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Plexaura homomalla (Esper, 1794) spawning report at Guanahacabibes National Park, western Cuba
No full textEl efecto directo del cambio climático y otros factores han colocado a los arrecifes de coral como uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados a nivel mundial. Los octocorales constituyen uno de los grupos macrobentónicos más diversos en los arrecifes y, aunque no intervienen directamente en la construcción de arrecifes, pueden contribuir significativamente al aporte de sedimentos y carbonato de calcio. Además, este es uno de los grupos ampliamente utilizados como indicadores ecológicos de la eutrofización, permitiendo rastrear los aportes antropogénicos de nutrientes en los ecosistemas marino-costeros. El crecimiento y desarrollo a través de la reproducción asexual en los octocorales ("astogenia") se caracteriza por la replicación iterativa de las ramas y los pólipos. Sus patrones generales de reproducción sexual están bien documentados y se encuentran entre los pocos taxa, cuya tasa de fertilización puede ser predecible y medida directamente durante eventos naturales de desoves. En Cuba, el conocimiento sobre el período exacto del desove de gorgonias como Plexaura homomalla es escaso y no existe ningún reporte científico sobre el tema. En agosto de 2019, fue observado el desove de 10 colonias de P. homomalla en el Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes (PNG). Algunos autores plantean que el desarrollo inicial de los gametos ocurre solo cuando la media diaria de la temperatura del mar, durante el mes previo al desove, sobrepasa las 27°C. Este comportamiento se corresponde con los valores de temperatura durante los meses de junio y julio en el Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes, previos al desove de P. homomalla; lo que pudiera explicar la observación del desove en el mes de agosto. No obstante, no se puede asegurar que el desove ocurrió solamente en el mes de agosto, pues no se cuentan con datos de los meses de junio y julio, pico reproductivo descrito para la especie.The direct effect of climate change and other factors have placed coral reefs as one of the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. Octocorals are one of the most diverse macrobenthic groups on reefs and although they are not directly involved in reef building, they can contribute significantly to sediment and calcium carbonate supply. In addition, this is one of the groups widely used as ecological indicators of eutrophication, allowing the tracking of anthropogenic nutrient inputs in marine-coastal ecosystems. Growth and development through asexual reproduction in octocorals ("astogeny") is characterized by iterative replication of branches and polyps. Their general patterns of sexual reproduction are well documented and they are among the few taxa whose fertilization rate can be predicted and directly measured during natural spawning events. In Cuba, the knowledge about the exact spawning period of gorgonians such as Plexaura homomalla is limited and there is no scientific report on the subject. In August 2019, the spawning of 10 colonies of P. homomalla was observed in the Guanahacabibes National Park (PNG). Some authors suggest that the initial development of the gametes occurs only when the mean daily sea temperature during the month prior to spawning exceeds 27°C. This behavior corresponds to the temperature values during the months of June and July in the Guanahacabibes National Park, prior to the spawning of P. homomalla; which could explain the observation of spawning in the month of August. However, it cannot be ensured that spawning occurred only in the month of August; since there are no data for the months of June and July, the reproductive peak described for the species.PublishedReferee
EnviroVision2050: Project Green Leaders – Ocean
No full textCommitted to inspire & empower Indian youth to embrace entrepreneurship, self-leadership & environmental stewardship to become exemplary world leaders, EnviroVision2050 and its community of Explorers continuously seek ways to build awareness and take action towards a sustainable planet.Challenge 9: Skills, knowledge and technology for all; Challenge 10: Change humanity’s relationship with the ocean.PublishedNot Know
Marine bioactives in cosmetics: A review
No full textDesde hace unos años, la preferencia por los productos que se asocian al concepto «natural» ha impulsado la investigación en aras de descubrir, desarrollar y fomentar la comercialización de nuevos bioactivos para la industria cosmecéutica. En la cosmética, se han incorporado paulatinamente ingredientes activos provenientes de organismos marinos. En particular, los más empleados a nivel internacional son los extractos de macroalgas y microalgas, corales, crustáceos, microorganismos, agua de mar, peces y lodo marino. En este artículo, se presenta una compilación que comprende una revisión de varios artículos en los que se describen estudios sobre la utilidad de los activos marinos incorporados a formulaciones cosméticas.For some years now, the preference for products that are associated with the "na-tural" concept has driven research in order to discover, develop and promote the commercialization of new bioactives for the cosmeceutical industry. Active ingredients from marine organisms have been gradually incorporated into cosmetics. In particular, the most widely used internationally are the extracts of macroalgae and microalgae, corals, crustaceans, microorganisms, seawater, fish and marine mud. This article presents a compilation that includes a review of several articles that describe studies on the usefulness of marine active ingredients incorporated into cosmetic formulations.PublishedReferee
Сравнительный анализ реализации продукционного потенциала водоемов с разной степенью интенсивности рыбохозяйственного использования
No full textThe hydrochemical characterization of the Lysyy (Bold) Liman Lake and Volchy Vorota (Wolf Gates) Reservoir is given. The data on its food resources and current ichthyofauna composition are given. Based on the analysis of the exploitable stock estimates and the data from the actual catches, commercial productivity of the indicated water bodies has been compared in the context of the attempted introduction of herbivorous fish species in one of them and natural development of the ichthyofauna in the other one.Дана гидрохимическая характеристика озера Лысый лиман и водохранилища Волчьи ворота. Приведены сведения о состоянии кормовой базы, современном составе ихтиофауны. На основе анализа материалов расчета промысловых запасов и данных фактического вылова проведено сравнение промысловой продуктивности указанных водоемов, в одном из которых осуществляются мероприятия по вселению растительноядных рыб, в другом ихтиофауна развивается естественным путем.PublishedNon Referee
Effects of waterlogging and water suspension on the morphology and physiology of Peltophorum Dubium (Sprengel) Taubert (Fabaceae).
No full textRiparian zones are subject to water variations, flooding and drought, altering the characteristics of the environment, which can cause stress in plants that, in response, can alter their morphological and physiological characteristics. With this, we aimed to analyze how: (i) water variations (waterlogging and water suspension) can affect morphological characteristics and their growth? (ii) can they generate changes in chlorophyll and total soluble carbohydrates content? (iii) can physiological characteristics promote plant recovery when returning to field capacity? Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert plants were maintained at field capacity (control), waterlogging and water suspension for 15 days, followed by submission to the recovery treatment for 25 days, for morphological, physiological and survival evaluation. Morphological characteristics, growth parameters and chlorophyll and total soluble carbohydrate contents were analyzed; at the end of the experiments, the number of surviving individuals was counted. Waterlogging caused yellowing of leaves and appearance of hypertrophied lenticels and water suspension caused leaf wilting followed by abscission. The stress induced by water suppression negatively affected the fresh and dry biomass of the leaves, stem and root, the number of leaves and the diameter of the stem, in relation to waterlogging the height of the aerial part, fresh biomass of the root, and the diameter of the stem showed significant differences, when compared to the control. Regarding the chlorophyll contents analyzed, only the chlorophyll a/b ratio showed significant differences between the water suspension treatment and the control and waterlogging treatments. The analyses of soluble carbohydrate contents in leaves and roots indicated that the water suspension differed significantly from the control and waterlogging treatments. After the end of the recovery treatment, all post-waterlogging plants survived, while post-water suspension plants showed no signs of recovery. Although waterlogging negatively affected the plants in their leaves and growth parameters, the results indicate that the investigated species has greater tolerance to this type of stress when compared to that subjected to water suspension.Zonas ripárias estão sujeitas a variações hídricas, alagamento e seca, alterando as características do ambiente, podendo ocasionar estresse em plantas que, em resposta, podem alterar suas características morfológicas e fisiológicas. Com isso, objetivou-se analisar como: (i) as variações hídricas (alagamento e suspensão hídrica) podem afetar características morfológicas e seu crescimento? (ii) elas podem gerar alterações no teor de clorofila e carboidratos solúveis totais? (iii) as características fisiológicas podem promover a recuperação das plantas ao retornar à capacidade de campo?. Plantas de Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert, foram mantidas em capacidade de campo (controle), alagamento e suspensão hídrica, durante 15 dias, seguido de submissão ao tratamento de recuperação por 25 dias, para avaliação morfológica, fisiológica e sobrevivência. Foram analisados as características morfológicas, os parâmetros de crescimento e os teores de clorofila e carboidratos solúveis totais; ao final dos experimentos foi feita a contagem de indivíduos sobreviventes ao final do experimento. O alagamento ocasionou o amarelecimento das folhas e o surgimento de lenticelas hipertrofiadas e a suspensão hídrica provocou murcha foliar seguido de abscisão. O estresse induzido pela supensão hídrica afetou negativamente a biomassa fresca e seca das folhas, do caule e da raiz, o número de folhas e o diâmetro do caule, em relação ao alagamento a altura da parte aérea, biomassa fresca da raiz, e o diâmetro do caule apresentaram diferenças significativas, quando comparado com o controle. No tocante aos teores de clorofila analisados, apenas a relação clorofila a/b apresentou diferenças significativas entre o tratamento de suspensão hídrica e os tratamentos controle e alagamento. As análises nos teores de carboidrato solúvel nas folhas e raízes indicaram que a suspensão hídrica se diferenciou significativamente dos tratamentos controle e alagamento. Após o término do tratamento de recuperação, todas as plantas do pós-alagamento sobreviveram, enquanto as plantas da pós-suspensão hídrica não apresentaram sinais de recuperação. Embora o alagamento tenha afetado negativamente as plantas em suas folhas e parâmetros de crescimento, os resultados indicam que a espécie investigada tem maior tolerância a esse tipo de estresse quando comparada com aquela submetida à suspensão hídrica.Master
Exfoliating Whales– Sandy Bottom Contact Behaviour of Humpback Whales.
No full textCetaceans are known for their intelligence and display of complex behaviours including object use. For example, bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) are known to rub on rocks and some humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) populations undertake lateral bottom feeding. Such underwater behaviour is difficult to observe but can play a critical role in the whales’ survival and well-being. Distinguishing social behaviours from those which serve a specific function remains challenging due to a lack of direct observations and detailed descriptions of such behaviours. A CATS (Customized Animal Tracking Solutions) suction cup tag with on board video and a 3D inertial measurement unit was deployed on three different humpback whales to assess their behaviour in the Gold Coast bay, Australia. Here, we present evidence of humpback whales (tagged and untagged individuals) performing bottom contact with prolonged rolling on sandy substrate. In addition, we showed that fish were actively feeding from the whales’ skin during this behaviour. We detail the behaviour and discuss possible drivers, with a focus on cetacean innovation, possible ectoparasite removal, and habitat preferences.Challenge 4, 9PublishedReferee
European offshore renewable energy: Towards a sustainable future
No full textThe global economic and geopolitical situations in 2022, including the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing fuel prices, and the war in Ukraine leading to questions of energy security, have further increased the impetus on governments to accelerate the move away from a reliance on oil and gas as energy sources. Offshore renewable energy sources should play a key role in that move. In light of these geo-political, economic, and environmental drivers, this Future Science Brief outlines the state-of-the-art in knowledge on offshore renewable energy (ORE). It also highlights key research needs to help us fully understand the implications of such an energy transition.Challenge 4: Develop a sustainable and equitable ocean economy; Challenge 5: Unlock ocean-based solutions to climate change.PublishedNot Know
Океанографические условия осенней миграции и промысла черноморской хамсы у берегов Крыма в 2021 году
No full textIn 2019–2022, the Black Sea anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus Alexandrov, 1927) was wintering off the western and southern coasts of Crimea, where it was subjected to heavy exploitation by the Russian fishers. The conditions resulting in the active autumn migration of the Black Sea anchovy into Crimean waters are of great scientific and practical concern. This study examines the course of the Black Sea anchovy fishing and the oceanographic conditions for its entry, migration and wintering near the southern coast of the peninsula in November and December 2021. The daily data from the FSBI “Centre of Fishery Monitoring and Communications” have been used, as well as the satellite imagery data sets of the sea surface heights and temperatures from the Copernicus Marine Service information system website. Altimetry data were used in the grid nodes with a resolution of 0.125 degrees, and temperature data were used in the grid nodes with a resolution of 0.05 degrees. Relocation of the Black Sea anchovy to Crimea in mid-November was caused by strengthening of the southeastern currents in the waters to the west of the peninsula, associated with the northern position of the Sevastopol Anticyclonic Vortex, as well as with relatively high sea surface temperatures beyond the shelf zone. In contrast to 2019 and 2020, in November and December 2021, an intense thermodynamic frontal zone of the main Black Sea current was located 15–30 miles offshore to the south of Crimea, which became a natural barrier to further migration of the Black Sea anchovy southwards and determined its distribution on the southern shelf of the Crimean Peninsula. The Black Sea anchovy fishing season in 2021/2022 off the coast of Crimea (as opposed to the previous two fishing seasons) was characterized by its relatively early start and the shift of the fishing operations eastwards to Cape Chauda.В 2019–2022 гг. черноморская хамса (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus Alexandrov, 1927) в значительных количествах зимует и вылавливается российскими рыбаками у западных и южных берегов Крыма. Научный и практический интерес вызывают условия, создавшие предпосылки активной осенней миграции черноморской хамсы в воды Крыма. В работе исследуются ход промысла и океанографические условия подхода хамсы, ее миграции и начала зимовки у южного берега полуострова в ноябре и декабре 2021 г. Использованы ежедневные данные ФГБУ «Центр системы мониторинга рыболовства и связи», а также массивы данных ИСЗ о высоте уровня и температуре поверхности моря с сайта информационной системы Copernicus Marine Service. Альтиметрические данные использовались в узлах сетки с шагом 0,125 градуса, температурные — в узлах сетки с разрешением 0,05 градуса. Выход черноморской хамсы к Крыму в середине ноября был обусловлен усилением юго-восточных течений в акватории к западу от полуострова, связанных с северным положением Севастопольского антициклонического вихря, а также c относительно высокой температурой поверхности моря за пределами шельфа. В отличие от 2019 и 2020 гг., в ноябре и декабре 2021 г. к югу от Крыма на расстоянии 15–30 миль от берега располагалась интенсивная термодинамическая фронтальная зона Основного черноморского течения, которая стала естественной преградой для дальнейшей миграции черноморской хамсы на юг и обусловила ее распределение на южном шельфе Крымского полуострова. Особенностями путины черноморской хамсы 2021/2022 гг. у берегов Крыма (в отличие от двух предшествующих) являются сравнительно раннее ее начало и смещение промысла на восток до м. Чауда.PublishedReferee
Sexual seasonal growth and mortality of Scaldback, Arnoglossus kessleri Schmidt, 1915 (Pleuronectiformes: Bothidae), caught by experimental beam trawl in the Black Sea, Turkiye
No full textThe scaldback, Arnoglossus kessleri, is a small fish that belongs to the Bothidae family and its biology is unknown in the Mediterranean Sea including Aegean Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. To describe first information on the seasonal von Bertalanffy growth function parameters (SVBGF) using length frequency data for A. kessleri, and also to present first information on indirect methods to estimate natural (M) and total mortality rates (Z), a total of 12 months samplings were conducted between December 2012 and November 2013 in the south-east Black Sea. The overall sex ratio of females: males skewed towards males (χ2, P < 0.01). The SVBGF parameters, computed from monthly length frequency distribution analysis (LFDA), were estimated as L∞ = 8.25 cm total length (TL), K = 0. 549 year-1 for females and as L∞ = 8.44 cm TL, K = 0.490 year-1 for males. The seasonal oscillation in growth rate for females (C = 0.340) was larger than it was for males (C = 0.260). The slowest period of growth corresponded to December both females and males. The seasonal growth of the scaldback was most probably initiated by photoperiod and accelerated with decreasing water temperatures. Total instantaneous mortality rate, Z, was estimated as 0.853 yr-1 for females and 0.774 yr-1 for males. Instantaneous natural mortality ratio, M, was estimated a bit higher for females (M = 0.714±0.129) than for males (M = 0.655±0.098). The exploitation rate, E, of both sexes was also lower than the optimum exploitation (E = 0.5) criterion, which is indicative of non-exploited and/or lightly exploited of A. kessleri population. The results of this study were offered as biological input parameters for management of Black Sea stocks of the scaldback species.PublishedReferee
Промысловая структура европейского анчоуса (Engraulis encrasicolus L., 1758), зимующего у берегов Абхазии в промысловый сезон 2021/2022 гг.
No full textBased on the available data for the 2021/2022 fishing season, the ecological structure and fishing biological parameters of the European anchovy (E. encrasicolus L., 1758), wintering in the coastal waters of Abkhazia, have been analyzed. This paper presents materials that make it possible to analyze the dynamic parameters of the Azov and Black Sea stocks of the European anchovy aggregating off the coast of Abkhazia in the winter season. A comparative analysis of the main biometric parameters has been carried out. For data analysis, well-established ichthyological methods have been used. The available data on the European anchovy (both Black Sea and Azov Sea forms) caught during the investigated period characterize the dynamics of the length–age catch composition and are indicative of its intra-annual fishing patterns. Changes in the population characteristics present in the catch composition as compared with the previous years have been identified. The absolute catch values and their fluctuations are presented by the month. Analysis of the available material has indicated the main dynamic changes that characterize the wintering anchovy population as stable with a tendency for its total biomass development on a moderate level, which is not conducive for increasing the fishing effort in the next 1–2 years.На основе имеющихся данных за промысловый сезон 2021/2022 гг. проанализированы экологическая структура и промыслово-биологические параметры европейского анчоуса (E. encrasicolus L., 1758), зимующего в прибрежных водах Абхазии. В работе изложены материалы, позволяющие проанализировать динамические параметры азово-черноморской хамсы у берегов Абхазии в зимний период. Также проведен сравнительный анализ ее основных биометрических параметров. Для анализа данных использовались общепринятые ихтиологические методики. Имеющиеся данные об анчоусе (черноморском и азовском), добытом в изучаемый период, характеризуют динамику размерно-возрастной структуры его уловов и представляют внутригодовые закономерности динамики его промысла. Отмечены изменения популяционных характеристик в составе уловов по сравнению с предыдущими годами. Даны абсолютные значения выловов по месяцам и их колебания. По итогам анализа имеющегося материала были получены результаты, показывающие основные динамические изменения, которые характеризуют популяцию зимующей хамсы как стабильную с тенденцией к формированию общей биомассы на среднем уровне, который не позволит увеличивать промысловое усилие в ближайшие 1–2 года.PublishedReferee