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Arctic Impact Report: How the Marine Stewardship Council ecolabelling program contributes to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
No full textThis report shows how the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and its certification program contributes to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (Ocean Decade hereafter) by driving sustainable fishing. Unsustainable fishing is a major global challenge and pressure on our oceans is increasing. At the same time greenhouse gas emissions and climate change are having a severe impact on our oceans, not least in the Arctic region where ocean warming is happening three times faster than the global average. These changes are expected to have profound effects. However, if we manage the oceans carefully and fish responsibly, we can still enjoy marine resources in the future. Many fisheries around the globe have already shown that they operate sustainably and have achieved MSC certification following the MSC Standard for sustainable fishing. But many more fisheries have yet to demonstrate their sustainability. They are invited to enter the MSC program to document their sustainability and to continuously improve their performance in line with best practice in fisheries management. To achieve the MSC Standard, fisheries must demonstrate a level of performance consistent with internationally accepted scientific knowledge and fisheries management best practice. Through the process, the MSC program ensures that fisheries continuously develop towards global best practice and encourages them to further develop new ways of conserving marine resources for future generations. This supports the UN Ocean Decade vision of “The science we need for the ocean we want.” The MSC sets globally recognised standards for fisheries’ sustainability and supply chain assurance, based on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). By working with and rewarding sustainable fisheries, the MSC program contributes to the challenge of feeding the world’s population under changing environmental, social and climate conditions. This major goal is also in line with aims of the Ocean Decade to “support sustainable food supply and a sustainable ocean economy.” At the same time the MSC program follows rigorous, systematic and transparent methods, making the process, data and results of the independent evaluation publicly available and open for stakeholder engagement. This supports the Ocean Decade aim of achieving “an accessible ocean with open and equitable access to data, information and technology and innovation.” By recognising and rewarding sustainable fishing practices, influencing the choices people make when buying seafood, and working with our partners to transform the seafood market to a sustainable basis, the MSC program contributes to securing the productivity and health of the ocean, supporting sustainable food supply and a sustainable ocean economy. Certified fisheries not only contribute to more transparency and accessibility, but also drive and support changes in the ocean. The Arctic fisheries highlighted in this report exemplify how fisheries continued their sustainability pathway even after being certified.From 83ACTPublishedNot Know
Использование термохалинного способа для определения квазиоднородности водных масс Азовского моря
No full textThis paper considers the possibility of applying the thermohaline method (using the construction of T,S-diagrams) to determine the quasi-heterogeneity of water layers in the Azov Sea drawing on the expedition data obtained in 2016–2020. The diagrams allowing to identify a two-layer water structure in the aquatic environment of the Azov Sea (excluding the area of Taganrog Bay) have been constructed. The analysis of water stratification in the conditions close to the natural regime of the sea (thus, including salinity), as well as in the present conditions of its salinization, has been carried out. The data obtained through the analysis of sample observations have been verified with mathematical methods; the explanations from the standpoint of T,S-analysis of the aquatic environment have been presented. The hydrological features of the salt regime of the Azov Sea are given with the specification of the situations during the advection of the Black Sea waters, which precondition a stable separation of the waters in the southern part of the sea into surface and bottom “water masses”. These possibilities are justified mathematically, and for the modern period of considerable salinization of the sea, in accordance with the theory of T,S-analysis of water masses, a classification assessment of the aquatic environment is proposed.В работе рассмотрена возможность применения термохалинного способа (с построением T,S-диаграмм) определения квазиоднородности водных слоев в Азовском море на основании экспедиционных данных, полученных в период 2016–2020 гг. Построены диаграммы, позволяющие выявить в водной среде собственно Азовского моря (без учета Таганрогского залива) двухслойную структуру вод. Проведен анализ стратификации вод в условиях, близких к естественному режиму моря (а следовательно, и солености), а также в современных условиях его осолонения. Математическими приемами подтверждены данные анализа выборочных наблюдений и предложены объяснения с позиций T,S-анализа водной среды. Приводятся гидрологические особенности солевого режима Азовского моря с конкретизацией ситуаций в периоды адвекции черноморских вод, вследствие которой возникали условия для устойчивого разделения водной среды на юге моря на поверхностную и придонную «водные массы». Эти возможности обосновываются математически, а для современного периода значительного осолонения моря в соответствии с теорией T,S-анализа водных масс предлагается классификационная оценка водной среды.PublishedReferee
Оценка влияния температурных показателей на формирование численности в разные периоды жизни горбуши западного и восточного побережий Камчатки
No full textThe article presents the results of a comparative analysis of some databases describing SST (sea surface temperature) along the coast of Western Kamchatka with data from domestic weather stations carried out in the villages of Bolsheretsk, Icha, Sobolevo and Ozernovsky. These weather stations monitored air temperature and, in some years, water temperature in adjacent coastal areas. Databases ("10-days-SST", "MGDSST", "HIMSST") that adequately describe the actual curves of water temperature in the coastal area and air temperature in the area of concentration of the main spawning water basins and watercourses (ECMWF V5) have been identified. The selected databases were used to develop long-term series of temperature characteristics in the Kamchatka mainland and some areas of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas used by Western and Northeastern Kamchatka pink salmon at different stages of its life cycle.Проведен сравнительный анализ некоторых баз данных (БД) описывающих SST (температуру поверхности воды) вдоль побережья западной Камчатки с данными отечественных метеостанций поселков Большерецк, Ича, Соболево и Озерновский, осуществлявших мониторинг температуры воздуха и в отдельные годы температуры воды в прилегающих участках прибрежья. Выявлены БД («10-days-SST», «MGDSST», «HIMSST») адекватно описывающие фактический ход температуры воды в прибрежье и температуры воздуха в районе концентрации основных нерестовых водоемов и водотоков (ECMWF V5). Выбранные базы данных использовались для построения продолжительных рядов температурных характеристик в материковой части Камчатки и некоторых районов Берингова и Охотского морей, используемых горбушей западного и северо-восточного побережий Камчатки на разных этапах своего жизненного цикла.PublishedNon Referee
Ocean science roadmap for UNESCO Marine World Heritage in the context of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).
No full textEl cambio climático está alterando nuestro planeta y sus efectos se dejan sentir desde en las montañas más altas hasta en las zonas más profundas del océano. Mientras el mundo intenta mantener el calentamiento en 1,5°C, es fundamental adoptar medidas ya para proteger algunas de las joyas naturales de la Tierra y preservarlas para las generaciones futuras. La Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO comprende las zonas marinas protegidas más emblemáticas del mundo, reconocidas por la comunidad internacional por el carácter excepcional de su diversidad biológica, su belleza, su geología y sus hábitats naturales. La Lista, que empezó en 1981 con la Gran Barrera de Coral de Australia, se ha ido ampliando desde entonces, y ahora cuenta con una red mundial de 50 sitios oceánicos de valor universal excepcional, desde los trópicos hasta los polos, cada uno de los cuales ayuda a asegurar el futuro de nuestros ecosistemas marinos. La inclusión en la Lista no es más que el inicio de la labor necesaria para proteger estos sitios contra el calentamiento de los mares y unas condiciones meteorológicas cambiantes. De hecho, alrededor del 70% de los sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial se encuentra actualmente amenazado por el cambio climático, según la Perspectiva del Patrimonio Mundial de la UICN de 2020. Si no se producen cambios en las emisiones, las previsiones indican que los sistemas de arrecife de coral de la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial dejarán de existir para 2100. Es necesario actuar no solo para proteger estos sitios, sino porque todos juntos albergan más del 20% de los ecosistemas de carbono azul del mundo (lo que representa importantes sumideros de carbono) y sirven de refugio a especies vulnerables y amenazadas. Administradores, científicos y donantes se han mostrado ilusionados y dispuestos a ayudarnos a lograr un océano y unos sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial saludables. La pregunta es: ¿cómo? En el estudio de evaluación científica de la UNESCO de 2021 de los sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial se señala que casi el 75% de los sitios no sabe cómo proteger su valor universal excepcional frente a los efectos del cambio climático. Y alrededor de dos terceras partes carece de herramientas para comprender cómo afectará el cambio climático a su diversidad biológica y al funcionamiento del ecosistema. Hay que encontrar soluciones con base empírica para hacer frente a estos problemas y ayudar a los sitios a planificar un futuro incierto. En 2017 la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas proclamó el periodo 2021 2030 Decenio de las Naciones Unidas de las Ciencias Oceánicas para el Desarrollo Sostenible (o Decenio del Océano). El Decenio del Océano proporciona un marco mundial para utilizar las ciencias en la gestión sostenible del océano. Los sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial han sido declarados esferas prioritarias en el Plan de ejecución del Decenio del Océano. El Decenio contribuye a reunir a distintos interlocutores en la generación y la aplicación conjuntas de conocimientos que responderán a cuestiones científicas sobre los sitios vulnerables con el objetivo de planificar la respuesta correcta y situarlos en la senda hacia un futuro sostenible. El cambio climático constituye un desafío complejo, y debemos utilizar la investigación y los datos más actualizados y de mejor calidad para orientar nuestras medidas. La recopilación de datos de las ciencias oceánicas y la identificación de tendencias son acciones fundamentales para los equipos de administradores. Sin estos conocimientos básicos, como por ejemplo dónde viven las especies emblemáticas las tendencias de las variables medioambientales y socioeconómicas, no se pueden adoptar decisiones de administración eficaces para garantizar la protección de los sitios de aquí a 10 o 20 años. No obstante, a pesar de su condición emblemática, muchos sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial carecen de la capacidad, la tecnología y los recursos esenciales para generar y procesar datos, incluidas las observaciones básicas fundamentales para reunir pruebas de cara a planificar futuras medidas. En muchos sitios, los presupuestos no han aumentado, mientras que los problemas crecen exponencialmente. La UNESCO ha respondido a estos desafíos con un llamamiento a una mayor inversión estratégica en ciencias oceánicas, muy necesaria para salvaguardar los sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial. El océano es un lugar inmenso y hay mucho que hacer. En el marco del Decenio del Océano, esta hoja de ruta pretende brindar orientaciones y contribuir a garantizar que la investigación se lleva a cabo y se utiliza de manera eficiente, eficaz y sostenible. En ella se identifican los conocimientos que necesitan los administradores de los sitios y los científicos para conservar los sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial y promover ecosistemas marinos resilientes. También se pone de relieve el valor de la adopción de decisiones con base empírica, y se abordan algunos obstáculos importantes, como los relacionados con los recursos y la capacidad. En esta hoja de ruta se presenta información importante para evaluar la vulnerabilidad ante el clima, por ejemplo, sobre el uso de datos científicos específicos para respaldar los esfuerzos de conservación y administración. También se ponen de manifiesto algunas lagunas existentes actualmente en la capacidad científica y la infraestructura, como en materia de recopilación de datos e interpretación. Por último, se explora la tecnología y la capacidad necesaria para la acción y para la financiación y los recursos sostenibles requeridos para costear la investigación necesaria. Los sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial se enfrentan a un momento crítico, por lo que debemos actuar ya. Al elaborar esta hoja de ruta en el marco del Decenio del Océano, tenemos la oportunidad de generar la ciencia que necesitamos para el océano que queremos, y preservar los sitios marinos del Patrimonio Mundial y sus servicios para las generaciones futuras. Esta hoja de ruta pretende brindar esa ayuda mostrando a los administradores, los seguidores y los donantes cómo la ciencia y la investigación pueden dirigirse de manera más rentable hacia algunos de los problemas más urgentes. Juntos podemos dirigir nuestro camino hacia un futuro resiliente y sostenible, para el próximo decenio y los años posteriores.Oficina Francesa para la Diversidad Biológica (Office français de la biodiversité)Gobierno del Principado de MónacoGobierno de FlandesOPENASFA INPUTPublishedNot Know
Biology features and parasites study of Mullet (Mugilidae) caught from Algerian coast.
No full textMugilidae are one of the most farmed fish in Algerian freshwater aquaculture. The objective of the paper was to study the biological and parasitological characteristics of Mugilidae caught in Algerian coast. Six species were identified Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), Liza ramada (Risso, 1827), Liza aurata (Risso, 1810), Liza saliens (Risso, 1810), Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827) and Oedalechilus labeo (Cuvier, 1829), using morphological observation. Mullet fed on a variety of diet items including detritus, polychaetes, and sediments. Parasite groups recovered (from what) were identified as Nematoda, Monogenea, Copepoda, Ectoparasites, Cestoda, Digenea, and Cysts. Overall infection prevalence (%), mean intensity, and abundance values were 60%, 40.63, and 24.38, respectively. A significant correlation was observed (R>0.7) between fish size or weight and prevalence. Therefore, a sanitary treatment for the mullets before ponds introduction is necessary in order to prevent parasite transmission to cultured fish.Les Mugilidae sont parmi les poissons les plus élevés en aquaculture d'eau douce en Algérie. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les caractéristiques biologiques et parasitologiques des Mugilidae pêchés en eau de mer. Six espèces ont été identifiées Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), Liza ramada (Risso, 1827), Liza aurata (Risso, 1810), Liza saliens (Risso, 1810), Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827), Oedalechilus labeo (Cuvier, 1829), grâce à l'observation morphologique. Le mulet se nourrit d'une variété d'aliments, parmi lesquels les détritus, les polychètes et les sédiments dominent. Les groupes de parasites identifiés sont les nématodes, les monogènes, les copépodes, les ectoparasites, les cestodes, les digènes et les cystes. La prévalence, l'intensité moyenne et l’abondance globale sont de 60 %, 40,63 et 24,38, respectivement. Une corrélation significative (R>0.7) entre la taille ou le poids des poissons et la prévalence a été observée. Par conséquent, un traitement sanitaire des mulets avant l'introduction dans les étangs est nécessaire afin d'éviter la transmission des parasites aux poissons d'élevage.Référence bibliographique, Figures, Tableaux.PublishedReferee
Report on national workshop on SSF guidelines and women in fisheries, India, 8 -10 April, 2022, Asha Nivas Social Service Centre, Chennai, India
No full textThe International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF) Trust organized a national workshop on the SSF Guidelines and Women in Fisheries, India at Asha Nivas Social Service Centre, Chennai, India, on April 8-10, 2022. There were sixtyone participants from five coastal states of Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. With gender equality and equity being one of the seven pillars of the United Nations International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022 (IYAFA), the national workshop facilitated in building a platform of women in fisheries to promote gender equality and equity, to recognize livelihood space and to improve the participation of women in decision making processes through various discussions that were held during the three days. The resource persons provided information on international processes as well as on schemes at the national and state levels to equip women in small scale fisheries to strengthen their position in pursuit of livelihoods and protect their access rights.PublishedReferee
Developing the standard operating procedures of ellipsoidally referenced surveys at coastal waters in Japan: trials of bathymetric data processing and verification of their results†
No full textIn recent years, with the spread and improvement in the accuracy of kinematic GNSS positioning, ellipsoidally referenced surveys （ERS） have become practically possible, which in principle do not require tide observations during the bathymetric surveys. In this paper, as the first step of a trial to establish the standard operating procedures for ERS in Japan, we presented the practical operating procedures of bathymetric data processing in ERS and vertical datum model estimation, by using the existing bathymetric data in Tokyo Bay. In this case, the validity of the ERS operating procedures was verified by comparing the depths in the ERS procedures with those in the conventional procedures with tidal reduction.PublishedReferee
Закономерности батиметрического распределения массовых видов моллюсков в зависимости от свойств рыхлых субстратов у побережья Западного Крыма
No full textUp to the present day, the bathymetric distribution of zoobenthos under hydrodynamic load and subordinate changes in grain size composition and density of bottom substrate have not been fully investigated. The objectives of this study are as follows: 1) to evaluate the density of bottom sediments at different depths off the coast of the Western Crimea; 2) to calculate the pressure force exerted on substrate by the common species of bivalve molluscs (Veneridae); 3) to reveal the reasons for the changes in mollusc species composition due to differences in the properties of bottom sediments in different locations. According to the results of the underwater studies, strongly pronounced storm-induced re-sedimentation of sandy fractions is observed to the depth of 12–14 m. Sandy substrates with density of 4–8 conventional units (c. u.) are formed within this zone, and here prevails striped venus clam Chamelea gallina. These molluscs, characterized by a bulky shell (up to 30 mm) and high values of specific ground pressure (80–90 mg/mm2), can dwell near the dense sandy surface, avoiding contact with the subsurface redox layer located 6–10 cm deeper. At the depth of 16–25 m, the effect of storm hydrodynamics on the bottom weakens and only sandy aleurite fractions with density of up to 2.5 c. u. are getting re-sedimented. Sediment redox conditions develop at the depth of 4–5 cm. Within this zone, the most abundant species is rough pitar venus Pitar rudis, represented by the individuals with shells up to 13 mm in length and specific ground pressure of 35–40 mg/mm2, which allows the molluscs to stay on the surface of substrate and avoid the contact with the redox layer. At the depth of more than 27–30 m, during the storm-induced mixing processes, the sedimentation of small ground particles prevails over their horizontal transfer. In the grain size composition of the substrate, aleurite-pelitic fractions prevail, and redox layer develops deeper than 2.5 cm from the bottom surface. Only the thin surface layer consisting of loose silt with density of 0.8–1.0 c. u. remains suitable for habitation of macrozoobenthos; here, golden carpet shell Polititapes aureus, characterized by a thin shell and the lowest ground pressure (25–30 mg/mm2), prevails in terms of abundance. The results of this investigation can facilitate the understanding of spatial distribution patterns and adaptive features of the most abundant macrobenthos species under the influence of key environmental factors.Закономерности батиметрического распределения зообентоса в условиях гидродинамического воздействия и соподчиненных изменений гранулометрического состава и плотности донного субстрата изучены недостаточно. Цели работы: 1) оценить плотность донных отложений на разной глубине у побережья западного Крыма; 2) рассчитать силу давления на субстрат массовых видов моллюсков сем. Veneridae; 3) выявить причины смены видов в зависимости от свойств субстрата. Установлено, что интенсивное штормовое переотложение грунта происходит до глубины 12–14 м, где формируются песчанистые субстраты плотностью 4–8 условных единиц (у. е.), на которых доминирует Chamelea gallina. Данный вид, обладающий массивной раковиной длиной до 30 мм и удельным давлением 80–90 мг/мм2, обитает у поверхности плотного песка, избегая погружения в грунт и контакта с редокс-слоем глубже 6–10 см. На глубине 16–25 м штормовое воздействие на дно ослабевает; переотложению подвержены только песчано-алевритовые фракции грунта (плотность до 2,5 у. е.), в толще которого редокс-условия формируются уже на глубине 4–5 см. В этой зоне доминирует Pitar rudis с длиной раковин до 13 мм и давлением на грунт 35–40 мг/мм2, что позволяет моллюскам удерживаться на поверхности субстрата и избегать контакта с редокс-слоем. На глубине более 27–30 м при штормовом перемешивании процессы седиментации мелких частиц преобладают над их горизонтальным переносом. В грансоставе субстрата доминируют алевро-пелитовые фракции, а редокс-слой формируется уже глубже 2 см. Для обитания макрозообентоса остается пригодным только поверхностный слой, состоящий из рыхлого ила плотностью 0,8–1,0 у. е., где доминирует Polititapes aureus с тонкой раковиной и наименьшими значениями давления (25–30 мг/мм2). Результаты исследований важны для понимания закономерностей пространственного распределения и адаптации массовых видов макробентоса под действием ключевых факторов среды.PublishedReferee
Evolutionary forces acting on the RH1 gene across Neotropical cichlids with different diets.
No full textNeotropical aquatic environments are highly heterogeneous and present a broad light spectral variation. Photic conditions can be closely related to aquatic vertebrates’ visual system evolution, which can interfere with ecological factors, such as feeding. Therefore, due to the species’ biodiversity and ecological adaptations observed in continental aquatic environments, Neotropical cichlids represent an important model for evolutionary studies. Cichlinae shows several adaptations regarding their life cycle and may present and accumulate mutations resulting in specific amino acid changes of visual proteins. These proteins are encoded by visual opsins genes, which allow some “measurement” of natural selection on the protein using molecular tools. Thus, it is possible to verify whether the diet constitutes an important factor in the diversification of the gene responsible for the scotopic vision of these vertebrates. In this study, 40 species of Neotropical cichlids were categorized according to their diet and, using different codon selection analyses, different protein sites positively selected were observed in specialist and generalist species. The lineages of predatory fish showed evidence of a stronger evolution of the RH1 gene when compared to other groups, indicating the influence of the diet on this group's visual evolution.Ambientes aquáticos neotropicais possuem grande heterogeneidade de habitats, apresentando diferenças na intensidade luminosa na coluna d’água. A luminosidade está diretamente relacionada com o sistema visual dos vertebrados aquáticos, o que pode interferir em fatores ecológicos, como a alimentação. Em consideração à biodiversidade de espécies e diversas adaptações ecológicas observadas em ambientes aquáticos continentais, os ciclídeos neotropicais representam um bom modelo para estudos evolutivos. Este grupo possui diversas adaptações ao seu modo de vida e pode apresentar e acumular mutações em sítios específicos das proteínas visuais que podem ser relacionadas com tais adaptações. As proteínas visuais são codificadas por genes opsins, o que permite o estudo da intensidade de atuação da seleção natural sobre a proteína utilizando ferramentas moleculares. Com o objetivo de verificar se a dieta constitui um importante fator na diversificação do gene responsável pela visão escotópica destes vertebrados, foram utilizadas 40 espécies de ciclídeos neotropicais categorizadas de acordo com sua dieta e, por meio de diferentes análises de seleção de códons, foram observados diferentes sítios da proteína positivamente selecionados em espécies especialistas e generalistas. As linhagens de peixes predadores apresentaram evidências de uma rápida seleção do gene RH1 quando comparadas a outros grupos, indicando a influência da dieta na evolução visual deste grupo.Master
Space-time variations of megazoobenthos subject to natural and anthropogenic impacts in two Cuban bays: evidence of recovery?.
No full textThe spatiotemporal variations of megazoobenthos on soft bottoms in Buena Vista (BV) and San Juan de Los Remedios (SJR) bays, Cuba, were assessed to infer the effects of the elimination of bottom trawl fisheries and the creation of protected areas. Data were collected at 11 sites in 2010-2013 (six routines and five exploratories) and 11 sites in 2014-2017 (four routines and seven exploratories). Samples were obtained by dredging. Mollusks were the most frequent and diverse group, followed by echinoderms and crustaceans. Total density (7.60 ind m-2) and biomass (15.82 g m-2) of the benthic community were highest in SJR in 2015. Although total biomass was lower at BV (t = 2.21; P = 0.032), there were no significant differences in density between bays (t = 0.77; P = 0.444). The site with a lower total density and biomass was located at BV. There were no differences between years except at one site, where density increased between 2010 and 2017. Total density and biomass were not significantly different inside and outside of the Zone Under Special Regime of Use and Protection (ZUSRUP) at the beginning of the sampled period. However, both density and biomass were significantly higher within the ZUSRUP at the end (2017), which suggests this protected area’s effectivity. The progressive increase in density at one site and greater density and biomass values at SJR, where bottom trawl fisheries were more intensive, suggest eliminating bottom trawl nets may have contributed to the benthic fauna recovery.PublishedReferee