined approach allows China to achieve full inventory coverage and more frequent data updates despite its vast territory. The CNFI collects data that can be grouped similarly to those in Serbia’s NFI-2, with very comparable categories and specific attributes within each group, as detailed in the NFI-2 methodology. The National Forest Inventories of Serbia and China represent an illustrative example of two methodologically distinct inventory approaches. Serbia, as a country with a shorter NFI tradition, has aligned its methodology with European standards and, through NFI-2, introduced a two-phase sampling design with an expanded set of variables to obtain more comprehensive information. China, with its long history continuous inventories and strong institutional support, has developed an extensive system of permanent plots that enables trend monitoring on a five-year cycle at the national level
Cryphonectria carpinicola – novi patogen na stablima graba u Srbiji
No full textObični grab (Carpinus betulus L.) široko je rasprostranjena vrsta u Evropi
(Jovanović 1971) i ima veliki ekološki značaj. U Srbiji je ova vrsta autohtona, a
šume graba u ukupnom šumskom fondu zauzimaju površinu od oko 118.800,00
ha, od čega je 49,5% u državnom vlasništvu (Banković et al. 2009). U nizijskim,
plavnim šumama, obični grab se javlja kao higrofilni pratilac hrasta lužnjaka
(Quercus robur L.) i može značajno da ugrozi obnovu ove vredne vrste (Bobinac
2008; Bobinac et al. 2019). Obični grab ima sposobnost brze regeneracije biljnih
delova oštećenih nakon rezidbe (Rocchi et al. 2010), pa se zbog te osobine široko
primenjuje u pejzažnoj arhitekturi (žive ograde ili oblikovane forme krošnje).
Tokom praćenja zdravstvenog stanja stabala u zaštićenom području Arboretum
Šumarskog fakulteta, primećeni su simptomi propadanja na dva stabla graba.
Simptomi su uključivali sušenje vrhova i grana, kao i nekrozu kore debla i grana.
Takođe, zabeležene su žuto-narandžaste strome na kori zaraženih stabala
Floristic and Edaphic Patterns in Typical Fir and Spruce Forest on Mountains Trebevic and Romanija, in Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textThe bi-dominant spruce and fir forests are secondary plant communities in beech-fir with
spruce climax forests belt with hotspot range in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) in the zone of Internal
Dinarides (Central Bosnia mountains and Southeastern Bosnian area). The aim was to assess floristic
composition and interaction with edaphic factors in typical sub-association of spruce-fir forests (AbietiPiceetum abietis typicum) on mountains Trebević and Romanija, in south-eastern B&H.
Phytocoenological and pedological data were collected from 12 sample plots. Interactions between plant
communities and edaphic factors were assessed using Redundancy Analysis (RDA) in R. A high degree
of floristic homogeneity was observed with 104 registered plant species in total. In spectrum of life forms
the community is hemicrypto-phanerophyto-geophytic with 42%, 29% and 21% share, respectively. The
statistical significance of edaphic factors is the highest for the following variables: concentration of
potassium oxide (K2O) and hygroscopic water content (HWC). Species Picea abies and Festuca drymeia
showed significant response to edaphic gradients: nutrient availability and soil texture. Floristic
composition corresponds to typical silver-fir community with fagetal elements and tendency to beech-fir
with spruce climax forest. The research highlights the necessity for management measures that can
increase the resilience of typical fir-spruce communities. These forests also need careful monitoring and
assessment regarding their response to climate change
The virome of the panglobal, wide host-range plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi: phylogeography and evolutionary insights
No full textPhytophthora cinnamomi stands out as one of the most devastating plant pathogens worldwide, rapidly expanding its range and impacting a wide range of host species. In this study, we investigated the virome of P. cinnamomi across 222 isolates from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas using stranded total RNA sequencing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction screening, and Sanger sequencing of selected isolates. Our analysis revealed that virus infections were prevalent across all sampled populations, including RNA viruses associated with the orders Ghabrivirales, Martellivirales, and Tolivirales, and the classes Amabiliviricetes, Bunyaviricetes, and the recently proposed Orpoviricetes. Viruses were mainly found in East and Southeast Asian populations, within the geographic origin of P. cinnamomi but have also spread to new regions where the pathogen has emerged as a clonal destructive pathogen. Among the identified viruses, eight species, including two bunya-like viruses, one narna-like virus, and five ormycoviruses, exhibit a global distribution with some genetic divergence between continents. The interaction between P. cinnamomi and its virome indicates a dynamic coevolution across diverse geographic regions. Indonesia is indicated to be the viral epicentre of P. cinnamomi, with the highest intra- and interspecies diversity of viruses. Viral diversity is significantly enhanced in regions where sexual recombination of P. cinnamomi occurs, while regions with predominantly asexual reproduction harbour fewer viral species. Interestingly, only the partially self-fertile mating type (MAT) A2, associated with the global pandemic, facilitates the spread of viruses across different biogeographic regions, whereas viruses are absent in the self-sterile MAT A1 in its areas of introduction like Australia and South Africa. Intriguingly, the presence of a plant tombusvirus suggests a potential cross-kingdom infection among Chilean isolates and a plant host. This study sheds further light on the geographical origin of P. cinnamomi from a novel virome perspective
Forest Soil and Water Biogeochemistry
No full textFor us as editors, the whole-ecosystem approach is undoubtedly the most compelling
way to study forests. We do not view the forest as merely a collection of trees, but as a
complex ecosystem that both influences and is influenced by the surrounding environments.
There is a continuous exchange of elements with the atmosphere and—through soils—with
surface waters. Accordingly, the research presented in this Special Issue addresses the
broader field of biogeochemistry of forested areas, including atmospheric deposition, the
chemistry and biochemistry of forest soils, and the chemistry and biochemistry of water
(e.g., lakes).
The Special Issue features six papers presenting original data, highlighting the impact
of diffuse pollution on soils and water, as well as examining the status of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon in various components of forest ecosystems—from natural forests to
plantations and urban/peri-urban forests. The studies were carried out across a wide range
of locations, from the Baltics, Central Europe, and the Balkans to China and Malaysia. The
papers reveal biogeochemical flows through forest ecosystems and show how natural or
anthropogenic forest disturbances can affect ecosystem functions and increase the risk of
soil and land degradatio
Tree volume modeling of different poplar clones in plantations in the Vojvodina region
No full textZadatak ovog rada bio je da se urade matematički modeli (tablice) za obračun zapremine stabala I-214, M1 i Deltoidnih klonova, u zasadima na različitim tipovima zemljišta, osnovanih u različitim razmacima sadnje, na aluvijumima Save, Dunava, Tise i Tamiša na području Vojvodine. Na osnovu preliminarnih istraživanja struktuirani su uzorci čijom realizacijom bi se obezbedio materijal za izradu modela za obračun zapremine (posredno i zapreminskog prirasta) u granicama tolerantnih grešaka. Međutim, zbog toga što je prikupljanje podataka isključivo pratilo redovne seče u zasadima navedenih klonova, bez mogućnosti ciljanog izbora stabala koja su nedostajala u pojedinim segmentima tretmana, kao i zbog vremenske i prostorne limitiranost prikupljanja podataka nakon olujnih vetrova 2023., koji su naneli ogromne štete na šumama ovog područja, posebno u zasadima topola i potrebe za hitnom sanacijom istih, planirani uzorak za I-214 realizovan je 102,6%, za M1 51,5% i za Deltoidne klonove 46,1%, sa relativno lošom distribucijom po rečnim aluvijumima, tipovima zemljišta, debljinskim i visinskim stepenima. Ovakva struktura uzorka nije omogućila da se modeli (tablice) izrade na nivou klona, aluvijuma, tipa zemljišta i razmaka sadnje, već su na osnovu objedinjenih podataka izrađeni za celo područje (Vojvodinu), uz određene izuzetke – za I-214 (klon-razmak i oblik sadnje) primenom linearnog mešovitog hijerarhijskog (klaster) modela Šumaher-Hala; za M1 (klon) primenom класичне регресионе анализе и за Deltoidnе клонове (клон-алувијум Саве, алувијум Дунава), применом линеарног хијерархијског модела, као и код I-214. Теоријски посматрано, поузданост израђених таблица у јакој је корелацији са величином и структуром узорка. Међутим њихова верификација на стварним (не на емпиријским) стаблима и састојинама у пракси указаће на величину грешке и у том контексту на степен њихове употребљивости
Pomešane vode
No full textZanimajući se za antopogene transformacije pejzaža koje se mogu sresti širom Srbije videla sam prostore koji se stalno menjaju. Sve intervencije u pejzažu, čak i one velike i drastične, dopuniće se i spontano preoblikovati protokom vremena. Na sličan način, i svi pokušaji regulacije životnih i društvenih tokova imaju svoja ograničenja. Izloženi su radovi u medijima slike, crteža i kolaža, koji prikazuju deo ovih istraživanja. Promenljivi svetlosni uslovi i transparentnost materijala svedoče o jednostavnoj istini stalne promene i međuzavisnosti. Svaka kap vode kruži, od površinske postaće podzemna i obrnuto. Vode se mešaju. Sve faze i oblici vode postoje istovremeno i, različitim procesima i brzinama, jedna će postati druga. Pojave koje smo navikli da gledamo izdvojeno i u zasebnim kontekstima, ipak su povezane. Slika dugotrajnog filtriranja i podzemnog toka koji izbija nosi u sebi izvestan optimizam: sve što smo oblikovali oslobađaće se od našeg uticaja, strpljivo i polako. Na kraju će izaći negde drugde, nov