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Cohesion or Widening Disparities:: R&D Performance vs. EU Funding of the Regions
Get PDFThis comprehensive analysis investigates the effectiveness of EU funding in promoting research and innovation across various regions, with a specific focus on the Horizon Europe Programme. In this study, we employed a mixed-quantitative analysis of funding allocation data sourced from the Horizon Europe Dashboard and the Global Innovation Index. We systematically analysed the distribution of Horizon Europe funds from 2021 to 2023 across all EU Member States and their respective NUTS 2 regions, focusing on per capita and per researcher fund allocation. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted to assess the alignment between fund distribution and innovation indicators such as R&D intensity and innovation outputs.The study also critically examines the EU’s cohesion policy, which is fundamentally designed to reduce regional disparities and promote equal opportunities across all EU regions. Through our analysis, we aim to assess whether the current implementation of the EU’s financial instruments aligns with the overarching goals of cohesion policy, particularly in terms of fostering uniform economic growth and development. This examination is crucial as it highlights the need for the values of cohesion to be more effectively integrated into the criteria systems of directly managed EU funding programs to achieve its intended objectives of regional and territorial cohesion.The study reveals persistent and widening disparities in the distribution of funds, which accentuate regional and national inequalities within the EU. Despite significant financial allocations aimed at fostering innovation, the evidence points to a concentrated benefit in specific regions, particularly those already developed, thereby raising concerns about the equitable promotion of technological advancement and economic growth across less developed areas. The findings underscore the need for a more balanced and strategic approach to funding that ensures all regions can contribute to and benefit from Europe’s innovation landscape. This research contributes crucial insights into the complexities of funding allocation, the challenges of regional disparities, and the potential pathways towards a more inclusive innovation policy within the European Union
Törökország, kurdok és a PKK elleni harc 40 éve
Get PDFThe paper aims at portraying Turkey’s 40-year-long combat with the separatist Kurdish movement, the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) with special focus on recent developments. It gives an overview about the development of Kurdish separatist’s movement and the subsequent reactions from the Turkish state. It also highlights the internal division within the Kurds inside and outside of Turkey. It argues that the military technology development and the cross border operations paved to way towards more efficient counter-insurgency efforts for Turkey, but geopolitical obstacles and the Kurdish nation-building hinder the military victory.A tanulmány Törökországnak a kurd függetlenségi mozgalom, a Kurdisztáni Munkáspárt (PKK) ellen folytatott harcainak negyven évét kívánja bemutatni, különös figyelemmel az utóbbi évek fejleményeire. A tanulmány áttekintést ad a kurd függetlenségi kérdés fejlődéséről és az erre adott török állami válaszokról, egyúttal a kurd mozgalmon belüli törésvonalakra is kitér. A haditechnikai fejlődésnek és a határon túli katonai műveleteknek köszönhetően Törökország sokkal hatékonyabbá vált a felkelésellenes akciói terén, azonban a közeljövőben geopolitikai okok és a kurd nemzetépítés miatt továbbra sem várható a PKK legyőzése
Fenyegetés és elrettentés, különös tekintettel a kommunikációra az emberiség hajnalán
Get PDFNowadays, the knowledge and application of modern threat, deterrence and communication techniques at both strategic and tactical levels can be taken almost for granted from a military-operational point of view. At the same time, the author believes that it is important to study the scientific results that have come to light in these fields since the dawn of mankind, as they can provide many lessons for today.Napjainkban a modern fenyegetési, elrettentési és kommunikációs eljárások ismerete és alkalmazása mind stratégiai, mind pedig taktikai szinten egyaránt természetesnek mondható hadművészeti szempontból. Ugyanakkor a szerző szerint fontos és érdekes tanulmányoznunk az emberiség hajnalán a fenti területeken eddig napvilágra került tudományos eredményeket, mivel azok számos tanulsággal szolgálhatnak napjainkban is
SDR-adatfolyam feldolgozása korszerű módszerekkel
Get PDFToday, the development of semiconductor technology makes it possible to receive and record radio signals with a high bandwidth using SDRs. This has many advantages, but as it grows, the amount of data to be processed can grow to such an extent that it can no longer be processed or stored in real time with a traditional computer. Thus, it becomes appropriate to use programmable target hardware such as FPGAs, which can be used to significantly increase the efficiency of signal processing. In order to take advantage of the potential of these tools, in-depth professional knowledge is required. According to my experience, there is no uniform method for developing the functions of FPGAs related to my topic. In this way, I see it as necessary, after studying the literature, to formulate a method that enables high-speed data reception with the FPGA in an optimal way.Napjainkban a félvezető technológia fejlettsége már lehetővé teszi, hogy SDR-ek segítségével rádiójeleket nagy sávszélességgel mintavételezzünk és rögzítsünk. Ennek számos előnye van, viszont a sávszélesség növekedésével a feldolgozandó adatmennyiség olyan mértékűre bővülhet, hogy azt hagyományos számítógéppel már nem lehet valós időben feldolgozni vagy letárolni. Így célszerűvé válik olyan programozható célhardverek alkalmazása, mint például az FPGA-k, amelyekkel a jelfeldolgozás hatékonysága jelentősen növelhető. Ezekben az eszközökben rejlő lehetőségek kihasználásához mélyreható szakmai ismeretek szükségesek. Kutatásaim és tapasztalatom alapján nincs egységes módszer az FPGA-k témámhoz kapcsolódó funkcióinak kialakítására vonatkozóan, ezért szükségesnek látom, hogy a szakirodalom tanulmányozását követően olyan módszertant alakítsak ki, amellyel az FPGA-val történő nagy sebességű adatfogadást képesek lehetünk optimalizálni
China’s Militarisation and the Indian Ocean: An Assessment of China’s Military Modernisation, Footprint in the Indian Ocean and the Future of the Quad
Get PDFWhat is behind Beijing’s increased assertiveness towards its regional neighbours? Many use the theory of transition of power: that China is becoming a superpower and it challenges the status quo, mostly the United States, and attempts to replace it globally.2 Others tend to believe that China’s real desire is to become a regional hegemon by establishing a China-centred sphere in Asia. Some believe that their only aim is to just simply overcome the “century of humiliation” from its recent past by continuing their economic boom. This paper presents a view that China is trying to reconstruct the status quo, and in order to do that the country needs to establish a China-centred Asia and most importantly a China-centred Indio-Pacific region. In its first section, this paper takes a look at the country’s incredible military modernisation by examining those events and leaders that pushed this development. Then, the section also points out how China plans to reconstruct the regional status quo with the help of its economic power. The second part aims to present the Indian Ocean region’s current status as a “battlefield” between China and India and why does it matter in the first place. Finally, in the third part the paper argues that the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue is the best tool to deter Beijing in the future and it must be strengthened properly by, among other things, a deepened U.S.–India defence cooperation
A Belgrád–Pristina párbeszéd a tárgyalásos konfliktuskezelés tükrében
Get PDFOn the path to European integration, Serbia applied for EU membership in 2009 and became a candidate country in 2012. One of the most important elements of integration, however, is the settlement of border disputes, with Kosovo being the main focus of this issue. It is in the interest of both Kosovo and Serbia to settle the long-running disputes. The Belgrade-Pristina dialogue, which has been ongoing since 2011, is fraught with obstacles and in its current form shows no sign of significant progress. The theory of negotiated conflict resolution can provide an answer to the reasons for this phenomenon.Szerbia az európai integráció útjára lépve 2009-benbeadta tagjelölti kérelmét az Európai Unióhoz, 2012-benpedig tagjelölt országgá vált. Az integrációnak azonban egyik legfontosabb eleme a határviták rendezése, amely kérdéskörnek a fő pontja Koszovó. Mind Koszovónak, mind Szerbiának érdeke az elhúzódó vitákkal terhelt viszony rendezése. A 2011 óta folyó, az Európai Unió által vezetett Belgrád–Pristina párbeszéd akadályokkal terhelt, és jelenlegi formájában nem mutatható fel jelentős előrelépés. A jelenség miértjére pedig a konfliktus tárgyalásos konfliktuskezelés elméletein keresztüli elemzése adhat választ
Crisis of Human Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Japan
Get PDFThe year 2022 marks the 40th anniversary of the start of Japan’s refugee recognition system. Despite being a prosperous democracy and a staunch supporter of the international system, Japan has consistently admitted only a small number of refugees. According to the Immigration Services Agency of Japan, the number of people recognised as refugees in 2022 reached a record high of 202, while those not recognised exceeded 10,000. Furthermore, the legislative bill to revise the Immigration Control Law, passed by the House of Councillors Judicial Committee on June 8, 2023, limits applications for refugee recognition to twice in principle. From the third application onwards, there is a possibility for forced deportation to the applicants’ home countries. This legislative bill can be seen as violating the human rights of refugees and asylum-seekers, contravening international human rights law, and the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Therefore, this article specifically explores Japan’s stronger stance on control over protection, whether its low recognition rate indicates non-compliance with international refugee protection criteria, and the reasons behind this. These aspects will be methodically examined, employing rationalist, normative, and domestic institutional theories of international conformity. Finally, the article will suggest measures to improve Japan’s refugee recognition rate and enhance the protection of the human rights of refugees and asylum seekers
The Limitations of Building Circular Economies in the EU Considering Present Structural Indicators: Country Cases
Get PDFThis paper summarises the essence of circular economy, as a desired future position of economies for building sustainability. Next it introduces indicators, which can measure the position of economies along the way to becoming circular. Based on the indicators the paper compares the situation of a few European Union (EU) countries in terms of their present development position for these indicators. In conclusion, the paper calls attention to the great differences among the examined countries, and suggests strategic actions to narrow down development gaps.This paper summarises the essence of circular economy, as a desired future position of economies for building sustainability. Next it introduces indicators, which can measure the position of economies along the way to becoming circular. Based on the indicators the paper compares the situation of a few European Union (EU) countries in terms of their present development position for these indicators. In conclusion, the paper calls attention to the great differences among the examined countries, and suggests strategic actions to narrow down development gaps
Transferring Digital Artworks on Online Market Platforms
Get PDFBy writing this paper, the authors intended to answer questions raised by the transfer of digital artworks in the online space. At the beginning of the study, the basic expressions, including NFT digital artwork, will be explained. Then, it will be examined how these new forms of artwork can be treated by civil law. Although NFTs change hands daily, their legal nature, i.e. if they shall be deemed as things in the civil law sense, is unclear. If NFTs are treated as things, they can be a subject of ownership, and the provisions on the transfer of ownership rights shall be applied, which raises several further questions. According to another approach, NFTs embody the right to dispose, while there are other opinions as to which NFTs, following the model of bank account money, shall be deemed as claims facilitating the application of the provisions of the law of obligations. After reviewing the different approaches to the legal nature of NFTs, features of online auctions of NFT artworks will be introduced. Then, it will be examined if the platforms enabling online auctions fall under the scope of the recently adopted Digital Market Act and if so, which rules of the Act are applicable for them