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How the self-governing imperative alters the classroom as a public space
No full textThis article asks how the classroom as a public space is transformed by recent educational trends that focus on the improvement of learning. It discusses the learning office, character education and the “Life in Action” programme as three instances of the new learning dispositiive. As distinct as these programmes are, they all operate with self-governing technologies that aim at enabling students to take responsibility for their own learning. We argue that these programmes alter the classroom as a public space: the students’ social behaviour and their selves are turned into a learning object that might be discussed in the public of the classroom. In the learning office, by contrast, the public engagement with subject knowledge that characterises the traditional classroom is displaced by students’ individual work. However, the programmes have also unintended consequences. Some of the students may contest the self-governing imperative and they may use the public of the class as an arena to denigrate their classmates. The discussion contrasts insights gained in ethnographic projects carried out in classrooms in Germany, Sweden and Switzerland and is informed by a governmentality perspective
Wie Familienmerkmale und Lernverhalten von Schüler*innen den Effekt von Herkunft auf den Lernzuwachs im Fernunterricht während der COVID-19 Pandemie erklären – eine mehrperspektivische Analyse
Get PDFDie COVID-19 Pandemie führte im Frühling 2020 zu einer unerwarteten flächendeckenden Unterbrechung des Präsenzunterrichts in allen Schulen der Schweiz und zur Einführung von Fernunterricht. Durch die Verlagerung des Unterrichts in die Familie könnten die ungleichen familiären Ressourcen zu einer Verstärkung der Herkunftseffekte auf den Lernzuwachs der Schüler*innen führen. Wie sehr hatten der sozioökonomische Status und die Familiensprache von Schüler*innen einen Effekt auf den Lernzuwachs während des Fernunterrichts? Diese Frage wurde mit einer Stichprobe von 1321 Schüler*innen, 851 Erziehungsberechtigten und 108 Klassenlehrpersonen aus der Nordwestschweiz, die im Juni/Juli 2020 einen Online-Fragebogen ausfüllten, bearbeitet. Ein Pfadmodell mit Berücksichtigung der Mehrebenenstruktur der Daten zeigte vergleichbare Ergebnisse für die Primarstufe und die Sekundarstufe I sowie für Mädchen und Jungen. Der sozioökonomische Status erklärte den Lernzuwachs im Lehrpersonenurteil vermittelt über das Leistungsniveau der Schüler*innen (Lehrpersonenurteil). Die Familiensprache hat einen indirekten Effekt über das Leistungsniveau der Schüler*innen auf den Lernzuwachs. Das Leistungsniveau der Schüler*innen, die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung der Eltern und die Verfügbarkeit eines ruhigen Lernortes im Schülerurteil erklären, vermittelt über das Lernverhalten im Elternurteil, den Lernzuwachs der Schüler*innen. Das Modell liefert eine Erklärung zu Bildungsungleichheit während des Fernunterrichts. Allerdings sind in den vorliegenden Daten die Effekte des sozioökonomischen Status und der Fremdsprachigkeit auf den Lernzuwachs nicht stärker als in vergleichbaren Studien zur Situation vor der Pandemie. Die wenigen Wochen Fernunterricht haben daher möglicherweise weniger zu einer Verstärkung der Bildungsungleichheit beigetragen als befürchtet
Mitbestimmungsmöglichkeiten Lehramtsstudierender in Praxisphasen
No full textPraktika in der Lehrerbildung gestalten sich als heterogen, weshalb sich die Mitbestimmungsmöglichkeiten Studierender in der schulpraktischen Ausbildung unterscheiden. Mitbestimmung kann sowohl ein Bildungs-ziel, wie die Selbstbefähigung, als auch ein Bildungsmittel darstellen, wenn individuelle Zielsetzungen für das Praktikum festgelegt werden. Auf der Grundlage einer Dokumentenanalyse (N = 16 Dokumente) und Gruppendiskussionen (N = 13 Dozierende, N = 11 Praktikumslehrpersonen, N = 11 Studierende) wurden an zwei Standorten der Lehrerbildung Unterschiede in Bezug auf schriftlich verankerte Vorgaben durch die Ausbildungsbildungsinstitution und Umsetzungspraxen herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse geben Hinweise, dass die Standorte unterschiedlich mit den Vorgaben zu und der Umsetzung von Mitbestimmungsmöglichkeiten Studierender im Praktikum umgehen. Zudem zeigt sich, dass es für die schulpraktische Professionalisierung ausreichend Ressourcen an Schule und Hochschule bedarf, damit individuelle Zielsetzungen für Praktika verhandelt werden können und anschlussfähiges, selbstreguliertes Lernen ermöglicht wird
Associations Between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate Speech Among Adolescents: Testing Moderation Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy
No full textObjective: The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. Method: The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral disengagement, and empathy. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents’ involvement across different roles in hate speech. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved
Enhancing the standing of VET in Switzerland
No full textThis chapter draws on the contributions of the reviews and country-based studies in this volume to identify the bases for and ways in which the standing of vocational education (VET) and the occupations it serves can be enhanced so it is positioned as a more worthwhile, viable and legitimate post-school pathway. Acknowledging that the likely responses will be shaped by the educational systems in nation states and regions, where and how VET is positioned within them and the kinds and range of influences shaping young people and their parent and familiars’ decision-making about VET. Across these countries, both with developed and developing economic bases, it would seem that high aspirations and, increasingly, expectations of young people and their parents and other familiars is quite consistently positioning VET as being an inferior postschool option to participation in higher education (HE) and one that is seen as being posterior to it in terms of status, attractiveness and educational outcomes. Addressing and rebutting such strong societal sentiments about the forms of work and an educational provision that are seen as undesirable will likely require addressing these circumstances locally and regionally. As VET is strongly aligned with occupations, making it more interesting, engaging and attractive to young people is also closely linked with the standing of occupations. So, there is a need to find ways to redress the concerns within the community and address the factors which limit the ability of VET to deliver its full potential to students, communities and nations. So, in sum, this chapter sets out this case drawing upon the collective contributions in this volume and a wider range of literature that addresses these challenges
Teaching music (education) digitally in comparison to pre- and post-COVID-19-times at universities
No full textA team of researchers from Germany, Austria and Switzerland carried out a questionnaire survey with university teachers about their experiences with online teaching, who train student teachers for different types of schools. Special focus was placed on those areas of teaching in which professional practice plays a central role. The theoretical background is the SAMR model of Puentedura (2006). The SAMR model describes how teaching and learning is transformed through the use of technology. The model can be used to explain how the design and processing of tasks in teaching can be improved by technical aids. Furthermore we refer to the MPTACK model. The conceptual framework of technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) can be used to describe teacher knowledge (competencies) including the integration of technology. This framework is built on Shulman’s (1986) construct of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) to include technology knowledge (Mishra & Koehler, 2008). Bauer (2012) transformed the TPACK-framework for the music teacher knowledge to effectively integrate technology into music teaching and learning. In this context Musical TPACK Questionnaire (or MTPACK-Q) as developed by Bauer (2012) can be used to measure the music teachers’ TPACK (Fiedler & Godau, 2018). We would like to use this quantitative survey to find out whether the music lecturers should be classified in a higher level in the sense of the SAMR model due to the forced conversion to a digital format and how they rate their knowledge of digital formats and programs. For this purpose, special items were developed or extracted from MTPACK-Q. With the expected results, statements can be made as to the level of abstraction at which music teachers should be classified in the sense of the SAMR-model and what knowledge they have in order to be able to permanently integrate digital formats into their teaching
The Relation of Attitude Toward Technology and Mastery Experience After an App-Guided Physical Exercise Intervention: Randomized Crossover Trial
Get PDFBackground:
Physical exercise has been found to assert a positive impact on many muscular conditions. Exercise under face-to-face supervision is the gold standard, but access to it is limited, for instance, for economic reasons. App-guided therapy is an intervention that is more affordable and easily accessible. However, attitude toward technology is a key predictor for media adoption and is therefore expected to shape user experience during app-guided therapy. This might be of particular importance for mastery experience, which is crucial for promoting exercise-related self-efficacy and perceived usefulness of the interaction. Both should empower patients to continuously exercise.
Objective:
This study sought to test whether attitudes toward technology predict mastery experience and perceived usefulness of the interaction after an app- versus a physiotherapist-guided treatment. We expect that attitudes toward technology positively predict both outcomes in case of the app-guided but not in case of the physiotherapist-guided treatment.
Methods:
Patients (n=54) with clinically diagnosed hip osteoarthritis participated in 2 training sessions with the same exercise intervention, once guided by an app on a tablet computer and once guided by a physiotherapist in a German university hospital. The order of the sessions was randomized. Attitude toward technology was assessed as predictor before the first session, while mastery experience and the global perceived usefulness of interaction as self-reported outcomes after each session.
Results:
In line with our hypotheses, attitude toward technology predicted mastery experience (b=0.16, standard error=0.07, P=.02) and usefulness of interaction (b=0.17, standard error=0.06, P=.01) after the app-based training but not after the training delivered by a physiotherapist (P>.3 in all cases). Mastery experience was lower for the app-based training but reached a very similar level as the physiotherapist-guided training for those holding a very positive attitude toward technology.
Conclusions:
The attitude toward technology predicts the extent of mastery experience after app-guided exercise therapy. As mastery experience is highly important for self-efficacy and future exercise behavior, attitudes toward technology should be considered when delivering app-guided exercise treatments.
Trial Registration:
German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00015759; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS0001575
Persistence and Disengagement in Personal Goal Pursuit
No full textPersistence in and timely disengagement from personal goals are core components of successful self-regulation and therefore relevant to well-being and performance. In the history of motivation psychology, there has been a clear emphasis on persistence. Only recently have researchers become interested in goal disengagement, as mirrored by the amount of pertinent research. In this review, we present an overview of the most influential motivational theories on persistence and disengagement that address situational and personal determinants, cognitive and affective mechanisms, and consequences for well-being, health, and performance. Some of these theories use a general approach, whereas others focus on individual differences. The theories presented incorporate classical expectancy-value constructs as well as contemporary volitional concepts of self-regulation. Many of the theoretical approaches have spread to applied fields (e.g., education, work, health). Despite numerous important insights into persistence and disengagement, we also identify several unresolved research questions