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Extraction and Valorization of Oilseed Cakes for Value-Added Food Components—A Review for a Sustainable Foodstuff Production in a Case Process Approach
Full text linkOilseed cakes, by-products of oil extraction, represent an underutilized resource with significant potential for sustainable food and pharmaceutical applications. This comprehensive review examines the valorization strategies for oilseed cakes, focusing on their rich protein (up to 56%) and fiber (up to 66%) content. We analyze both conventional and innovative extraction methods, highlighting the advantages of ultrasound-assisted (96.64% phenolic compound yield), enzymatic (82–83% protein recovery), and subcritical water extraction techniques in improving efficiency while reducing environmental impact. This review demonstrates diverse applications of oilseed cake components from gluten-free bakery products and plant-based meat alternatives to advanced nanoencapsulation systems for bioactive compounds. Each major oilseed type (soybean, rapeseed, sunflower and flaxseed) exhibits unique nutritional and functional properties that can be optimized through appropriate processing. Despite technological advances, challenges remain in scaling extraction methods and balancing yield with functionality. This paper identifies key research directions, including the development of integrated biorefinery approaches and the further exploration of health-promoting peptides and fibers. By addressing these challenges, oilseed cakes can play a crucial role in sustainable food systems and the circular economy, transforming agricultural by-products into high-value ingredients while reducing waste
ВЛИЈАНИЕТО НА МИНИМАЛНАТА ПЛАТА ВРЗ ВРАБОТЕНОСТА И ПЛАТИТЕ: СТУДИЈА НА СЛУЧАЈ ЗА МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ПАЗАР НА ТРУД
No full textМинимална плата во Република Северна Македонија првпат е воведена во 2012 година со Законот за минимална плата (Службен весник на РМ, бр.11, 24.01.2012). Со овој закон се утврдува висината на минималната плата, како и други прашања што се однесуваат на минималната плата. Главната идеја за воведување минимална плата е да се подобри животниот стандард и да се редуцира сиромаштијата кај најниско платените работници. Од воведувањето на минималната плата, па сè до денес таа континуирано расте со што директно влијае врз исходите на македонскиот пазар на труд. Целта на овој труд е теоретски да ги елаборира и емпириски да ги провери ефектите на минималната плата врз вработеноста и платите давајќи придонес кон дебатата за определување на оптимално ниво на минималната плата. Во емпириската анализа употребен е економетриски модел на векторска авторегресија со што симултано се испитува меѓузависноста на вработеноста и просечната плата, додека минималната плата заедно со продуктивноста на трудот се третираат како егзогени променливи. Освен тоа, во предвид се земени специфичностите на македоснкиот пазар на труд како што е ниската еластичност на побарувачката за труд и постоењето на изразен непокриен сектор. Резултатите од анализата се во насока на аргументирано креирање политики за зголемување на минималната плата
Corporate Social Responsibility as Business Strategy for Macedonian Companies
Full text linkAbstract: The purpose of this paper is to make a profound analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility on several aspects of the subject. In recent decades, corporate social responsibility has emerged as a challenge to large companies in their successful organizational performance. Corporate Social Responsibility should be immanent and implemented in companies’ strategies. Raising awareness about many problems facing societies is precisely the core of corporate responsibility. The authors will analyse the legal framework that encourages social responsibility, and corporate obligations for issuing social responsibility reports in the Republic of North Macedonia. The paper reaches a conclusion about the influence of the Corporate governance code for companies listed on the Macedonian Exchange (MSE) – adopted in 2021 and the ESG disclosure Guide for companies listed on the MSE about the corporate social responsibility level of awareness. Also, corporate responsibility will be emphasized as a marketing strategy of the companies, contributing to raising the brand to a higher respectable level. For this purpose, a methodology appropriate to the purpose and object of research will be chosen, that is, the method of analysis, abstraction and generalization, will provide general conclusions, as well as comparative analysis, will be used. The conclusion will show which of the four corporate social responsibility approaches: obstructionist, defensive, adaptable, or proactive approach is preferred by the analysed companies
CUSTOMS PROCEDURES AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF AI - MACHINA SAPIENS CRIMINALIS
Full text linkRobots and AI are rapidly becoming the dominant forces on our planet.
Customs authorities globally are progressively adopting AI to improve
efficiency, security, and compliance in response to the rising volumes of
international trade. Like every other advancement, we anticipate this
breakthrough to have a significant influence on law in general and criminal
law in particular. This development highlights the fact that there is no defined
legal process for dealing with the consequences of AI's independent actions.
This situation raises questions about whether criminal liability applies to
artificial intelligence, and whether such an application may supplement
existing criminal law doctrines and general ideas. This study examines these
and related legal questions through the lens of criminal law's core principles
and doctrines. The research focuses on the two questions: is criminal liability
applicable to machines? Is criminal punishment applicable to machines?
According to traditional views, punishing AI goes against basic ideas of
criminal law, especially the ideas of culpability and the need for a guilty mind,
where if we want to prove criminal liability, two main parts must be present:
a factual part (actus reus) and a mental part (mens rea)
CHANGES IN THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAW MILK AS A RESULT OF INCREASED SOMATIC CELL COUNT
Full text linkThis study aimed to assess the impact of an elevated somatic cell count (SCC)—a key indicator of udder health and milk quality—on the physicochemical composition of 4,287 raw cow milk samples collected from three dairies. As SCC levels increased, significant changes were observed in lactose and protein content, freezing point, and solids non-fat, with lactose exhibiting the most pronounced variations. These findings highlight the direct influence of SCC on milk composition, reinforcing the importance of strict hygiene practices in dairy farms to ensure optimal milk quality and safety
COSMIC SYNTAGMS A STUDY OF ACO SHOPOV’SPOETIC UNIVERSE
No full textPoetry serves as a powerful source of new vocabulary, as its essence lies in shaping the formless into form. Тhus, asthe poetspeaks of their most intimate feelings, new words and word forms are arising. Recognizing poetry as an important source of novel vocabulary,this qualitative research aims to answer the question: What purpose do the lexical innovations in Aco Shopov’s poetry serve? The aim is, thus, to identifyand understand the defining elements of Shopov’s poetry and their contribution to his poetic expression.To achieve this goal, a corpus i.e. a sample was compiled for the purposes of this paper. The sampleincludes eighteen poems by Shopov –poems that include stellar themes and cosmic symbolism. Qualitative content analysis is used, based on the coding and the general qualitative method.The findings reveal that Shopov’s poetic language consistently maintains a cosmic dimension, with lexical innovations as an integral to this aspect of his poetry
Influence of anatomical part and age on saturate, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in Limusine beef: case study in food technology.
Full text linkFatty acids in meat influence more than just flavor; they play a fundamental role in the nutritional quality, texture, cooking behavior, and shelf life of meat. This study examines the distribution of different types of fats saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) across various anatomical parts of beef, with particular emphasis on organ tissues such as the liver and lung, and muscle cuts including beef steak, rump steak, and round steak from the Limousin breed. The results indicate that organ meats are richer in health-promoting PUFAs, particularly as the animal ages, whereas muscle cuts exhibit higher concentrations of SFAs and MUFAs, contributing to better structure, flavor, and oxidative stability. Limousin beef is distinguished by a favorable lipid profile, characterized by low levels of saturated fatty acids and a higher proportion of beneficial monounsaturated fatty acids. Special attention is given to the role of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which enhance the nutritional value and health benefits of the meat. The study further explores how age and anatomical location influence the distribution of key fatty acids in Limousin beef, underlining the breed’s lipidomic advantages. Through the application of visual tools such as heatmaps and dendrograms, clear distinctions in fatty acid profiles between organs and muscle cuts were identified, with age exerting a moderate but noticeable effect. These findings provide valuable insights for both consumers and producers, supporting more informed choices based on health objectives, taste preferences, and cooking methods
Analysis Of The Trends In The Implementation Of Knowledge Management Systems In It Companies In Republic Of North Macedonia
Full text linkIn recent years there is an increasing need for "high" technology skills on a global level, that are critical for the success of many businesses. Acquiring highly qualified employees, as well as recognition and appropriate management of personal and organizational knowledge increases the business productivity. Poor knowledge sharing practices can damage businesses multiple times. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of knowledge management in national and international IT companies in North Macedonia. The focus of the paper is on what companies do today, how they manage the knowledge of their employees and through which techniques or ways they could improve knowledge management to work more efficiently, more productively, achieve a competitive advantage in the market as well as launch quality products and services
Teaching French: Parisian Standard or Francophone Diversity?
No full textIn a rapidly changing Francophone world shaped by globalization, mobility, and shifting linguistic identities, the traditional standard of French—historically aligned with Parisian usage—is increasingly being challenged. This article investigates the ideological, political, and pedagogical foundations of the so-called “standard norm” by tracing its development from the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts to its institutionalization through the French Republican school system in the 19th century. It shows how this norm came to be viewed as the sole linguistic reference, often at the expense of the rich diversity of Francophone varieties.
From a critical sociolinguistic perspective, the article explores French as a pluricentric language. Across Quebec, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, and the French overseas territories, locally legitimate varieties coexist with the dominant norm. This linguistic diversity—historically overlooked in educational policy—raises key issues regarding intelligibility, cultural representation, and pedagogical equity.
Drawing on case studies, including textbook analyses and qualitative data from teachers in multilingual contexts, the article illustrates the tensions between normative prescriptions and real-world plurilingual practices. It concludes by outlining the principles of an inclusive pedagogy, based on the legitimation of diverse usages, teacher training in linguistic variation, and adaptation of curricular resources. Such an approach offers a way to reconcile linguistic standards with social justice, and to foster more representative, equitable, and effective teaching of French in today’s global Francophone space