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Marine Geohazards: Safeguarding society and the Blue Economy from a hidden threat
No full textMarine geohazards pose a significant threat to the European coastal population and to the development of the Blue Economy. This Position Paper discusses the type, distribution and impact of marine geohazards on the European coastal regions and the Blue Economy, as well as what and how novel scientific approaches may broaden our understanding of their trigger mechanisms and drive a risk-mitigating European policy.Challenge 6: Increase community resilience to ocean hazards; Challenge 7: Expand the Global Ocean Observing System.PublishedReferee
Effect of warming and resource availability on the aquatic microbiota.
No full textFreshwater environments are the most vulnerable to climate change, and projected increases in temperature over the coming decades bring an unfavorable scenario for aquatic organisms. Warming, when combined with nutrient availability, can trigger even more complex interactions in the functioning of microbial food webs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of warming and resource availability from detritus on the community structure of freshwater aquatic microbiota (richness, density and beta diversity) using natural microcosms (tank bromeliads) as a model system. Warming was simulated with temperature increase projections for the next decades following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The dry mass (g) of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) from each bromeliad was used as a measure for resource availability (detritus biomass). Detritus biomass caused a negative effect on algal and microfauna density, and for total algal richness. Detritus biomass explained the variation for almost all components of microfauna beta diversity, except for the replacement component (βrepl), where warming was responsible for this variation. For algae the interaction between warming and detritus biomass was most important in explaining the variation in total beta and βrepl, while for the richness difference component (βrich) this variation was explained only by detritus biomass. In summary, the results obtained suggest that warming and increased detritus biomass acted strongly on the structuring of the communities, reducing the density and richness of the aquatic microbiota. Furthermore, the results provide evidence that temperature can increase the dissimilarity of communities of groups of organisms in the heterotrophic plot (microfauna), mainly by species substitution.Os ambientes de água doce são os mais vulneráveis às alterações climáticas e, as projeções de aumento da temperatura para as próximas décadas, trazem um cenário desfavorável para organismos aquáticos. O aquecimento, quando combinado com disponibilidade de nutrientes, pode desencadear interações ainda mais complexas no funcionamento das teias alimentares microbianas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do aquecimento e da disponibilidade de recursos proveniente de detritos na estrutura das comunidades da microbiota aquática de água doce (riqueza, densidade e diversidade beta), usando microcosmos naturais (bromélias-tanque) como sistema modelo. O aquecimento foi simulado com as projeções de aumento da temperatura para as próximas décadas seguindo o Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas. A massa seca (g) de matéria orgânica particulada grosseira (CPOM) de cada bromélia foi usada como medida para a disponibilidade de recurso (biomassa de detritos). A biomassa de detritos causou efeito negativo sobre a densidade de algas e da microfauna, e para a riqueza total de algas. A biomassa de detritos explicou a variação para quase todos os componentes da diversidade beta da microfauna, exceto para o componente replacement (βrepl), em que o aquecimento foi responsável por essa variação. Para as algas a interação entre aquecimento e biomassa de detritos foi o mais importante para explicar a variação da beta total e βrepl, enquanto que para o componente de diferença de riqueza (βrich) essa variação foi explicada apenas pela biomassa de detritos. Em síntese, os resultados obtidos indicam que o aquecimento e o aumento da biomassa de detritos atuaram fortemente na estruturação das comunidades, reduzindo a densidade e a riqueza da microbiota aquática. Outrossim, os resultados trazem evidências de que a temperatura pode aumentar a dissimilaridade das comunidades de grupos de organismos da parcela heterotrófica (microfauna), principalmente por substituição de espécies.Master
Impact of meteorological events on the marine turtles’ reproductive success at Guanahacabibes Peninsula, Cuba
No full textLa Península de Guanahacabibes es un área altamente vulnerable al paso de ciclones tropicales. El efecto de estos eventos meteorológicos sobre la geomorfología de las costas puede afectar el área de anidación de las tortugas marinas y, por ende, su éxito reproductivo. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: relacionar los cambios geomorfológicos con el éxito reproductivo de las tortugas marinas y determinar la variación espacial de las variables atmosféricas durante el paso de los ciclones. Se analizó el efecto de la actividad ciclónica sobre la variación interanual del número de nidos, la distancia recorrida para anidar, el número de intentos de anidación y el éxito de eclosión de las crías. Se estimó el valor de las variables temperatura, presión y fuerza del viento durante el paso de cuatro ciclones tropicales y se evaluó el efecto en la temperatura de la arena. Además, se efectuó un levantamiento de las principales características físicas de la playa “La Barca”, en la que se caracterizó espacialmente la distribución de arena el año anterior y el posterior al paso de un evento meteorológico. Se evidenciaron cambios en la distribución espacial de las características físicas de playa “La Barca”, entre los años 2017 y 2019, y se analizó su posible incidencia (favorable o desfavorable) en el éxito reproductivo de las tortugas marinas. Se observó que el impacto de los ciclones es más perjudicial mientras mayor es la frecuencia e intensidad, por lo que su paso afecta el éxito de eclosión de las crías y la conducta de anidación de las hembras.The Guanahacabibes Peninsula is a highly vulnerable area to tropical cyclones. The effect of these meteorological events on the geomorphology of the coasts can affect the nesting area of sea turtles and therefore their reproductive success. The objectives of this workwere: to relate the geomorphological changes with the reproductive success of the sea turtles and to determine the spatial variation of the atmospheric variables during the impact of cyclones. The effect of cyclonic activity on the inter-annual variation of the number of nests, the distance traveled to nest, the number of nesting attempts and the hatching success of the hatchlings was analyzed. The value of the variables temperature, pressure and wind force during the passage of four tropical cyclones was estimated and the effect on sand temperature was evaluated. In addition, a sampling of the main physical characteristics of "La Barca" beach was carried out, where the distribution of sand was spatially characterized the year before and after the passage of a meteorological event. Changes in the spatial distribution of the physical characteristics of “La Barca” beach were evidenced between the years 2017 and 2019, analyzing their possible incidence (favorable or unfavorable) on the reproductive success of sea turtles. It was observed that the impact of cyclones is more damaging the higher the frequency and intensity. Their passage affects the hatching success of the hatchlings and the nesting behavior of the females.PublishedReferee
Pacific Islands Marine Bioinvasions Alert Network (PacMAN) monitoring plan.
No full textInvasive species pose a major risk to marine biodiversity and ecosystem health (Bax et al. 2003, Molnar et al. 2008, Costello et al. 2010), and consequently to ecosystem services that are crucial for livelihoods and human well-being. The increasing movement of goods and services across the globe has enhanced the risk of invasive species throughout the world. Fiji is considered a hub of marine traffic among the Pacific Islands, and therefore is an entry point for high-risk invasive species in the area. Currently, the information on local marine biodiversity, and consequently marine invasive alien species (MIAS) is lacking in the Pacific Islands at large. While the Government of Fiji is active in biodiversity monitoring through the Biosecurity Authority of Fiji (BAF), the Fiji Invasive Alien Species Task Force (FIST), the National Invasive Species Framework and Action Plan (NISFSAP) currently under construction through Fiji’s national invasive species project and the Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) program, many of these initiatives are focused on terrestrial biosecurity and lack a robust approach to address the problem at the marine ecosystem level. Consultation with local stakeholders revealed that increased efforts on marine biodiversity conservation should go hand in hand with increased efforts in MIAS management. National priorities for Fiji’s National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) addresses this link through its Focus Area 4: Management of Invasive Alien Species (IAS). Concerted efforts in this focus area are geared towards the establishment of an Invasive Species Database, the strengthening of the FIST, increased coordination between local and regional networks on IAS management and a renewed surge in national effort to raise the standard of biosecurity surveillance programs such as those found under the Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) program for BAF. The successful development of these national programs, requires enhanced collection of information on marine biodiversity, knowledge on the existing presence of marine invasive species, and the development of routine monitoring to enable rapid responses to known highly invasive species. Existing frameworks at BAF utilized for terrestrial IAS management will be used to guide the development of future management plans for MIAS. BAF is the lead implementing agency for a GEF 6 project “Building Capacities to Address Invasive Alien Species to Enhance the Chances of Long-term Survival of Terrestrial Endemic and Threatened Species on Taveuni Island and Surrounding Islets” aimed at establishing and enhancing national and local capacity to prevent, detect, control and manage invasive alien species. A key planned outcome of the project is development of a clearinghouse mechanism to collate and make accessible IAS information to all stakeholders. The PaCMAN project will partner with the GEF6 IAS project in this regard so that MIAS data generated from the PacMAN project is curated, verified, uploaded and available through this clearing house. Through PacMAN outcomes, the Ministry of Environment has indicated to initiate a management policy on marine invasive species as a by-product of the management recommendations from the project. Technical capacity in molecular methods exists in pockets in Fiji, however further capacity development is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of eDNA in routine marine conservation efforts. BAF has been identified as a partner through local stakeholder consultations that will assist with technological gaps with its DNA analysis capacity through a recently acquired qPCR unit. Considering marine invasive species, Fiji is also one of the Lead Partnering Countries (LPCs) in the GEF/UNDP-IMO project “Building Partnerships to Assist Developing Countries Minimize the Impacts from Aquatic Biofouling (GloFouling Partnerships (https://www.glofouling.imo.org), indicating its willingness to establish a national strategic action plan to manage biofouling. The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) which is the regional coordinator for the Glofouling partnerships is committed to develop a MIAS toolkit as well as conduct capacity building training for local MIAS managers as well as key technical working groups such as the FIST. SPREP has expressed a need for data on marine biodiversity, as well as monitoring guidelines that will be developed through PacMAN. The interest and involvement of SPREP shows that there is a need for MIAS monitoring also in other regional countries in the Pacific. Further linkages can be observed from SPREP’s increased efforts in building capacity on IAS management in the region through its GEF 6 project and its Managing Invasive Species for Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific (MISCCAP).Government of FlandersRichard Lounsbery FoundationOPENASFA INPUTPublishedNot Know
Landscape and rituality of la Media Luna Spring, in San Luis Potosí, Mexico
No full textEl manantial La Media Luna es un sitio arqueológico prehispánico ubicado en la zona media del estado de San Luis Potosí, en México, cuya ocupación va del 200 d.C. al 1000 d.C., según la interpretación de la evidencia que distintos investigadores han hecho. Se sabe de su importancia ritual gracias a los hallazgos en su interior, tales como ofrendas de cerámica que constan de vasijas y figurillas; además de restos óseos, líticos y textiles. Sumado a los elementos arqueológicos que lo componen. El espacio es una fuente de información que ayuda a entender las razones por las que sociedades prehispánicas lo eligieron como un lugar de culto, esto último es lo que pretende explicar la presente investigación. El manantial, el cerro y las cuevas, entre otros elementos presentes que han sido explorados a partir de reconocimientos de superficie y experimentados desde lo sensorial, son indicadores que permitirían entender de forma global y desde la arqueología del paisaje la ritualidad de este sitio.La Media Luna spring's is a pre-Hispanic archaeological site located in the Zona Media of the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, whose occupation dates back from 200 AC. to 1000 AC, according to the interpretation of the evidence that different researchers have done. It's ritual importance is we/1 known thanks to the findings inside the spring, such as ceramic offerings like vessels and figurines; as we/1 as bone, lithic and textile remains. In addition to the archaeological elements that compase it. This place is a source of information that helps to understand the reasons why pre-Hispanic societies choose it as a place of worship, which the present investigation aims to explain. This spring, it's hil/s and the caves, among other present elements that have been explored from surface surveys and experienced in a sensorial way, would al/ow us to understand the rituality of this site in a global way from the archeo/ogy of the landscape.PublishedNot Know
Slave ship archeology: African traffic between the XVII and XVIII centuries in Cartagena de Indias
No full textEl presente artículo se centra en una aproximación a la cultura material de los barcos esclavistas o barcos negreros del periodo colonial, acercándose a la comprensión de las dinámicas sociales dentro de las embarcaciones a partir de los objetos materiales de estos contextos, los diferentes tipos de embarcaciones que fueron mayormente utilizados para este tráfico, y se centra en un caso de estudio; el uso del puerto de Cartagena de Indias dentro de este comercio. El análisis permitió identificar que aproximadamente 120.407 esclavos llegaron al puerto de Cartagena de Indias para ser comercializados dentro del llamado comercio triangular, mostrando así la importancia que tuvo este sitio dentro del tráfico de africanos, abriendo la puerta a futuras investigaciones donde se pueda analizar más a fondo, tanto la materialidad de estos contextos como las embarcaciones naufragadas en las costas de Cartagena de Indias.This article focuses in a near look of the material culture of the slave ships in the colonial period, starting with an approach to the understanding of the social dynamics in the vessels and the context of the material objects present in the ships, thus this article will focus on a case study about the use of the Cartagena de Indias port in the slavery trade. This analysis allow us to identify that approximately 120.407 slaves arrived to the port in Cartagena de Indias, to be traded with in the well-known triangular slavery trade, showing the importance that this place had in the traffic of african people. This research opens the posibility of having future studies where it can be further analyzed the backgroud for both, the materiality of these contexts and the ships that shipwrecked in the coasts of Cartagena de indias.PublishedNot Know
The historical graffiti in San Fernando de Bocachica Fort, Cartagena de Indias, as primary sources for historical archaeology
No full textEl presente artículo está basado en un proyecto de investigación en etapa inicial, formulada para desarrollarse como trabajo de grado hasta el primer semestre del año 2021. Tendrá como objetivo presentar de forma resumida los elementos más importantes del proyecto y, adicionalmente, hacer énfasis en el potencial que tienen los grafitis históricos (su objeto de estudio) para la arqueología histórica, particularmente, para el estudio del Fuerte de San Fernando de Bocachica, Provincia de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Los grafitis históricos son entendidos como artefactos arqueológicos y, aún más importantes, como actos de comunicación por parte de sus creadores. Por su naturaleza espontánea, informal y popular, los grafitis tienen el potencial de ser una valiosa fuente de información primaria sobre las personas del pasado, más exactamente, sobre la gente del común, de quienes mucho se busca en la arqueología y, en la mayoría de los casos, poco se encuentra. A pesar de lo anterior y de que su existencia ha sido reportada en distintas épocas y lugares del mundo, los grafitis históricos no siempre han sido vistos como objeto de estudio arqueológico y cuando lo han sido, las investigaciones se han concentrado en los grafitis de barcos y en la información que estos ofrecen sobre tecnología naval, dejando de lado otras preguntas relacionadas con su dimensión simbólica y semiótica. Esta investigación se centra en un conjunto muy particular de grafitis históricos ubicados en el Fuerte de San Fernando de Bocachica, una fortificación del siglo XVIII, ubicada en el extremo sur de la isla de Tierrabomba. Debido a su uso como fortificación militar y como prisión, se propone el estudio de los grafitis como evidencia de los días que pasaron allí sus antiguos habitantes: soldados, presos y, posiblemente, negros esclavizados, todos grupos sociales cuya historia suele quedar relegada. Ante esto se plantea la pregunta ¿qué finalidad pudo tener para estas personas el hacer grafiti? Para dar respuesta se propone el análisis de los grafitis históricos a partir de la teoría del intercambio de información de la cultura material y la noción de estilo, con miras a establecer la función comunicativa que estos pudieron tener. Tomando como base el trabajo de registro realizado en el 2018 por las restauradoras-conservadoras Álvarez, Segura Escobar y Vernaza Hoyos, se busca avanzar en la interpretación de los motivos a través de tres fases metodológicas: fase de descripción y clasificación de los grafitis, de acuerdo con sus características formales, fase de análisis de estilo y, finalmente, una fase de interpretación vinculada a aspectos contextuales.This article is based on a research project in initial stage, formulated to be developed as a degree work until the first semester of 2021; it will aim to present in a summarized way the most important elements of the project and additionally, to emphasize the potential that historical graffiti (its object of study) has for historical archaeology, particularly, for the study of San Fernando de Bocachica For, Province of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Historical graffiti are understood as archaeological artifacts and more importantly, as acts of communication from their creators. Because of their spontaneous, informal and popular nature, graffiti has the potential to be a valuable primary source of information about people from the past, more precisely, about ordinary people, of whom much is sought in archaeology and in most cases, little is found. Despite this, and the fact that their existence has been reported in different times and places around the world, historical graffiti has not always been seen as an object of archaeological study, and when it has been, research has concentrated on ship graffiti and the information they provide about naval technology, leaving aside other questions related to its symbolic and semiotic dimension. This research focuses on a very particular set of historical graffiti located at San Fernando de Bocachica Fort, an 18th century fortification located at the southern tip of the island of Tierrbomba. Due to its use as a military fortification and as a prison, the study of graffiti is proposed as evidence of the days spent there by its former inhabitants: soldiers, prisoners and possibly, black slaves, all social groups whose history has tended to be relegated. Considering this, the question arises, what was the purpose of making graffiti for these people? In order to answer this question, it is proposed to analyze historical graffiti based on the theory of material culture information exchange and the notion of style, with the aim of establishing the communicative function that these may have had. Based on a previous inventory and conservation work done in 2018 by the restorer-conservators Alvarez, Segura Escobar and Vernaza Hoyos, we seek to advance in the interpretation of the motifs through three methodological phases: phase of description and classification of graffiti according to their formal characteristics, phase of stylistic analysis, and finally, a phase of interpretation linked to contextual aspects.PublishedNot Know
Marine mollusks of Caguanes National Park, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
No full textSe presentan los resultados del estudio faunístico de los moluscos marinos del Parque Nacional Caguanes, que incluye 95 especies (69 gasterópodos, 25 bivalvos y un escafópodo), el 85,3% de las cuales es mega moluscos y el 14,7% es micro gasterópodos. Por categorías tróficas, 32 especies son herbívoras, 29 carnívoras, 26 filtradores y ocho parásitas. Este catálogo ilustrado constituye una guía básica inicial para el desarrollo de futuros estudios ecológicos y faunísticos marinos en esta área protegida.The results of the faunistic study of the marine mollusks of the Caguanes National Park are presented, including 95 species (69 gastropods, 25 bivalves and one scaphopod) of which 85,3% is mega mollusks and 14,7% is micro mollusks. According to their trophic habits, 32 species are herbivores, 29 carnivores, 25 filter feeders and eighth parasites. This illustrated catalogue is a basic guide for future marine studies in this protected area.PublishedReferee
О совместном влиянии размера тела и температуры воды на скорость роста тихоокеанской устрицы (Сrassostrea gigas, Thunberg) в лимане Донузлав (Черное море)
No full textThe Pacific oyster (Сrassostrea gigas, Thunberg) is a cultivated species of a world-wide importance, which results in the relevance of the investigation of its growth rates in various areas of the World Ocean. This parameter defines the time needed for an individual to reach its commercial size and characterizes cost-effectiveness of cultivation of different species of hydrobionts. Within this context, it is essential to investigate not only the general regularities and patterns of the Pacific oyster’s growth, but also how it is influenced by other environmental factors. In this work, the joint influence of body size and water temperature on the linear growth of diploid individuals of the Pacific oyster in the Donuzlav Liman (Black Sea) is investigated. Quantitative characterization of the relationship between shell height (H, mm) and the age of a mollusc (t), which is similarly well described by the von Bertalanffy equation and power function, is presented. Analysis of the changes in absolute growth rate (Ph, mm/day) in dependence to body height (H, mm) and water temperature (T, °С) has been conducted. It is shown that the growth rate of oysters was steadily decreasing with their height gain, all the while seasonal changes in water temperature (T, °С) closely correlated with the absolute growth rate of a shell and were characterized by a positive relation. Following the available data, a mathematical model, where Ph can be presented as a function of two variables, water temperature and body size, is proposed; it is expressed by the equation. The presented model of multiple regression has adequately described the dynamics of Ph (coefficient of determination 0.71) in the course of 3-year rearing of the Pacific oyster. Observed deviations (0.29) have been associated with the early stages of ontogenesis and with reproduction processes of this species.Тихоокеанская устрица (Сrassostrea gigas, Thunberg) является важнейшим объектом мировой марикультуры, что обуславливает необходимость изучения скорости ее роста в различных акваториях Мирового океана. Этот показатель определяет сроки достижения промыслового размера и характеризует экономическую эффективность выращивания различных гидробионтов. В связи с этим весьма актуальным является изучение не только общих закономерностей роста тихоокеанской устрицы, но и влияния на нее других экологических факторов. В настоящей работе исследовали совместное влияние размера тела и температуры воды на скорость линейного роста диплоидных особей тихоокеанской устрицы в лимане Донузлав (Черное море). Представлена количественная характеристика связи между высотой раковины (H, мм) и возрастом (t) моллюска, которая одинаково хорошо описывалась уравнением Л. Берталанфи и степенной функцией. Проведен анализ изменения абсолютной скорости роста (Ph, мм/сут.) от высоты тела и температуры воды (Т, °С). Показано, что с увеличением высоты устриц скорость роста устойчиво снижалась, тогда как изменения температуры воды (Т, °С) тесно коррелировали с абсолютной скоростью роста раковины и характеризовались положительной связью. На основе имеющихся данных предложена математическая модель, где скорость роста можно представить в виде функции двух переменных, температуры воды и размера тела, которая описывалась уравнением. Представленная модель множественной регрессии в целом удовлетворительно описывала динамику Ph (коэффициент детерминации равен 0,71) в процессе трехлетнего выращивания тихоокеанской устрицы. Наблюдаемые отклонения (0,29) были связаны с ранними стадиями онтогенеза, а также с процессами размножения этого вида.PublishedReferee
Selection curve of white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) and pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus notialis) in the gulf of Guacanayabo, Cuba.
No full textLa selectividad de los artes de pesca constituye una herramienta importante para los administradores de pesquerías, cuyas flotas capturan camarón con chinchorros de arrastre en el golfo de Guacanayabo, plataforma suroriental de Cuba. Se utilizaron los datos de los muestreos de prospección mensuales realizados con las redes comerciales que poseen luz de malla de 26 mm en el cuerpo y 24 mm en el copo. Se determinó la composición por tallas para cada sexo, la talla media y la de primera captura (L50), así como el rango y factor de selección. La talla media del camarón rosado de Sta. Cruz Arriba resulta mayor que en el resto de las zonas. La curva de selección obtenida para Litopenaeus schmitti y Farfantepenaeus notialis muestra que más del 50 % de las hembras son capturadas antes de realizar el primer desove en las zonas I, II y III de EPIGRAN, a diferencia de los capturados en Sta. Cruz Arriba. Durante los años 2019 y 2020 la captura de individuos inmaduros de camarón blanco y rosado se ha incrementado en el golfo de Guacanayabo.The selectivity of fishing gear is an important tool for fishery managers, whose fleets catch shrimp with trawl nets in the Gulf of Guacanayabo, the southeastern shelf of Cuba. Data from monthly prospecting samples carried out with commercial nets that have a mesh size of 26 mm in the body and 24 mm in the codend were used. The composition by size for each sex, the average size and the size at first capture (L50), as well as the range and selection factor were determined. The average size of the pink shrimp from Sta. Cruz Arriba is greater than in the rest of the areas. The selection curve obtained for Litopenaeus schmitti and Farfantepenaeus notialis shows that more than 50 % of the females are captured before making the first spawning in zones I, II and III of EPIGRAN, unlike those captured in Sta. Cruz Arriba. During the years 2019 and 2020, the capture of immature individuals of white and pink shrimp has increased in the Gulf of Guacanayabo.PublishedReferee