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Közúti hidak katonai és polgári terhelési osztályairól
Get PDFCivilian and military classifications of the load capacity of road bridges show many similarities. The purpose of the study comparing civil and military procedures is to promote the application of STANAG 2021 in Hungary. A quick method of military classification of bridges can be the development of conversion procedures similar to the method already used for civilian bridges. The analysis gives suggestions for the rules of some details of the military classification, and this paper proposes a unified new signal system for the load capacity of bridges.A közúti hidak teherbírásának polgári és katonai osztályozása sok hasonlóságot mutat. A polgári és katonai eljárásokat összehasonlító tanulmány célja a STANAG 2021 magyarországi alkalmazásának elősegítése. A katonai besorolás gyors módszere lehet konverziós eljárások kidolgozása a polgári hidaknál már alkalmazott módszerhez hasonlatosan. Az elemzés javaslatokat ad a katonai besorolás egyes részletszabályaira, valamint egységes jelölésrendszert fogalmaz meg
Az Iráni Iszlám Köztársaság katonai képességei, védelmi költségvetése és védelmi ipara
Get PDFOne of the most militarized regions in the world, one of the great powers of the security sub-complex of the Persian Gulf, the Islamic Republic of Iran has a considerable land, air, air defense separated from the air force in 2009 and naval force. Although its armed force can be considered large by regional standards, it has increasingly obsolete military equipment, especially in the air force. On the grounds of the Western sanctions, it is constantly striving to establish a domestic defense industry which is capable of satisfying all needs, during which it has achieved significant developments in certain military equipment, but at the same time it has not yet succeeded in completely breaking down the limits of dependence on external suppliers. The analysis focuses on the Persian state’s military capabilities and defense industry, particularly its ballistic missile program.A világ egyik legmilitarizáltabb térsége, a Perzsa-öböl biztonsági szubkomplexumának egyik nagyhatalma, az Iráni Iszlám Köztársaság tekintélyes szárazföldi, légi és a 2009-bena légierőből kiváló légvédelemmel, valamint haditengerészeti erővel rendelkezik. Bár a fegyveres ereje regionális mércével mérve nagynak tekinthető, egyre elavultabb haditechnikai eszközöket birtokol, főként a légierőnél. A nyugati szankciók okán minduntalan törekszik a valamennyi igényt kielégíteni képes hazai védelmi ipar kiépítésére, és jelentős fejlesztéseket ért el bizonyos haditechnikai eszközök tekintetében, ugyanakkor a külső szállítóktól való függőség korlátait teljes egészében még nem sikerült lebontania. Az elemzés a perzsa állam katonai képességeire és védelmi iparára, különösen a ballisztikus rakétaprogramjára helyezi a hangsúlyt
Conceptual Difficulties in the Transformation of Human Rights to the Realm of Artificial Intelligence
Get PDFArtificial intelligence has been seeping into various fields of international law for some time, affecting fields such as international humanitarian law – especially regarding the legality of autonomous weapon systems, but also intellectual property law and the legal profession as a whole. A conflicting zone encompassing many subfields is human rights, where an already sensitive subject that is open to debates and interpretation is met with rough questions. For instance, should and could human rights norms be transferred into pre-programmed entities? What relevance can human rights have to a non-human being that has been created, programmed and assembled by humans? Vast regional differences exist between the European, African and Inter-American systems with a lack of coherent structure in the Asia-Pacific region. Our understanding of human rights has also developed substantially over the decades, especially regarding norms on slavery, free speech, the prohibition of discrimination and the rights of women, of disabled persons and indigenous peoples to name a few examples. Furthermore, a vast array of international documents on human rights are political manifestos utilising expressions such as “respecting” and “ensuring” human rights as obligations for members of the international community. Since these provisions deliberately leave a lot of room for interpretation, it seems almost an impossible task to translate them to “binary code”, to a format that is digestible for an artificial entity. The article aims to answer these questions by analysing the abovementioned line of thought and combining it with various attempts at international regulation by states, international organisations as well as non-governmental organisations and think-tanks. The fundamental focus of this paper is to ascertain whether human rights and AI can be made compatible under the current framework of international law at today’s level of development
The Development Path of the Hungarian Public Administration from the Regime Change to the New Era of Crises
Get PDFThe Hungarian public administration development path can be displayed in four stages: “democratisation” from 1990 until 1998, the beginning year of the EU accession negotiations; “Europeanisation” as preparing for EU accession until 2004, when Hungary became full member of the EU together with 9 other countries. The next phase is the unsuccessful “quest for efficiency” until 2010, including 2008, when the Hungarian state budget faced insolvency and turned to the IMF for a standby loan. Finally, in 2010 the era of continual crisis management started with the financial and economic crisis, the migrant crisis, the Covid–19, and the war in Ukraine.The Hungarian public administration development path can be displayed in four stages: “democratisation” from 1990 until 1998, the beginning year of the EU accession negotiations; “Europeanisation” as preparing for EU accession until 2004, when Hungary became full member of the EU together with 9 other countries. The next phase is the unsuccessful “quest for efficiency” until 2010, including 2008, when the Hungarian state budget faced insolvency and turned to the IMF for a standby loan. Finally, in 2010 the era of continual crisis management started with the financial and economic crisis, the migrant crisis, the Covid–19, and the war in Ukraine
The Legal Regulations and Governmental Approaches towards Refugees in Jordan
Get PDFJordan has long been a refuge for those fleeing conflict and persecution in neighbouring countries. As a result, the country has developed a robust set of laws and policies to protect refugees and provide them with the support they need to rebuild their lives. In this context, understanding the refugee laws in Jordan is crucial for anyone interested in the welfare of refugees and the broader humanitarian crisis in the region. With over 750,000 registered refugees, Jordan is home to one of the largest refugee populations in the world. The country has been praised for its generosity and commitment to protecting refugees, but also faces significant challenges in providing for the needs of such a large and diverse population. Understanding the legal framework that governs refugees in Jordan is essential to addressing these challenges and improving the lives of those affected by conflict and displacement. The ongoing conflict in Syria has resulted in a massive influx of refugees into neighbouring countries, including Jordan. To meet the needs of this growing population, the Jordanian government has established a set of laws and policies designed to provide refugees with protection, assistance, and access to essential services. This legal framework is a critical component of the countrys humanitarian response to the Syrian crisis and plays an essential role in the lives of hundreds of thousands of refugees living in Jordan.Jordan has long been a refuge for those fleeing conflict and persecution in neighbouring countries. As a result, the country has developed a robust set of laws and policies to protect refugees and provide them with the support they need to rebuild their lives. In this context, understanding the refugee laws in Jordan is crucial for anyone interested in the welfare of refugees and the broader humanitarian crisis in the region. With over 750,000 registered refugees, Jordan is home to one of the largest refugee populations in the world. The country has been praised for its generosity and commitment to protecting refugees, but also faces significant challenges in providing for the needs of such a large and diverse population. Understanding the legal framework that governs refugees in Jordan is essential to addressing these challenges and improving the lives of those affected by conflict and displacement. The ongoing conflict in Syria has resulted in a massive influx of refugees into neighbouring countries, including Jordan. To meet the needs of this growing population, the Jordanian government has established a set of laws and policies designed to provide refugees with protection, assistance, and access to essential services. This legal framework is a critical component of the countrys humanitarian response to the Syrian crisis and plays an essential role in the lives of hundreds of thousands of refugees living in Jordan
A magyar fiatalok vallási és szociális érdeklődésének tétje a 2000 utáni kutatási eredmények és a 2022- esnépszámlálási adatok tükrében
Get PDFIn many areas and age groups – especially in the case of urban youth, research points to this – the classic role of religiosity, which therefore means responsibility for the public and the community, and the accompanying social sensitivity manifested in active, concrete helping work, has faded worldwide. On the other hand, meaning-seeking faith, promising individual importance and security, „religiosity in its own way” (somethingism) made up of many elements, is significant. Using a small-scale questionnaire survey in our study, we are trying to find out to what extent and in what form these changes experienced worldwide are present among young Hungarians. Furthermore, how can we interpret the religious interest of young Hungarians by learning the results of the 2022 census.Számos területen és korosztályban – különösen a városi fiatalok esetében utalnak erre kutatások – a vallásosság klasszikus szerepe, amely tehát a közért, közösségért vállalt felelősséget, s az ezzel járó, aktív, konkrét segítő munkában is megnyilvánuló szociális érzékenységet jelenti, világszerte elhalványult. Az értelemkereső hit, az egyénnek individuális fontosságot, biztonságot ígérő, sok elemből összegyúrt „maga módján vallásosság” ezzel szemben jelentős. Tanulmányunkban egy kis léptékű kérdőíves kutatást is bevetve annak igyekszünk utánajárni, hogy e világszerte tapasztalt változások milyen mértékben és formában vannak jelen a magyar fiatalok körében, s hogy, amint tanulmányunk címe is mutatja, hogyan értelmezhetjük a magyar fiatalok vallási érdeklődését a 2022. évi népszámlálás eredményeit megismerve
Kis- és középvállalkozások fejlesztése és a területi fejlettség összefüggései
Get PDFIn the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, accession to the European Union has made significant development resources available from the Structural Funds. The bulk of these development funds has gone directly to support small and medium-sized enterprises. The present research addresses the question of whether the territorial allocation of SME support has been driven rather competitiveness than convergence. Are there more successful regions in the country in this area? The research examines the spatial distribution of non-reimbursable aid to SMEs in the six Hungarian convergence regions of the 2007–2013 planning period at the microregional level. The author examines the application activity of the microregion’s enterprises according to the indicators of the economic development of the microregion. The research uses several statistical methods to find the correlations between the development of a microregion and the application absorption of SMEs in that region. The research results highlight the microregions where the activity of SMEs exceeded the level of the surrounding microregions, or where the entrepreneurs of a region were less successful in using the opportunities provided by development funds.Közép- és Kelet-Európa országai számára az Európai Unióhoz való csatlakozással jelentős fejlesztési forrás vált elérhetővé a strukturális alapokból. A fejlesztési források meghatározó része közvetlenül a kis- és középvállalkozások támogatására irányult. Jelen vizsgálat azt a kérdést járja körül, hogy a kkv-támogatások területi elosztásában inkább a versenyképesség vagy a felzárkózás, a konvergencia szempontjai érvényesültek-e. Találhatók-e ezen a területen sikeresebb térségek az országban? A kutatás a 2007–2013 közötti tervezési időszakban a kis- és középvállalkozásoknak nyújtott vissza nem térítendő támogatások területi eloszlását vizsgálja járási szinten, az akkori hat magyarországi konvergenciarégió területén. A szerző a járások gazdasági fejlettségére vonatkozó indikátorok függvényében vizsgálja a térség vállalkozásainak pályázati aktivitását. A kutatás során több statisztikai módszert alkalmazva keresi az összefüggéseket egy térség fejlettsége és az ottani kkv-k pályázati abszorpciója között. A kutatás eredményeként kirajzolódnak azok a térségek, ahol a kkv-k aktivitása meghaladta a környező térségek szintjét, vagy egy járás vállalkozói éppen kevésbé sikeresen tudtak élni a fejlesztési források adta lehetőségekkel
How Decisive Are the Copenhagen Criteria for EU Enlargement?
Get PDFThe article analyses the significance of the accession criteria in the context of recent EU enlargement negotiations, particularly during heightened geopolitical circumstances triggered by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The accelerated EU enlargement process, evidenced by the swift membership applications from Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, and the even quicker decision to open accession negotiations for two of them, inspires an exploration of the binding elements, specifically the Copenhagen criteria, integral to the accession negotiation process. The study aims to examine the numerical development and changes in the conditions and criteria necessary for EU membership in ten candidate and potential candidate countries. The analysis focuses on fulfilling essential conditions, with emphasis on convergence, assessed using GDP per capita and growth rates, as well as the rule of law and democracy criteria measured through the Worldwide Governance Indicators
Changes in the Composition, Equipment and Tactics of the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion during the Indochina War
Get PDFFor nearly a hundred years after its creation, the French Foreign Legion consisted exclusively of infantry units, supplemented only temporarily by “mounted” infantry units, depending on the needs of the theatre of operations. These units did not exceed the size of a company, and their members used their mounts (horses, mules, camels) only to move around, and continued to fight their battles on foot. Based on this positive experience, the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment was created in 1922, and was then successfully deployed in Syria and Morocco between the two World Wars, and with varying effectiveness in France, Tunisia and Germany during the Second World War. The First Indochina War broke out in 1946 and the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment joined the conflict in Southeast Asia in 1947, only to leave in 1955 as one of the last French units. During the war, the ranks of the troop, composed mainly of foreign nationals, were reinforced within a short time by a significant number of local soldiers to alleviate the permanent shortage. In addition, depending on local geography, the unit was equipped with armoured and amphibious vehicles, and sometimes ships, which were used to develop new tactics and operate effectively in these new and very different circumstances. In view of its successes, the unit was greatly improved, originally consisting of 7 squadrons, and by the end of the conflict it had grown to 18 squadrons