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Padrões de coocorrência em comunidades invadidas: o que direciona a distribuição espacial de espécies nativas e não nativas?
No full textInvaded communities were evaluated under two contexts: 1) how native communities respond to massive introduction events and 2) how invaded communities change through time. A common topic was defined to represent the modifications in communities after invasion, the co-occurrence between species. The objective of this thesis was to answer three questions: 1) whether the impact caused by non-native species is determined by the level of similarity between native and non-native species; 2) whether the impact would have the same pattern through time; and 3) whether there is any attribute of the non-native species population that determines the level of the impact. The data set from the project Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD) performed at the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Sítio PELD/PIAP) was used to answer these questions.First, it was evaluated the non-native species effects on the co-occurrence between species after the invasion of more than 30 non-native fish species at once. It was tested if the functional dissimilarity between native and non-native species drives the co-occurrence patterns between them. After, it was estimated the co-occurrence in a time series of 30 years. The non-native species evaluated were introduced by several introduction vectors. It was tested if the non-native species abundance and time since introduction drive the co-occurrence between native and non-native species. The abundance was used as the attribute of non-native species population to test if the effect of abundance is mediated by the phylogenetic distance between species. The results found showed that the co-occurrence between native and non-native species is affected by functional and phylogenetic distance. Therefore, integrating functional and phylogenetic diversity to assess the spatial distribution of organisms has potential to improve the understanding of co-occurrence patterns between native and non-native species. The results also showed that co-occurrence patterns may be more sensitive to the temporal variability in non-native population attributes (i.e. abundance) than time since introduction. It was showed that evaluating patterns of several non-native species may provide a broader understating of the entire community after invasions.Avaliou-se comunidades invadidas sob dois contextos: 1) como comunidades nativas respondem a eventos de introdução em massa e 2) como comunidades invadidas mudam no tempo. Definiu-se um tema comum para representar as modificações nas comunidades após a invasão, a coocorrência entre espécies. O objetivo desta tese foi responder três questões: 1) se o impacto causado pela espécie não nativa é determinado pelo nível de similaridade entre espécies nativas e não nativas; 2) se o impactoteria o mesmo padrão no tempo; e 3) se existe algum atributo da população de espécies não nativas que determina o nível do impacto. Utilizou-se o conjunto de dados do projeto Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD) realizado na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná (Sítio PELD/PIAP) para responder essas questões. Primeiro, avaliou-se os efeitos de espécies não nativas na coocorrência entre espécies após a invasão de mais de 30 espécies de peixes não nativos de uma só vez. Testou-se se a dissimilaridade funcional entre espécies nativas e não nativas impulsiona os padrões de coocorrência entre elas. Após, estimou-se a coocorrência em uma série temporal de 30 anos. As espécies não nativas avaliadas são originárias de diversos vetores de introdução. Testou-se se a abundância de espécies não nativas e o tempo desde a introdução impulsionam a coocorrência entre espécies nativas e não nativas. A abundância foi utilizada como atributo da população das espécies não nativas para testar se o efeito da abundância é mediado pela distância filogenética entre as espécies. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a coocorrência entre as espécies nativas e não nativas é afetada pela distância funcional e filogenética. Portanto, integrar diversidade funcional e filogenética para entender a distribuição espacial dos organismos tem potencial para melhorar a compreensão de padrões de coocorrência entre espécies nativas e não nativas. Os resultados também mostraram que os padrões de coocorrência podem ser mais sensíveis à variabilidade temporal nos atributos da população não nativa (i.e., abundância) do que o tempo desde a introdução. Mostrou-se que a avaliação de padrões de várias espécies não nativas fornece uma compreensão mais ampla de toda a comunidade após invasões.Ph
Optimized observation cycle for the tidal harmonic analysis
No full textThe Japan Coast Guard observes the tidal time series using the Autonomous Ocean Vehicle （AOV） to precisely determine datum levels. As the AOVs utilize solar energy for their observation equipment, interruptions of observation caused by the power shortage due to decrease in the amount of sunshine in the winter becomes an operational issue. In this paper, we investigate whether short observations during interruptions or prolonged observation are effective to obtain reliable tidal harmonic constants. We found that short observations of more than 24 hours during interruptions or observations from the next year on the same date as the interruption make the tidal harmonic constants close to the value calculated from no missing data. The results of this study can be used as index for deciding the implementation of observation in winter or making plans for observation using AOVs.PublishedReferee
Fins into the Water: Ocean Literacy in the Marine Protected Area of “Tavolara- Punta Coda Cavallo.
No full textTo date this project is our main contribution on the field Several outreach initiatives already occurred, but even more will come very soon!Challenge 4 and 9PublishedNot Know
Assessment of the water quality of the Don River downstream from its confluence with the Temernik River based on the saprobity index and bioassay data
No full textThe Don River is one of the largest rivers in the East European Plain. The right tributary of the Don River—the Temernik River—flows through the metropolis of Rostov-on-Don and affects the water quality of the main watercourse. This study was aimed at the assessment of the organic pollution and toxicity of water in two horizons (0.3 and 9.0 m) of the Don River downstream from its confluence with the Temernik River using the saprobic index S and biotesting. Observations were carried out for 7 months in 2019. The data on the quality of the Don River water have been obtained from the combined results of two biological methods for the first time. The dynamics of changes in the quality of the river water in the course of 7 months is presented. The samples for the investigation were collected сoncurrently. Comparison of the water quality in two horizons (surface and deep) of the river section based on the data obtained using two biological methods has been conducted for the first time. The saprobity results for the phytoplankton indicated the presence of organic water pollution at both levels of the Don River during all 7 months of the study. The saprobity index values ranged from 2.0 to 3.6. Water quality was characterized as ranging from moderately polluted to polluted. This corresponds to α-β-mesosaprobic level. The maximum level of organic pollution according to the saprobity index was recorded in September for both horizons. Saprobity increases with an increase in the proportion of blue-green algae in the phytocenosis. The relative abundance of blue-green algae ranged from 45.83 to 77.77 %. The surface horizon had higher organic pollution during the warm period (May–September), and for the deep horizon it was higher during the cold period (April, October, and November). The toxic effect of the river water was manifested in the inhibition of the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. Water toxicity over the investigated period (7 months) was inconsistent. In each season, it only appeared for one month. Water toxicity at the both horizons was recorded in spring (April), summer (August), and autumn (November). High saprobity and toxic effect of the water did not always coincide. The concurrent presence of these characteristics is typical for the deep horizon. Toxicity fluctuations are apparently associated with the temporal pattern of the Temernik River pollution by the metropolis waste waters and with the measures for the Temernik River improvement taken by the municipal authorities.PublishedReferee
Pesquería de Crustáceos Demersales
No full textEn Chile la pesquería de crustáceos demersales se sustenta en la explotación de camarón nailon (Heterocarpus reedi), langostino amarillo (Cervimunida johni) y langostino colorado (Pleuroncodes monodon). Estos recursos poseen una relevancia económica y social para el país, ya que dan origen a una importante actividad industrial y artesanal que genera numerosos empleos directos y aporta divisas por concepto de exportación de productos, principalmente en el rubro de congelados. El recurso el camarón nailon (H. reedi), es una especie de la familia Pandalidae, que se caracteriza por sus hábitos bentónicos es depredadora y detritívora. Se distribuye entre los 100 y 500 metros de profundidad; y latitudinalmente se encuentra entre los 25°y 38° S. Se encuentra en régimen de plena explotación y cuenta con una unidad de pesquería entre las regiones de Antofagasta y Biobío. La cuota de captura establecida para el año 2021 fue de 5.992 t. En cuando al langostino amarillo (C. johni) de la familia Munididae se caracteriza por ser una especie endémica que se distribuye entre los 29° y 38° S, a profundidades entre 150 y 500 m. Su pesquería se divide en dos unidades con sistemas de manejo independientes. La unidad de pesquería norte (UPN) entre las regiones de Atacama y Coquimbo, declarada bajo un régimen de plena explotación desde el año 1995, con una cuota de captura para el año 2021 de 1.457 t. La unidad de pesquería sur (UPS) comprendida entre las regiones de Valparaíso y del Biobío está declarada desde 1996 como pesquería en recuperación. Para el año 2021 la cuota de captura asignada fue de 2.260 t. Por último, el langostino colorado (P. monodon) se distribuye desde los 15°N hasta los 41°S y en profundidades entre los 50 y 350 m. Cuenta con dos unidades de pesquería una entre la Región de Arica y Parinacota y la Región de Coquimbo, área que se encuentra en régimen de plena explotación. Para el año 2021, se estableció una de 1.078 t. La otra unidad de pesquería comprende entre las regiones de Valparaíso y Biobío y está declarada como pesquería en recuperación, con una cuota de captura para el año 2021 de 6.160 t. Este boletín presenta los resultados resumidos del monitoreo de la pesquería de crustáceos demersales explotados entre las regiones de Antofagasta y Biobío.Instituto de Fomento PesqueroPrograma de Seguimiento de las Principales Pesquerías NacionalesPublishedNon Referee
Проблемы использования русловых прудов в аквакультуре (в свете последних изменений законодательства)
No full textFor a long time in the field of aquaculture existed the uncertainty, associated with the use of the ponds formed by water-retaining structures on watercourses (the so-called “riverbed ponds”), despite numerous attempts to resolve emerging contradictions legislatively—including another such attempt made last year by the adoption of Federal Law No. 163-FZ of June 11, 2021 “On the amendment of the Federal Law “On aquaculture (fish farming) and amendment of some legislative acts of the Russian Federation” and some legislative acts of Russian Federation”. The amendments introduced by this law establish new legal mechanisms for the use of riverbed ponds for the purposes of pond aquaculture, which makes their study particularly relevant. However, it will not be possible to fully understand the essence of these legislative changes without understanding the history and development of the legal framework applicable to these water bodies. In this regard, this article shows how riverbed ponds through numerous legislative changes were gradually introduced into the property circulation and how the principle of separation of the water resources of riverbed ponds and the land under them appeared, which means that the water in such ponds remains federal, but the land under them may be in other forms of ownership. This article also discusses the questions of the correlation of this principle with other principles of the legal regulation underlying water and land legislation, and how it is perceived by judicial practice. The author analyzed in detail the amendments, adopted by Federal Law of 11.06.2021 No. 163-FZ, concerning the regulation of riverbed ponds, proposed a classification of the legal basis for the use of water bodies in fish farming, and concluded what problems in the use of riverbed ponds remained, despite recent legislation attempts to eliminate them. Finally, this article suggests directions for further changes, according to which, as it seems to the author, the legislator could go to solve the identified problems.На протяжении длительного времени в сфере аквакультуры сохраняется неопределенность в порядке использования прудов, образованных водоподпорными сооружениями на водотоках (т. н. «русловых прудов»), несмотря на многочисленные попытки законодательного урегулирования возникающих противоречий — включая очередную такую попытку, совершенную в прошлом году принятием Федерального закона от 11 июня 2021 г. No 163-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон «Об аквакультуре (рыбоводстве) и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации» и отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации». Поправки, внесенные указанным законом, устанавливают новые правовые механизмы использования русловых прудов для прудового рыбоводства, что делает их изучение особенно актуальным. Однако до конца понять суть произошедших изменений не удастся без осознания исторического развития правового режима данных водных объектов. В связи с этим в статье показано, как постепенно путем многочисленных законодательных изменений русловые пруды были введены в имущественный оборот, и появился принцип разделения водных ресурсов русловых прудов и земель под ними, из которого следует, что вода в таких прудах остается федеральной, а земельные участки под ними могут находиться в других формах собственности. Изучены вопросы о соотнесении обозначенного принципа с остальными принципами правового регулирования, лежащими в основе водного и земельного законодательств, и о его восприятии судебной практикой. Подробно проанализированы изменения, принятые Федеральным законом от 11.06.2021 No 163-ФЗ, в части, касающейся регулирования русловых прудов; с учетом указанных изменений предложена классификация оснований для использования водных объектов в рыбоводстве, а также сделан вывод о том, какие проблемы в использовании русловых прудов сохранились, несмотря на последние попытки законодателя их устранить. Наконец, предложены направления дальнейших изменений, по которым, как представляется автору, мог бы пойти законодатель для решения выявленных проблем.PublishedReferee
Beta diversity patterns of benthic macroinvertebrate across a gradient of environmental restoration in acidified temperate streams.
No full textThe industrial advance of Europe between the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in major environmental impacts. Among these impacts, the deposition of acid compounds through acid rain stands out, and this phenomenon led to the acidification of water bodies. However, from the 1980s on, with the application of stricter environmental regulations, a gradual recovery of abiotic parameters began, including pH values, which began to return to less acidic ranges. Thus, we investigated the responses of the benthic community to the gradual recovery of abiotic variables after years of intense acidification, analyzing changes in community structure and, specifically, variations in beta diversity. The study was developed with data from streams in Wales, collected and provided by two research projects that monitor the region's water bodies. The streams were classified according to abiotic characteristics and the surrounding vegetation (Acid Forest, Acid Moorland and Circumneutral Moorland). In the first approach, the community of 69 streams was analyzed, testing whether (i) the composition of macroinvertebrate communities differed among the types of environments and years analyzed; and whether (ii) in early years beta diversity among streams was lower than in more recent years, as well as in streams of a more acidic category. Samples were collected in 1984, 1995, and 2012, with the earliest year under the greatest influence of acidification. A segregation in macroinvertebrate composition was observed between 1984 and the other years, and this difference in community composition between the years suggests that environmental recovery with rising pH values, allowed the entry and establishment of new macroinvertebrate species in the streams. The lowest beta diversity value was also observed in 1984, indicating biotic homogenization in this period and an increase in community dissimilarity over time. In the second approach, we investigated the hypothesis that a gradual increase in temporal beta diversity (TBI) values occurs over time. This was done by sampling eight streams in Wales over the period 1985 to 2018, and comparing beta diversity between the reference year 1985 with all other years. There was an increase in TBI values over the years for all environments, showing evidence of biological recovery concomitant with restoration of abiotic values. The results contributed to the understanding that the biotic community also responds to environmental recovery, and there are different ways to evaluate this process, such as beta diversity. The importance of long-term research is emphasized so that such changes can be monitored.O avanço industrial da Europa entre os séculos XIX e XX resultou em grandes impactos ambientais. Dentre esses impactos, destaca-se a deposição de compostos ácidos através da chuva ácida, e tal fenômeno levou à acidificação de corpos d’água. Contudo, a partir da década de 1980, com a aplicação de normas ambientais mais rígidas, teve início uma recuperação gradual dos parâmetros abióticos, incluindo os valores de pH, que começaram a retornar para faixas menos ácidas. Investigou-se as respostas da comunidade bentônica diante da recuperação gradual das variáveis abióticas após anos de intensa acidificação, analisando mudanças na estrutura da comunidade e, especificamente, as variações da diversidade beta. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos com dados de riachos do País de Gales, coletados e cedidos por dois projetos de pesquisas galeses que monitoram os corpos aquáticos da região, sendo os riachos classificados de acordo com as características abióticas e da vegetação do entorno (Acid Forest, Acid Moorland e Circumneutral Moorland). Na primeira abordagem, analisou-se a comunidade de 69 riachos, testando se (i) a composição das comunidades difere entre os tipos de ambientes e anos analisados; e se (ii) nos anos iniciais a diversidade beta entre os riachos foi menor do que nos anos mais recentes, assim como nos riachos de uma categoria mais ácida. As amostras foram coletadas em 1984, 1995 e 2012, sendo o ano mais antigo sob maior influência da acidificação. Observou-se uma segregação na composição da biota entre 1984 e os demais anos, e essa diferença na composição da comunidade entre os anos sugere que a recuperação ambiental com ascensão nos valores de pH, permitiu a entrada e estabelecimento de novas espécies de macroinvertebrados nos riachos. O menor valor de diversidade beta também foi observado em 1984, indicando homogeneização biótica neste período e aumento da dissimilaridade das comunidades com o tempo. Na segunda abordagem, investigou-se a hipótese de que ocorre um aumento gradativo nos valores de diversidade beta temporal (TBI) ao longo do tempo. Para tanto, foram amostrados oito riachos no País de Gales no período entre 1985 e 2018, e comparado a diversidade beta dos riachos entre o ano referência 1985 com todos os demais anos. Houve um aumento dos valores de TBI ao longo dos anos para todos ambientes, mostrando indícios de recuperação biológica concomitante com o restabelecimento dos valores abióticos. Os resultados contribuíram para o entendimento de que a comunidade biótica também responde à recuperação ambiental. Sendo a diversidade beta uma das formas de se avaliar tal processo. E ressalta-se a importância de pesquisas de longa duração para que tais respostas bióticas possam ser monitoradas.Ph
Содержание микроэлементов в Zostera marina (Linnaeus, 1753) в Северном Каспии в 2018–2020 гг.
No full textThis article presents a comparison of the content of heavy metals in Zostera marina in the Northern Caspian Sea for the autumn season (2018–2020). To determine the concentration of heavy metals (copper, zinc, manganese, lead, nickel, iron, chromium, cadmium), the method of atomic absorption spectrometry was used as prescribed in the state standard (GOST 30178-96). As a result of this research, the data on the concentrations of trace elements have been collected, and the patterns of their accumulation in a plant organism have been identified. Decreasing series of concentrations of heavy metals by years have been compiled; the predominant trace elements (iron, manganese, zinc, copper) in the composition of Zostera marina have been identified, and their content has been analyzed. The biological absorption coefficients (BPC) for the investigated plant have been calculated based on the available data on their content in the soils of the Northern Caspian Sea. It is shown that Zostera marina can be used as a bioindicator for zinc and manganese in the Northern Caspian Sea, and the other heavy metals (copper, nickel, lead, iron, chromium, cadmium) are deconcentrators (BPC<1). A general decrease in the presence of heavy metals in Zostera marina in the Northern Caspian Sea has been recorded for the time range from 2018 to 2020.В статье представлено сравнение содержания тяжелых металлов в Zostera marina в Северном Каспии за осенний период (2018–2020 гг.). Для определения концентрации тяжелых металлов (медь, цинк, марганец, свинец, никель, железо, хром, кадмий) использовался метод атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии согласно ГОСТ 30178-96. В результате исследований получены данные по концентрациям микроэлементов и определены закономерности их накопления в растительном организме. Составлены убывающие ряды концентраций тяжелых металлов по годам, выявлены преобладающие микроэлементы (железо, марганец, цинк, медь) в составе Zostera marina, проанализировано их содержание. Рассчитаны коэффициенты биологического поглощения (КБП) для рассматриваемого растения на основе имеющихся данных по их содержанию в грунтах Северного Каспия. Показано, что Zostera marina может использоваться в качестве биоиндикатора цинка и марганца в Северном Каспии, а остальные тяжелые металлы (медь, никель, свинец, железо, хром, кадмий) являются деконцентраторами (КБП<1). Отмечено общее снижение присутствия тяжелых металлов в Zostera marina в Северном Каспии в период 2018–2020 гг.PublishedReferee
Water quality of Puerto Princesa Bay in relation to the presence of informal settlers in its coastal areas.
No full textIn this study, the water quality of four coastal areas in Puerto Princesa Bay, with and without informal settlers, were compared in terms of the phytoplankton composition and density, fecal coliform and physicochemical parameters during a 12-month sampling period. Microscopic examination and identification using phytoplankton monographs showed five harmful algal blooms (HABs) genera (Alexandrium, Dinophysis, Nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia, and Pyrodinium) with Dinophysis spp. as the most abundant in coastal areas with informal settlers and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in areas without informal settlers. Eight phytoplankton genera (Coscinodiscus, Proboscia, Rhizosolenia, Skeletonema, Ceratium, Prorocentrum, Protoperidinium, and Oscillatoria) reported to have caused algal blooms were also observed with Coscinodiscus spp. as the most abundant in both groups of coastal areas. Multiple-tube fermentation technique showed fecal coliform count ranging from 4 to >1600 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml in the coastal areas with informal settlers and from <1.8 to 295 MPN/100 ml in areas without informal settlers. Multiprobe measurements showed that both groups of coastal areas have similar physicochemical characteristics with only the dissolved oxygen failing to meet the Philippine standards for class SB waters. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in water quality between the coastal areas with and without informal settlers in terms of fecal coliform and the density of four phytoplankton genera (Pseudo-nitzschia, Skeletonema, Alexandrium and Ceratium). However, there is no significant difference in terms of the physicochemical parameters. Regression analysis indicates that the presence of informal settlers could affect water quality in terms of fecal coliform and the five phytoplankton genera (Coscinodiscus, Pseudo-nitzschia, Skeletonema, Alexandrium and Ceratium).PublishedReferee
Transformación tecnológica de la señalización marítima
No full textLos cambios tecnológicos del desarrollo de la industria marítima con referencia a las embarcaciones obliga a la modernización de las ayudas a la navegación, dado que su función es ayudar al navegante a corroborar la precisión de su posición y debe ser identificada por los instrumentos de navegación a bordo de los buques. Por tal razón, las autoridades marítimas, que para el caso de Colombia la competencia es de la Dirección General Marítima (Dimar), aportan al desarrollo comercial, económico y de protección del medio marino, mediante la instalación y mantenimiento en servicio las ayudas a la navegación en el territorio marítimo.PublishedNot Know