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No Drone’s Sky: Full Spectrum Drone Surveillance and Neutralisation Concept for Enhanced Counter-UAS Framework: (Part 1, Surveillance)
Get PDFUnmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, have witnessed substantial global proliferation in the past decade. Their constructive applications hold the promise of being a useful, yet critical component in creating a more efficient society with the enhancement of safety, efficiency, and facilitating advancements in various domains, ultimately contributing to our modern daily lives. However, the escalating dependence on computer and communication technologies renders, especially small, UAS susceptible to various threats, posing risks to public safety, national security, and individual privacy. Addressing these concerns necessitates the development of innovative technologies designed to detect, track, identify, and eliminate UAS in a manner that upholds safety, security, and privacy. A Counter-Unmanned Aircraft System (C-UAS) is defined as a system or apparatus capable of legally and securely incapacitating, disrupting, or assuming control over an UAS. Recent years have witnessed significant research endeavours aimed at detecting and eliminate drone threats. Detection methodologies encompass acoustic, visual, passive radio frequency, radar, and data fusion techniques, while neutralisation strategies encompass physical capture and jamming approaches. This paper, delving into the realm of small drone surveillance, is the opening segment of a three-part series aims to envision a C-UAS framework; it provides an exhaustive review of existing literature in the domain of UAS surveillance, delineating the challenges associated with countering unauthorised or unsafe drone operations, and evaluating the trajectory of detection to prepare against UAS-induced threats. Therefore, the fundamental objective of this paper is to offer a comprehensive surveillance baseline for a structured vision to a C-UAS framework, thus fostering a research community dedicated to the secure integration of drones into the airspace system
The Essence of Unity? The Historical Evolution and Future Perspectives of Cohesion Policy in the EU
Get PDFThe Cohesion Policy of the European Union has a long history in European integration. New enlargement waves, internal and external challenges, economic downturns and other crises have consistently required a redefinition of the goals and instruments of Cohesion Policy. It is primarily recognised as one of the most prominent distributive policies of the EU and one of the largest development policies of the world. The aim of this article is to provide a basis for understanding this complex policy area by offering a historical perspective and outlining the future context and challenges. After establishing a suitable theoretical framework, the evolution of the policy is explained by examining the policy goals and objectives in different integration eras, as well as providing an overview of Cohesion Policy’s role in the EU’s budget. Following a summary of the main management methods, the article assesses the future perspectives of the policy
„Baráti tűz” Közép- és Kelet-Európára – Hogyan működik az orosz gázfegyver a nyugati szövetségi rendszer perifériáin?
Get PDFRussia deployed its “gas weapon” to coerce European states into supporting its political agenda following its February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. This paper explores the Kremlin’s intentions and the responses of Central and East European countries with relatively pro-Russian politics prior to the war. Russia aimed to minimise the target country’s contribution to Ukraine’s war efforts and support of Western sanctions, while nudging them to maintain cooperation. The form and impact of Russia’s actions differed based on the socio-political contexts, which we illustrate with three case studies: Hungary, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Findings are theorised with the use of N.C. Crawford and A. Klotz’s 1999 analytical framework identifying four models of influence – compellance, normative communication, resource denial, and political fracture. Cases are not clear-cut, but broadly speaking each falls into one of three categories – Hungary into the normative communication, Serbia into the resource denial, and Bulgaria into the political fracture – based on predominant patterns, while compellance is perceivable in each country. Domestic andinternational policy, energy politics, and the characteristics of energy systems in the target countries all shape sanction design in addition to which the dominant political leadership’s penetration of domestic society is especially pertinent in shaping the sanction design, its effect, and the responses of the receiver of the sanctions.Oroszország 2022. februári ukrajnai inváziója óta drámaian visszaestek az Európába irányuló orosz gázszállítások. Tanulmányunk azzal foglalkozik, hogy Oroszország hogyan szankcionálta a gázfegyver bevetésével a háború előtt még viszonylag oroszbarát politikát folytató közép- és kelet-, illetve dél-európai államokat, és utóbbiak miként reagáltak erre. Oroszország szándéka az volt, hogy a célország minimalizálja a hozzájárulását Ukrajna honvédő erőfeszítéseihez és a nyugati szankciókhoz, illetve hogy tartsa fenn az együttműködést Oroszországgal. Magyarország, Bulgária és Szerbia esetének segítségével, valamint az N. C. Crawford és A. Klotz 1999-es írásában ismertetett négy befolyásolási modell – kényszerítés, normatív kommunikáció, erőforrás-megtagadás és politikai törés – alkalmazásával mutatjuk be, hogy milyen különbözően működnek a szankciók eltérő társadalmi-politikai kontextusban. Habár egyik eset sem kínál vegytiszta példát, a domináns jegyek alapján mindegyik ország egy-egy modellt képvisel – Magyarország a normatív kommunikációt, Szerbia az erőforrás-megtagadást, Bulgária pedig a politikai törést –, míg az úgynevezett kényszerítés minden országban megjelent. A célország főbb vonatkozó ismérvei – bel- és külpolitika, energiapolitika, az energiarendszerek jellemzői – közül az állam behatolása a társadalomba különösen fontos szerepet játszott a szankciók kialakításában és hatásában, illetve a szankcionáltak válaszlépéseiben
Rules and Practical Challenges of Cross-Border Healthcare in the European Union
Get PDFOne of the building blocks of the functioning of the single market and the free movement of persons is the coordination of Member States’ social security systems at EU level. Due to the coordination rules, EU citizens in any Member State belonging to the European Economic Area and Switzerland have equal access to healthcare, whether unplanned, i.e. urgent or planned. A multi-level regulation of planned care has emerged in the European Union with the entry into force of the Patient Mobility Directive. The purpose of the creation of the Directive is to facilitate access to planned healthcare and thus overcome certain restrictive measures in the coordination rules. However, the enforcement of the Directive depends to a large extent on the adequacy of Member States’ implementing measures, so the European Union places great emphasis on monitoring the implementation as well. In addition to the multi-level regulation of healthcare abroad, the rules of the Patient Mobility Directive related to cross-border healthcare, as well as certain aspects of the implementation and future challenges of the Directive are presented in the study
Evolution of Liability of Content Sharing Platform Providers and Other Intermediary Service Providers for Copyright Infringement
Get PDFThe study examines the changing liability regime for intermediary service providers. It analyses the rules introduced by the CDSM Directive for content sharing platform providers, before contextualising these rules within the Digital Services Act (DSA) and reviews the changes in terms of liability for copyright infringement of other intermediary service providers. Finally, the paper considers the extent to which the DSA complements the new liability regime set out in the CDSM Directive
The Job That Calls My Name: Theoretical Explanations for Gendered Wording in Job Advertising and the Importance of Recruitment Communication: A Literature Review
Get PDFOne of the main goals of a (young) job seeker is to find a job that offers a valuable opportunity in their career and that also satisfies the professional curiosity. One of the most frequently visited labour market platforms for this purpose are job advertising portals. Browsing through job advertisements is a much more complex process than it may seem at first sight: numerous studies show that a job advertisement is usually the first encounter between the employer’s offer and the expectations of the potential candidate. The primary goal of recruitment communication is to attract all job seekers who match the description in the advertisement, however, discriminatory references and implicit cues referring to one gender may be unconsciously coded into language, which therefore distorts equal application opportunity. The aim of this literature review is to synthetise the emergence, functioning and social implications of implicit gender references in job advertisements. The article introduces the topic through six main sections, broken down into theoretical components. The introduction is followed by a discussion of the gender gap at both national as well as international level, the basic principles of recruitment communication, the main explanatory theories of organisational behaviour, the effects of implicit gender references on the perceiver, and lastly, a discussion of gender linguistics is touched upon
The Effects of Instagram Use on Body Image, Body Satisfaction and Ways of Losing Weight – A Quantitative Study
Get PDFThe present study investigates the direct effect of Instagram use on various ways of losing weight, examines the mediation effects of body satisfaction and body image, and the moderator effects of gender and marital status. A total of 520 people who both used Instagram and undertook body surgery participated in the study and filled in the online and printed versions of our questionnaire. Partial least squares regression was used to test the research hypotheses and the relationships among the variables. The results revealed that body image mediated the effect of the purpose of Instagram use on ways of losing weight; however, no mediation effect of body image and body satisfaction was found for patterns and purposes of Instagram use apart from exercise. The relationship between the purposes and pattern of Instagram usage on body satisfaction was significant. However, patterns of Instagram use had no impact on body image, while this relationship for purpose was significant. The implications of the study are discussed
Az álhírekkel kapcsolatos informálás és az oltakozás közötti összefüggések empirikus vizsgálata
Get PDFThe well-known Covid-19 virus emerged in Wuhan, a province of China, in December 2019 and has since been declared a pandemic. World Health Organization used the term „infodemic” in the spring of 2020, which means too much information, including a lot of misinformation, is published about an epidemic, to point out that not only the virus but also the disinformation about it is spreading around the world at the same rate. We are still living in this era, in the shadow of „post-truth”, where news is more often believed on the basis of its emotional content than its veracity or source, significantly affecting the informationof society. The main aim of my research is to explore the fake news and emotions related to the crown virus. In this context, I investigated the types and spread of fake newsand the impact on audience. Using a keyword analysis on online platforms, I investigated the spread of fake news, its pace and why. A survey was launched for exploring thebeliefs as well as concerns, threats and susceptibility to pseudo-news related to pandemics. The latter three was analysed collectively as perceptions. The data obtained were later analysed using various statistical methods in the IBM SPSS program. Based on the data, I found that, except for vaccine-related pseudo-news, the Covid-19-related pseudo-news that were the most popular at the time of the virus’ release was the most prevalent during the first wave, compared to the others. I coulddemonstrate that with the emergence and mass use of antiviral antidotes to the virus, the online emergence of fake coronavirus news has beenreinvigorated. In a statistical analysis, I show that groups formed based on the beliefs in fake news are correlated with their perceptions of the virus. I found that responses to different pseudo-news are associated with individuals’ propensity to vaccinate.2019. decemberben Vuhanban jelent meg a napjainkra már mindenki által ismert és azóta világjárvánnyá nyilvánított Covid–19. A vírussal együtt azonban felerősödtek az álhírek és az ezzel kapcsolatos dezinformálás. Az álhírek és azok terjedése több csatornán is meg tud valósulni, azonban napjainkban ez a legerőteljesebben az online térben történik. 2020 tavaszán a World Health Organization az „infodemic” kifejezéssel, azaz amikor túl sok információ, köztük rengeteg megtévesztő jelenik meg egy járvánnyal kapcsolatban, mutatott rá, hogy nemcsak a vírus, de a vele kapcsolatos dezinformáció, vagyis félreinformálás is ugyanolyan mértékben terjed a világon. Jelenleg még mindig ebben a korszakban élünk, a „post truth” árnyékában, amikor a különböző híreket gyakrabban hisszük el az érzelmi töltöttségük alapján, mintsem valóságtartalmuk vagy forrásuk alapján, jelentősen befolyásolva a társadalom informáltságát. Kutatásom fő célja a koronavírussal kapcsolatos álhírek és érzelmek vizsgálata. Ezen belül az álhírek fajtáit, terjedését és hallgatóságra tett hatásait vizsgáltam. Online felületeken végzett kulcsszóelemzést alkalmazva az álhírek terjedését, annak ütemét és miértjét kutattam. Továbbá kérdőíves elemzést alkalmazva vizsgáltam a világjárvánnyal kapcsolatos álhírek elfogadását, illetve az aggodalmat, fenyegetettséget és fogékonyságot – utóbbi hármat összesítve észlelések néven elemeztem. A kapott adatokat később különböző statisztikai módszerekkel vizsgáltam az IBM SPSS nevű programban. Az adatok alapján megállapítottam, hogy a vakcinákkal kapcsolatos álhírek kivételével, azok a Covid–19-cel kapcsolatos álhírek, amelyek a vírus megjelenésekor voltak a legnépszerűbbek, az első hullám idején voltak a legelterjedtebbek, szemben a többivel. Bebizonyítottam, hogy a vírus ellen megalkotott ellenanyagok megjelenésével és tömeges használatával az álhírek online megjelenése ismét megerősödött. Statisztikai elemzés során bebizonyítottam, hogy az álhírekben való hiszékenység alapján képzett csoportok összefüggést mutatnak a vírussal kapcsolatos érzékeléseikkel. Megállapítottam, hogy a különböző álhírekre adott válaszok összefüggenek az adott személyek oltakozási hajlandóságával