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Kisebbségi jogok a változó geopolitika sodrásában
Get PDFIn this paper, authors attempt to extend their previous study, in which they monitored the impact of geopolitical processes on the development of international minority protection from the Second World War to the adoption of the EU Treaty of Lisbon, into the very recent past, the present, and “somewhat into the future.” This current paper raises the question of how the attitudes of Western political elites towards minority protection may have been influenced by factors such as the rise of Islamic terrorism, Russia\u27s violent territorial acquisitions after the turn of the millennium, the uneven implementation of ethnopolitical solutions developed for Balkan states such as Kosovo after the Yugoslav war, and the strengthening of China\u27s global power positions. The impact of the growing rejection of the nation-state and, thereby, the concept of the nation by mainstream liberal intellectuals is also raised. According to the authors’ observation, all these phenomena together led to a kind of “cooling off” in international minority protection after the rapid legal development of the 1990s. In the recent period – with the exception of the above-mentioned UN declaration on indigenous peoples – there has been no breakthrough: no new international minority protection conventions have been adopted and no practical structures of national autonomy have been set up as in the 1990s and before. It is rare that a violation of the conventions on the protection of minorities would have any substantive consequences.However, all of this continues to occur within the international legal framework of the post-1945 world order. The authors raise the question of whether such elemental challenges as Russia\u27s current war aggression against Ukraine could overthrow the current world order and, with it, the existing international legal framework? They recommend that representatives of national and ethnic minorities, as well as people committed to minority rights, closely monitor the development of the world order and do everything they can to preserve and strengthen minority rights amidst global changes.A szerzők ebben az írásban arra tesznek kísérletet, hogy az egészen közeli múltba, a jelenbe és „némileg a jövőbe” hosszabbítsák meg azt a korábbi tanulmányukat, amelyben a második világháborútól az EU lisszaboni szerződésének elfogadásáig kísérték figyelemmel a geopolitikai folyamatok hatását a nemzetközi kisebbségvédelem fejlődésére. Jelen írásuk felveti, hogy a nyugati politikai elitek kisebbségvédelemmel kapcsolatos attitűdjére milyen hatással lehettek olyan tényezők, mint az iszlám terrorizmus erősödése, Oroszország erőszakos területszerzései az ezredforduló után, a jugoszláviai háborút követően a Balkán államai, például Koszovó számára kidolgozott etnopolitikai megoldások felemás megvalósítása, valamint Kína globális hatalmi pozícióinak a megerősödése. Felmerül a mainstream liberális szellemi műhelyeknek a nemzetállamisággal és ezáltal a nemzet fogalmával szembeni, egyre erősödő elutasításának hatása is. A szerzők megfigyelése szerint mindezek a jelenségek együttesen vezettek egyfajta „lehűléshez” a nemzetközi kisebbségvédelemben a kilencvenes évek gyors jogfejlődése után. Az utóbbi időszakban – az őshonos népek ügyében elfogadott ENSZ-deklaráció kivételével – nem születtek olyan áttörő, új, nemzetközi kisebbségvédelmi egyezmények és gyakorlati nemzetiségi autonómiastruktúrák, mint a kilencvenes években és azt megelőzően. Ritkaság, hogy a kisebbségvédelmi egyezmények megsértése érdemi következményekkel járna. Mindez azonban továbbra is az 1945 utáni világrend nemzetközi jogi keretei között történik. A szerzők felvetik, hogy olyan elemi erejű kihívások, mint például Oroszország napjainkban zajló háborús agressziója Ukrajna ellen, nem döntik-e össze a jelenlegi világrendet és vele együtt az eddig érvényes nemzetközi jogi kereteket is. Azt javasolják a nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek képviselőinek, illetve a kisebbségi jogok iránt elkötelezett embereknek, hogy kísérjék szoros figyelemmel a világrend alakulását, és tegyenek meg minden tőlük telhetőt a kisebbségi jogok megőrzése és megerősítése érdekében a globális méretű változások közepette
Missouri v. Biden: Governmental Efforts to Suppress Free Expression
Get PDFThe development of the internet, along with the creations of social media platforms, has created a unique opportunity for governmental officials to control freedom of expression. This article examines how the Biden Administration requested, encouraged, pressured and even threatened social media platforms to censor certain types of speech, and even to ban certain individuals from their platforms, and it analyses the Biden Administration’s actions in light of U.S. free speech principles
The Potential Flight Safety Risks Associated with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and the Importance of Ensuring their Visibility
Get PDFIn recent decades, the airspace has become increasingly congested due to the exponential growth in air traffic. Furthermore, the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has introduced a new dimension to aviation safety. The integration of UAVs into the traditional aviation system presents a multitude of challenges, necessitating the development of appropriate legal regulations, innovative technical solutions, and the implementation of special procedures to mitigate flight safety risks. With the advent of sophisticated systems and equipment, even small UAVs can be effectively monitored and tracked during flight. This enables the immediate and indirect environment surrounding the UAV to be identified, enhancing situational awareness and reducing the risk of collisions. Such solutions include various existing identification systems, such as FLARM,1 OGN,2 ADS-B3 and Remote ID.4 Additionally, special lighting systems on board drones can be employed as a solution, particularly for visual recognition and identification. By utilising these systems, visual surveillance can be extended, and drones can be more easily detected by their surroundings. The simultaneous use of the aforementioned solutions can further enhance the safe integration of drones in traditional traffic [1].In recent decades, the airspace has become increasingly congested due to the exponential growth in air traffic. Furthermore, the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has introduced a new dimension to aviation safety. The integration of UAVs into the traditional aviation system presents a multitude of challenges, necessitating the development of appropriate legal regulations, innovative technical solutions, and the implementation of special procedures to mitigate flight safety risks. With the advent of sophisticated systems and equipment, even small UAVs can be effectively monitored and tracked during flight. This enables the immediate and indirect environment surrounding the UAV to be identified, enhancing situational awareness and reducing the risk of collisions. Such solutions include various existing identification systems, such as FLARM,1 OGN,2 ADS-B3 and Remote ID.4 Additionally, special lighting systems on board drones can be employed as a solution, particularly for visual recognition and identification. By utilising these systems, visual surveillance can be extended, and drones can be more easily detected by their surroundings. The simultaneous use of the aforementioned solutions can further enhance the safe integration of drones in traditional traffic [1]
Hungary’s Eastern Opening Policy and Cooperation with the Turkic States in the Fields of Trade, Transport and Energy
Get PDFThe present study depicts Hungary’s eastern opening policy as to when and how it was initiated, then analyses Hungary’s increasing economic, transport and energy relations with the Turkic countries, namely, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Türkiye, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In the first part, the reasons and expectations of the Hungarian Government in initiating the eastern opening are explained and the priorities the Hungarian Government put forward in starting this initiative are mentioned. In the second part, the development of the idea of the Organization of Turkic States and the road to institutionalisation is summarised and Hungary’s link into the system, which is a critical element of the Eastern Opening, is delved into. In the following section, the economic benefits that Hungary is seeking to reach in the relations with the Turkic states are underlined and then the increasing trade with Turkic states are put forward as part of the developing commercial relations with special reference to Hungary’s observer status in the Organization of Turkic States. In the fourth part, the increasing significance of the Middle Corridor, which is the route that links China to Europe through Central Asia, is shown and the importance attached to this corridor by the Hungarian Government is summarised. In the fifth part, the energy cooperation between Hungary and the Turkic states is mentioned, with which Hungary exerts efforts to become a hub for energy in Europe. In the conclusion part, after a summary of Hungary’s achievements from the eastern opening policy and the relations with the Turkic countries, the potential of Hungary’s opening to the Turkic world is explained
Research on Improving the Interviewing of Suspects
Get PDFThis publication overviews some of the author’s involvement regarding international developments in recent decades related to the improving of interviews with suspects. Its aim is to demonstrate how research has been informing policies and practices around the world. In light of psychological research, a growing number of countries/organisations have decided to adopt a model/approach of “investigative interviewing” of suspects that does not rely on coercive or oppressive methods. This article will overview 1. the evolution of the ‘PEACE method’; 2. some of the research on the effectiveness of aspects of the ‘PEACE’ method; and 3. the 2021 publication of the ‘Principles of Effective Interviewing’ (drafted at the request of the United Nations). In 2016, the United Nations “Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatments” (law professor Juan Méndez) submitted his report to the United Nations, which stated that “The Special Rapporteur […] advocates the development of a universal protocol identifying a set of standards for non-coercive interviewing methods and procedural safeguards that ought, as a matter of law and policy, to be applied at a minimum to all interviews by law enforcement officials, military and intelligence personnel and other bodies with investigative mandates.” The current publication here demonstrates that police and other investigative agencies can be willing to update/improve their interviewing of suspects by taking note of the findings of relevant research
Code of Ethics of a Police Officer in the Context of Shaping the Security Environment of the Slovak Republic
Get PDFIn recent years, society has been marked by the occurrence of several risk factors (the pandemic, the war conflict in Ukraine, the increase in hate speech and the subsequent social polarisation that has reached a violent outcome). These aspects lead to a rethinking of the use of tools to eliminate tensions in different areas. One of them is the area of police ethics.
The paper is devoted to selected content and structural elements used in the code of ethics of a police officer, which were aimed at strengthening the relationship between civil society and the police with the intention of positively shaping the security environment in the Slovak Republic.
The paper is based on a theoretical analysis of three planes of the updated code of ethics: 1. the functions of the incorporated elements; 2. the means of implementation in the application practice; 3. research as a prerequisite for updating and a means of verification of the processing of the code of ethics. The third level is demonstrated on the field of credibility of the Police Force using the theoretical basis of the dialectical method.
In 2022, the Slovak Regulation No. 41/2022 on the Code of Police Ethics of the Ministry of the Interior was adopted. The elements of virtue ethics were the main elements strengthening the implementation of the document. The document is divided into several parts, which are complementary to each other and fulfil mutual functions (explicative and motivational).
The area of police ethics is significantly represented in the public perception of police work and ultimately has an impact on the overall shaping of the security environment in terms of forming the social consciousness of citizens and members of the Police Force
Az Európai Unió Hírszerző Ügynöksége: Víziók és realitások
Get PDFAt the request of the President of the European Commission, former Finnish President Sauli Niinistö examined in detail the state of civilian and military preparedness of the European Union. The creation of a fully-fledged EU service for intelligence cooperation is among the recommendations of the report. As a consequence, press articles have already appeared that envisage the establishment of an independent ‘European CIA’. In this study I review the current place of intelligence in the constitutional framework and geopolitical reality of the European Union, the current intelligence capacities available to the European Union, and the ideas regarding an independent European intelligence agency.Az Európai Bizottság elnökének felkérésére Sauli Niinistö egykori finn elnök részletesen megvizsgálta az Európai Unió polgári védelmi és háborús felkészültségének állapotát. A vizsgálat eredményéről készült jelentés javaslatai között egy teljes értékű uniós hírszerzési együttműködési szerv létrehozása is szerepel. Ennek nyomán olyan sajtócikkek láttak napvilágot, amelyek már egy önálló „európai CIA” felállítását vizionálják. A jelen tanulmányban áttekintem a hírszerzés jelenlegi helyét az Európai Unió alkotmányos és geopolitikai viszonyai között, az Európai Unió rendelkezésére álló ilyen jellegű kapacitásokat, valamint az önálló európai hírszerzési szervre vonatkozó elképzeléseket
“Díszmagyar” (Hungarian Ceremonial) Attire as a Constitutional Symbol
Get PDFThe paper works with a hypothesis that the Hungarian ceremonial (decorative or "gala") attire of the 19th and early 20th century was a special expression of the national, political, legal and constitutional ideology of the Hungarian noble elite of these centuries. It served as a symbol of the legitimacy of Hungary’s quest for independence within the Habsburg Empire, as well as of the nationalist idea of the dominance of Magyars in the Kingdom of Hungary itself. In order to emphasise the specificity of Magyars and of the Hungarian Kingdom, the designers of both the clothing as well as of its jewellery accessories drew on historical sources, but also on oriental sources. In the 19th century, this symbolic meaning, together with economic goals – especially the achievement of self-sufficiency in textile production and the clothing industry – cumulatively contributed to the heyday of the “díszmagyar” fashion
A háború mint a politika folytatása más eszközökkel
Get PDFThe concepts of ’war’ and ’politics’ have been inextricably linked since the advent of the modern era. Even Carl von Clausewitz\u27s most famous definition of war emphasises that war is nothing other than ’the continuation of political contact, its realisation by other means’. Nevertheless, the relationship between the two concepts was the subject of considerable debate at the end of the 20th century. The argument was put forth that the relationship between war and politics was unique to the era in which Clausewitz lived, and that Clausewitz himself did not perceive a different dynamic. After a comprehensive examination of this objection, the subsequent paper delves into the historical evolution of the nexus between war and politics, tracing its trajectory from the advent of warfare to the conclusion of the 20th century. It ultimately substantiates the proposition that war has consistently been intertwined with politics and that the concept of politics cannot be excluded from its definition.A „háború” és a „politika” összefüggő fogalmak. Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831) leghíresebb háborúmeghatározása is azt emeli ki, hogy a háború nem más, mint „a politikai érintkezés folytatása, annak más eszközökkel való megvalósítása”. A két fogalom univerzális összefüggését azonban a 20. század végén többen vitatták. Azt állították, hogy a háború csak annak a korszaknak a politikájával függött össze, amelyben Clausewitz is élt, illetve hogy maga Clausewitz sem gondolta ezt másként. Az alábbi tanulmány az ellenvetés részletes bemutatása után megvizsgálja a háború és a politika viszonyának történetét a háború megjelenésétől kezdve a 20. század végéig. A vizsgálat alapján az a következtetés vonható le, hogy a háború mindig összefüggött a politikával, így annak meghatározásából nem is hagyható ki a politika fogalma
Magyar védelmi rendszerek az Északkeleti-Kárpátokban: A Szent László-állás
Get PDFThe development of the Carpathian defence system began in 1940 with the construction of reinforced concrete valley locks and the renovation of World War I defensive positions in the area around the passes to ensure border defence. The construction of the triple defence system became urgent in 1944. The system of camp fortifications and barracks was built until the arrival of the front. Blockades were established between the Hunyadi and Saint László positions to slow down and stop the attackers. The Red Army was able to break through the defence system as a result of a forty-day, continuous offensive operation.A Kárpátok védelmi rendszerének kialakítása 1940-ben kezdődött a vasbeton völgyzárak építésével, és a határvédelem biztosítására az első világháború védőállásainak felújításával a hágók környezetében. A hármas védelmi rendszer kiépítése 1944-ben vált sürgetővé. A tábori erődítések, reteszállások rendszere a front megérkezéséig épült. A Hunyadi- és a Szent László-állás között reteszállások létesültek a támadó fél lassítására, megállítására. A védelmi rendszert negyvennapos, folyamatos támadó hadművelet eredményeként tudta áttörni a Vörös Hadsereg