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The Ocean Impact Navigator. A new impact measurement framework for the ocean innovation ecosystem.
No full textCreating positive impact for the ocean has never been more urgent. Measuring this impact, however, remains a critical challenge. To support innovators, their investors, and backers in charting these turbulent waters, this report presents the Ocean Impact Navigator, a new KPI impact framework for the Ocean Innovation Ecosystem. Ocean health is in peril. Multiple compounding stressors, including habitat destruction, overfishing, invasive species, pollution, and climate change, pose an existential threat to marine ecosystems and the crucial services they provide. These stressors and their cascading systemic impacts, combined with historic underinvestment in regenerative and nature-positive ocean sectors, are ushering in grave consequences for the 3 billion people worldwide who consume nutritious blue food, for coastal communities at risk of flooding, and for all those whose livelihoods and well-being relies on the ocean. Despite this bleak outlook, hope remains. The ocean holds astonishing potential for regeneration and, crucially, offers solutions that can address not only the threats it faces, but also the world’s broader climatic, biodiversity and social challenges. Capitalising on this potential, new start-ups and innovators are emerging, offering solutions to regenerate ocean health and catalyse the transition to a Sustainable Ocean Economy that unites effective ocean protection, sustainable production, and equitable prosperity. These innovations span a range of interrelated sectors – across food production, energy, biotech, data, transport, tourism, and solutions to pollution – that can drive systemic transformation in the blue economy. In parallel, new private and public capital is being mobilised for investment in the ocean, and incubators, accelerators, competitions, and matching platforms provide innovators with crucial backing and support. Together, these players make up the Ocean Impact Innovation (OII) ecosystem, largely encompassed by the 1000 Ocean Startups coalitionChallenges 5, 10PublishedReferee
Оценка влияния пропуска нереста на рыбоводно-биологические характеристики потомства сибирского осетра Acipenser baerii (Brandt, 1869)
No full textThe article presents the results of studies on the effect of spawning season absence of female Siberian sturgeon of the Lena population on the fish-biological characteristics of the experimental group, as well as the grown-up juveniles in the conditions of industrial farms. The offspring of experimental females that underwent the resorption process, despite the lowest weight of embryos at hatching, maintained a high growth rate throughout the entire rearing period, comparable with juveniles of control groups.Представлены результаты исследований о влиянии пропуска нерестового сезона у самок сибирского осетра ленской популяции на рыбоводно-биологические характеристики экспериментальной группы, а также подрощенной молоди в условиях индустриальных хозяйств. Потомство опытной самки, прошедшей процесс резорбции, несмотря на самую низкую массу эмбрионов при вылуплении, на всём протяжении выращивания сохраняло высокий темп роста, сравнимый с молодью контрольных групп.PublishedNon Referee
Cuban research on sea turtles (1994-2021): Authorship, subject, and collaboration analysis.
No full textThis article analyzed Cuban research on sea turtles from a thematic and bibliometric perspective. This has been a mixed investigation in which bibliometric and content analysis techniques were applied. The Google Scholar database was used to retrieve documents. The authors with the highest productivity were those from the Fisheries Research Center (Cuba). The thematic areas most studied were: Studies in nesting areas (41%) and Conservation and management (25.6%). The south of the Guanahacabibes peninsula and the south of the Isla de la Juventud were the most examined geographical areas. The most studied species were: Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, and Caretta caretta. According to the centrality degree, the most important institutions were Cuban, standing out the Center for Fisheries Research, the Center for Marine Research, and the University of Havana. The most significant collaboration links were between the University of Havana-Marine Research Center, the National Company for the Protection of Flora and Fauna-Marine Research Center, the Marine Research Center-Fisheries Research Center, and the University of Havana-INSTEC. Through the thematic analysis, it was evidenced that there are geographical areas that sea turtles also inhabit. However, there are not many studies in this regard. Future research is recommended in order to deepen these issues for the best management of sea turtles in Cuba.PublishedReferee
Chemical composition of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum K.D. Koenig, 1805)
No full textLa perspectiva de usar las hojas de seiba como suplemento alimentario para el ganado o como abono agrícola requirió determinar la composición química de sus hojas con los siguientes resultados: peso seco 17-34%; cenizas 21-52%; carbono 23-50%; proteínas 8-12%; azúcares reductores 2-13%; fibras 29-40% y grasas 0,5-0,7% con variaciones entre hojas sin epífitas o con ellas, por épocas del año (“lluvia” o “seca”) y profundidad. Las hojas verdes tienen más nitrógeno, proteínas, aminoácidos, azúcares reductores y fibras que las mezcladas y estas más materias secas, cenizas y carbono que las verdes. El peso seco y las proteínas son mayores en “seca” y los azúcares y las fibras en “lluvia”. Entre cero y 5 m de profundidad las proteínas son más abundantes (7%) que a más profundidad (6%) mientras que cenizas y azúcares reductores son, respectivamente, 31 % y 9 % a más de 5 m que a menor profundidad (27 % y 6 %, respectivamente). Entre los 14 aminoácidos encontrados en las hojas verdes (0,22 y 2,65 mg por 100 g de peso seco), siete son esenciales. Calcio, sodio y magnesio son los elementos más abundantes entre los 19 encontrados en las cenizas y entre los tóxicos el cobre es el más abundante (promedio de 0,016%) mientras que otros considerados tóxicos (cobalto, plomo y molibdeno) aparecen solo como trazas (< 0,0001%). Los factores del entorno con mayor influencia sobre la seiba son luz en el fondo (sobre el crecimiento) y la salinidad (sobre los porcentajes de los componentes químicos).The perspective of using turtle grass leaves as a dietary supplement to cattle or as agriculture fertilizer required determining their chemical composition with the following dry weightpercent ranges: dry weight 17-34%; ashes 21-52%; carbon 23-50%; proteins 8-12%; fibers 29-40%; and fats 0.5-0.7% all variable between leaves without epiphytes (green leaves) or mixed leaves, year periods (rain or dry seasons) and depth. Green leaves contain more nitrogen, proteins, amino acids, sugars and fiber, while mixed leaves contain more dry matter, ashes and carbon. Dry weight and proteins are more abundant in the dry season, while sugars and fibers abound more during the wet season. From cero to 5 m proteins are more abundant (7%) than at greater depth (6%), while ashes and sugars are 31% and 9% respectively more abundant at more than 5 meters, that in shallower waters (27% and 6% respectively). Seven of the 14 amino acids found (0.22 y 2.65 mg per 100 g dry weight) were essential. Calcium, sodium and magnesium were the most abundant of the 19 elements found in the ashes (0.016% average) while others consid- ered as toxic (cobalt, lead and molybdenum) appeared only as traces (< 0.0001%). The environmental factors affecting turtle grass the most were bottom light (on growth) and salinity (on chemical components percentages).PublishedReferee
Генетический полиморфизм стерляди (Acipenser ruthenus), обитающей в естественных условиях и выращенной в условиях заводского воспроизводства
No full textThis work is aimed at a comparative assessment of genetic polymorphism of the sterlet population inhabiting the Irtysh River (Uvatsky District, Tyumen Region) and the broodstock of the hatchery “Era” (“Epoch”) (RAS, recirculating aquaculture systems, Tyumen) based on microsatellite markers. The sterlet broodstock was comprised of the offspring from mature individuals caught in the Irtysh River and used for artificial reproduction. Polymorphism has been investigated for three primers: CR–212, CR–215, and X–9. It has been shown that the indicators of genetic diversity—polymorphism, heterozygosity, the number of active and effective alleles—change in the fish reared in the RAS environment. A decrease in the share of polymorphic markers for the primer CR–212 and in heterozygosity by 1.38 times have been recorded for the sterlet from the broodstock as compared to the sterlet from a natural population inhabiting the Irtysh River. A decrease in the number of active and effective alleles in the sterlet cultivated in the RAS environment has been discovered. The observed phenomenon may result from artificial reproduction of the fish, its prior selection, or genetic drift. This paper also provides a comparative assessment of genetic polymorphism of the stelet from the Kama and Irtysh Rivers based on the data collected by its authors and by other researchers.Целью работы является сравнительная оценка генетического полиморфизма по микросателлитным маркерам популяции стерляди, обитающей в р. Иртыш (Уватский район Тюменской области), и ремонтно-маточного стада рыборазводного завода «Эра-98» (УЗВ — установки замкнутого водоснабжения, г. Тюмень). Ремонтно-маточное стадо стерляди было сформировано на основе потомства от половозрелых особей, отловленных в р. Иртыш и использованных для искусственного воспроизводства. Исследован полиморфизм по трем праймерам: CR–212, CR–215 и Х–9. Показано, что показатели генетического разнообразия — полиморфность, гетерозиготность, число активных и эффективных аллелей — меняются у рыб, разводимых в условиях УЗВ. Отмечено уменьшение доли полиморфных маркеров по праймеру CR–212 и снижение гетерозиготности в 1,38 раза у стерляди из ремонтноматочного стада в сравнении со стерлядью из природной популяции, обитающей в р. Иртыш. Выявлено уменьшение числа активных и эффективных аллелей у стерляди, разводимой в условиях УЗВ. Наблюдаемое явление может быть следствием искусственного воспроизводства рыб, проведенного ранее селекционного отбора или генетического дрейфа. В работе также проводится сравнительная оценка генетического полиморфизма камской и иртышской стерляди на основе собственных данных и данных других исследователей.PublishedReferee
Весовой и линейный рост байкальской нерпы (Phoca sibirica Gmelin, 1788) в 2018-2021 гг.
No full textThe paper presents information on the weight and linear growth and morphophysiological parameters of the Baikal seal in 2018-2021. The coefficients of allometric growth of body parts and internal organs of the Baikal seal have been calculated. It is shown that animals of all age and sex groups in the autumn period of 2018-2021 were smaller in length and body weight than in the same period 1961-1980.В работе представлены сведения о весовом и линейном росте и морфофизиологических параметрах байкальской нерпы в 2018-2021 гг. Рассчитаны коэффициенты аллометрического роста частей тела и внутренних органов байкальской нерпы. Показано, что животные всех возрастных и половых групп в осенний период 2018-2021 гг. были меньше по длине и массе тела, чем в тот же период 1961-1980 гг.SubmittedNon Referee
Characterization of the marine macroinvertebrate community associated with artificial hard substrates in Cartagena Bay, during 2018 and 2019 in different climatic seasons
No full textCon el fin de detectar cambios en las comunidades nativas de macroinvertebrados marinos de la bahía de Cartagena, durante 2018 y 2019 se realizaron levantamientos biológicos en diferentes épocas climáticas, en siete sustratos artificiales (boyas). Fueron raspadas áreas de organismos incrustantes de 30x30 cm, fijadas y, posteriormente, analizadas en el laboratorio. Se identificaron un total de 9563 individuos distribuidos en 57 taxa, dentro de los cuales se confirmó la presencia del bivalvo Perna viridis, especie originaria del Indo-Pacífico y registrada para la región como organismo bioinvasor. El 79 % de la abundancia de organismos lo conformaron dos morfotipos de mitílidos (Mytella charruana y M1) y tres especies de cirrípedos (Amphibalanus amphitrite, Amphibalanus reticulatus y Amphibalanus eburneus). La asociación de las variables ambientales con la composición y abundancia de organismos mediante el análisis de componentes principales y funciones empíricas ortogonales estandarizadas, permitió evidenciar cambios en la comunidad de macroinvertebrados entre los monitoreos realizados, así como diferencias entre profundidades, donde se evidencia una mayor variación en las estaciones que se ven más influenciadas por la descarga de aguas continentales, así como la influencia de aguas oceánicas en las áreas de mayor intercambio en la bahía; aspecto que probablemente responde a las variaciones estacionales del área de estudio y la estabilidad de la comunidad en la columna de agua.In order to detect changes in the native communities of marine macroinvertebrates in the Bay of Cartagena, biological surveys were carried out on seven artificial substrates (buoys) of the Bay of Cartagena in different seasons during 2018 and 2019. Encrusting organisms were scraped from 30x30 cm areas, fixed and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. A total of 9563 individuals distributed in 57 taxa were identified, among which we confirmed the presence of the bivalve Perna viridis, a species native to the Indo Pacific and reported to the region as a bioinvasive organism. 79% of the abundance of organisms consisted of 2 morphotypes of mytilidae (Mytella charruana and M1) and three species of barnacles (Amphibalanus amphitrite, Amphibalanus reticulatus and Amphibalanus eburneus). The correlation of environmental variables with the diversity and abundance of organisms through Principal Component Analysis and Standardized Empirical Orthogonal Functions allowed us to show changes in the macroinvertebrate community between the surveys carried out in addition to differences depending on depth, including a greater variation in the stations that are most influenced by the discharge of freshwater as well as those influenced by ocean waters in the areas of greatest interchange in the Bay, an aspect that probably changes with seasonal variations in the study area and the stability of the community in the water column.PublishedNon Referee
Изменения возраста смолтификации атлантического лосося (Salmo salar L.) рек Иоканьга, Харловка и Восточная Лица (Мурманская область)
No full textThroughout the world, in recent decades, there has been a decrease in the abundance of Atlantic salmon, the main reason for which is a decrease in its survival rate during life at sea. Its value has a direct dependence on the length and, accordingly, the age of the smolts. Foreign researchers have found that the nature of long-term changes in the age structure of smolts can vary significantly by region. At the same time, the age of Atlantic salmon in Russian rivers, which account for a significant part of the area of the range of this species, was not considered. In this regard, the analysis of long-term data characterizing the age composition of salmon smolts of some rivers of the Murmansk region has been carried out. It has found been that in the first years of the period 2000–2018, the age structure of Atlantic salmon smolts was transformed in the rivers Yokanga, Kharlovka and Vostochnaya Litsa. As a result, fish at the age of 6 ceased to occur among them, the abundance of fish at the age of 5+ significantly decreased and the abundance of fish in the age groups of 3+ or 4+ significantly increased. The most likely reason for this is the change in the temperature regime of rivers since the mid-1990s, as a result of which the life time in the rivers of juvenile salmon has been reduced. Rejuvenation of the smolt population may have ambiguous consequences for the abundance of adult salmon, which are determined by the cumulative effect of reducing natural mortality at the stage from eggs to smolts, increasing their abundance and reducing their length, and reducing the survival rate during salmon life in the sea.Во всем мире в последние десятилетия наблюдается сокращение численности атлантического лосося, основной причиной которого является снижение его выживаемости при морском нагуле. Ее величина имеет прямую зависимость от длины и, соответственно, возраста смолтов. Зарубежными исследователями установлено, что характер долговременных изменений возрастной структуры смолтов может существенно различаться по регионам. При этом возраст атлантического лосося рек России, на которые приходится значительная часть ареала рыб этого вида, не рассматривался. В этой связи проведен анализ многолетних данных, характеризующих возрастной состав смолтов лосося ряда рек Мурманской области. Установлено, что в период с 2000 по 2018 гг. в реках Иоканьга, Харловка и Восточная Лица происходила трансформация возрастной структуры смолтов, в результате которой среди них практически перестали встречаться рыбы с 6 годами нагула, существенно уменьшилось количество рыб в возрасте 5+ и значительно возросла доля особей возрастных групп 3+ или 4+. Наиболее вероятной причиной этого является изменение с середины 1990-х гг. температурного режима рек, в результате которого сократилась продолжительность пребывания в реках молоди лосося. Омоложение контингента смолтов может иметь неоднозначные последствия для численности нерестовых мигрантов лосося, которая определяется суммарным эффектом от снижения естественной смертности на этапе от икры до смолтов, увеличения их количества, уменьшения их длины, и снижения выживаемости при нагуле лососей в море.PublishedReferee
Phylogeography as a scope to explore the invasion of Ludwigia (Onagraceae) from non-native environments.
No full textLudwigia has some invasive macrophyte species that have not yet been explored under the scope of phylogeography, a promising area to understand the ecology of invasions using barcode molecular markers sensitive to intraspecific variations. Thus, it was theorized that barcode markers used in invasive species of Ludwigia occurring in non-native regions would be phylogeographically informative. Sequences of the molecular markers trnH-psbA, rbcL, matK and phyC from invasive populations of L. peploides and L. grandiflora were used as they are the only ones available in Genbank. A gene tree was generated by the Neighborn-Joining method and a haplotypic network by the Median-Joining method for each species. The trnH-psbA marker was the only phylogeographically informative marker for detecting intraspecific variations in the analyzed taxa. Three haplotypes were detected for L. grandiflora and two haplotypes for L. peploides. Three geographically distinct founder populations of L. grandiflora were introduced in Europe, with Hg1 shared with the US population, while L. peploides has a founder population in Europe and another in the US. The long history of the introduction of these species in Europe and the limited geographic scope of molecular sampling demonstrate that these data are underestimated. A search in the Web of Science database exposed a paucity of molecular data for invasive species of Ludwigia, highlighting the contribution of the results to the information on these haplotypic relationships in the context of invasive biology. Therefore, the detection of haplotypic diversity of invasive species of Ludwigia proved to be promising when investigated by the phylogeographic scope, supporting a better understanding of the management and ecology of these haplotypes in non-native areas.Ludwigia possui algumas espécies de macrófitas invasoras que ainda não foram exploradas sob o escopo da filogeografia, uma promissora área para compreender a ecologia das invasões utilizando marcadores moleculares barcode sensíveis a variações intraespecíficas. Assim, testou-se quais marcadores barcode utilizados em espécies invasoras de Ludwigia ocorrentes em regiões não nativas seriam filogeograficamente informativos. Utilizou-se sequências dos marcadores moleculares trnH-psbA, rbcL, matKe phyC de populações invasoras de L. peploides e L. grandiflora por serem as únicas disponíveis no Genbank. Gerou-se uma árvore gênica pelo método Neighborn-Joining e uma rede haplotípica pelo método Median-Joining para cada espécie. O marcador trnH-psbA foi o único informativo filogeograficamente por detectar variações intraespecíficas nos táxons analisados. Detectou-se três haplótipos para L. grandiflorae dois haplótipos para L. peploides. Três populações fundadoras geograficamente distintas de L. grandiflora foram introduzidas na Europa, sendo Hg1 compartilhado com a população estadunidense, enquanto L. peploidespossui uma população fundadora na Europa e outra nos EUA. O antigo histórico de introdução dessas espécies na Europa e a abrangência geográfica limitada da amostragem molecular demonstram que esses dados estão subestimados. Uma pesquisa feita na base de dados Web of Science expôs uma escassez de dados moleculares para espécies invasoras de Ludwigia, ressaltando a contribuição dos resultados quanto as informações sobre essas relações haplotípica no contexto da biologia das invasões. Portanto, a detecção da diversidade haplotípica de espécies invasoras de Ludwigia mostrou-se promissora quando investigada pelo escopo filogeográfico, subsidiando o melhor entendimento sobre o manejo e a ecologia desses haplótipos em áreas não nativas.Master
Effect of a dam and extreme hydrological events on functional beta diversity phytoplankton in a floodplain
No full textDams and predicted future extreme weather events can affect the structure of aquatic communities, both at a local and regional scale. They can influence, for example, the importance of sites and species for regional diversity as they promote local processes of extinction and colonization, as well as processes of biotic homogenization on a regional scale. It was investigated how damming and prolonged flood and drought periods influenced the local contribution to beta diversity (LCBD) based on phytoplankton functional groups (GFR), as well as the contribution of each GFR to beta diversity (SCBD). The relationship between the number of GFR (Functional richness - RF) on the LCBD was also evaluated. For this, it was analyzed data collected in years with extreme drought (2000-2001) and flood (2010-2011) from three sub-basins of the upper Paraná River floodplain were used, which have different damming effects (presence, indirect influence, and absence). Nutrient concentrations and pH influenced the beta diversity in the three sub-basins in the two periods. Extreme drought periods and the presence of a dam were related to higher values of LCBD and RF. High LCBD values were related to low RF values. Environments with the absence and indirect influence of the dam had higher RF values in the flood and higher LCBD values in the drought. GFR H1 (N-fixing cyanobacteria), Lo (large mucilaginous cyanobacteria), and P (filamentous diatoms) presented the greatest contribution to beta diversity. The damming region was related to filamentous cyanobacteria in the drought. The results showed that both damming and climatic periods influenced the contribution of sites to regional diversity. However, they also suggested that the greatest biotic uniqueness observed in the damming region and in the dry period was related to organisms that can affect water diversity and quality, such as cyanobacteria. It appears that these environments have unique environmental and biotic conditions that require greater attention in terms of monitoring to prevent the proliferation of organisms with toxigenic potential. The construction of dams in search of energy security, associated with the predicted scenario of an increase in extreme events, favors biotic uniqueness. Understanding how communities respond to these changes is crucial for the ecology of aquatic environments.Os barramentos e os eventos hidrológicos extremos atuais e os preditos para o futuro podem afetar a estrutura das comunidades aquáticas, tanto em escala local quanto regional. Estes eventos podem influenciar a importância de locais e espécies para a diversidade regional pois promovem processos locais de extinção e colonização, assim como processos de homogeneização biótica em escala regional. Foi investigado como o efeito de barramento e períodos de cheia e seca prolongados influenciam a contribuição local para a diversidade beta (LCBD) fitoplanctônica, baseada em grupos funcionais de Reynolds (GFR), e a contribuição de cada grupo funcional para a diversidade beta (SCBD). a relação entre o número de GFR (Riqueza Funcional – RF) sobre o LCBD. Para isso, utilizados dados de três sub-bacias da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, que possuem diferentes efeitos de barramento (presença, influência indireta e ausência), nos anos de seca (2000-2001) e cheia (2010-2011) extremas. As concentrações de nutrientes e o pH estiveram relacionadas com os padrões da diversidade beta nas três sub-bacias e nos dois períodos. Períodos de seca extrema e ambientes com presença de barramento apresentaram maiores valores de LCBD e RF. Altos valores de LCBD estiveram relacionados a baixos valores de RF. Ambientes com ausência e influência indireta de barramento apresentaram maiores valores de RF na cheia e maiores valores de LCBD na seca. Os GFR H1 (cianobactérias N-fixadoras), Lo (grandes cianobactérias mucilaginosas) e P (diatomáceas filamentosas) apresentaram maior contribuição à diversidade beta. A região com barramento esteve relacionada com cianobactérias filamentosas na seca. Os resultados mostraram que tanto barramento quanto períodos hidrológicos influenciaram a contribuição dos locais à diversidade regional. Porém, a maior singularidade biótica observada na região com barramento e no período seco esteve relacionada com organismos que podem afetar à diversidade e qualidade de água, como as cianobactérias. Esses ambientes aparentam possuir condições ambientais e bióticas exclusivas que requerem maior atenção em relação a monitoramento para evitar a proliferação de organismos com potencial toxigênico. A construção de barramentos em busca da segurança energética, associada ao cenário predito de aumento de eventos extremos, favorece a singularidade biótica. Entender como as comunidades respondem a essas alterações é crucial para ecologia de ambientes aquáticos.Master