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Forced Translocation of Linear Polymer Chain Trough Nano Channel Using Monte Carlo Simulation
No full textThe forced translocation of linear polymer chain through Nano channels is a topic significant
interest in polymer physics due to it is relevance in biological and Nano technological processes.
In this study Monte Carlo simulations are employed to investigate the dynamics of linear polymers
duLinear translocation under varying conditions. The effect of channel length, the probability
distribution of translocation time, and the role of applied force are systematically analyzed. Results
reveal that the channel length plays a crucial role in modulating the translocation dynamics. The
size of polymer chains is increased as the external force applied increases because the chains
are translocation influenced highly by force duLinear translocation in channel. The probability
distributions of translocation time exhibit a non-Gaussian behavior, highlighting the stochastic
nature of the process and the impact of polymer architecture. Additionally, the applied force
significantly influences the translocation rate, with higher forces reducing translocation times but
introducing non-linear scaling effects depending on the number of arms and arm length of
polymer
Analysis of Concentration of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Some Selected Fruits and Vegetable Samples from Various Farmlands in Jimma City
No full textVegetables & fruits are the most common foods of human diet in all around the human kind which used
for the maintenance of health, preventive & treatment of various diseases. They contain minerals,
vitamins, antioxidants, antimetabolites, protein, carbohydrates & water. They are a major source of
heavy metals, which contain both essential & toxic heavy metals over a wide range of concentrations.
Metals can originate from natural sources or be present through anthropogenic contamination. They are
major sources of heavy metals in the human diet which leads to acute & chronic health problems due to
these vegetables & fruits. This study investigates the concentration of essential & non-essential elements
in selected Fruits & vegetables samples various collected from farmlands & commercial market in jimma
city. The given potential for heavy metal contamination due to sold the consumers; we analyzed samples
of cabbage, potato, banana & orange for elements of concentrations such as: copper, Iron, cadmium &
chromium was determined for selected heavy metals by using Atomic observation spectroscopy (AAS).
The total samples are 4 kg composite samples for each type of fruit & vegetable was collected by simple
random sampling from farmlands & commercial market in jimma city & subsamples are 1 kg by using
digested via the wet digestion method. The experimental results of each fruits & vegetables, the mean
concentration of essential & non-essential elements mg/L in fruits sample exhibited decreased tend in the
order of banana (Cd: 3.097±0.8448) > (Fe: 0.662 ± 0.0259) > (Cr: 0.600± 0.2904)>(Cu: 0± 0) orange
(Cd:1.292±0.07367)>(Cr: 0.967±0.141)>(Fe:0.7143±0.0254) >(Cu:0 ± 0) & the mean concentration of
essential & non-essential elements (mg/L) in vegetables sample exhibited decreased tend in the order of
potatoes:(Cd:1.514±0.2934)>(Cr:1.1557±0.8037)>(Fe:0.5877±0.0108)>(Cu:0±0),cabbage,(Cd:1.097±0
.5786)>(Cr:0.800±0.3325)>(Fe:0.6917±0.0058)>(Cu:0±0) slightly a significant difference was observed
between the mean concentrations of all elements in fruits & vegetables. This indicates that the fruits &
vegetables sample contain the higher level of some selected essential elements than non-essential
elements in fruits & vegetables. The results were validated by accuracy, precession, MDL, ID, & MLQ.
The percentage recoveries were ranged between 80.5-120%, indicating good accuracy & repeatability of
the optimized procedure. Fruits & vegetable sample, & in the precision test, % RSD for selected essential
& non-essential elements in fruits & vegetable sample was in the range between 2.4 to 10.43. For both
fruits & vegetable samples in various farmlands of Jimma city. Therefore, the content of essential & non
essential elements such as Cu, Cr, Cd and Fe in fruits & vegetables samples was below the permissible
values of WHO/FAO
Prevalence and Drug Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Isolated from Out Patients Attending Gimbi General Hospital, West Ethiopia.
No full textSalmonella is one of the most commonly reported causes of foodborne diseases and is a serious public
health problem worldwide mainly in developing countries. Thus, this study was designed to assess the
prevalence and drug resistance pattern of Salmonella among outpatients attending Gimbi General
Hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2024. Data on socio
demographic characteristics of the study participants and risk factors for infection with Salmonella were
collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Stool specimen was collected from all study
participants who presented with diarrhoea and transported to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis.
Identification of Salmonella was done by biochemical tests using standard bacteriological methods. The
drug resistance patterns of the isolates were evaluated using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique on
Mueller–Hinton agar. In this study, the prevalence of Salmonella among study participants attending
Gimbi General Hospital was 7.2%. Risk factors like hand washing habit with soap before eating, hand
washing practice after toilet, experience of eating food kept for more than a day, drinking raw milk,
washing of fruits and vegetables before consumption and practice of using common knife for cutting raw
flesh and other food were significantly associated with Salmonella infection. The isolated Salmonella
were resistant to amoxicillin (100%), Tetracycline (100%) followed by Cotrimoxazole (63.6%).On the
other hand; the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Ceftriaxone (90.9%) and
Chloramphenicol (63.6%). A total of 5 multiple drug resistance patterns were observed among the
Salmonella isolates. About 54.6% of the isolates showed MDR to two drugs, 18.2% to three drugs, and
9.1% to four drugs. At the end, this study revealed that, Salmonellosis is still a public health problem.
Therefore, there is a need for frequent monitory and evaluation system to minimize the burden posed by
Salmonellosis. Also, ongoing surveillance is needed to monitor changes in susceptibility patterns and to
guide empirical treatment choices and combat the rise of drug resistant pathogens
Practices and Determinants of Quality Service Provision in Pre-Primary Schools of Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia
Full text linkPre-primary education constitutes a critical developmental phase, establishing essential
foundations for cognitive, social, and emotional growth while shaping long-term academic paths.
This study investigates practices, and determinants that influence quality service provision in
preprimary schools within Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia. Utilizing a pragmatist philosophical
paradigm, the research employs a convergent parallel design focuses on current implementation
practices, teacher-related factors, parental engagement, learning resources and, supervision roles.
Quantitative data were collected via questionnaires administered to 95 school principals and 190
pre-primary school teachers, while qualitative insights were derived from focus group discussions,
semi-structured interviews, and observational protocols involving purposively sampled
stakeholders, including regional education officials (n=5), zonal administrators (n=3), woreda
education officers (n=28), and Parent-Teacher Association leaders (n=8). Findings revealed
deficiency across multiple domains. Infrastructure deficits including insufficient physical learning
spaces, facilities, and scarce pedagogical materials were compounded by weak supervisory
mechanisms and misaligned integration between pre-primary and primary educational systems.
Regression analyses identified teacher related factors as the strongest predictor of quality service
provision (β=0.564, p<0.001), accounting for 56.4% of observed variance. Parental engagement
emerged as a moderate yet significant factor (R²=0.113, p<0.05), correlating with enhanced
literacy outcomes, stakeholder satisfaction, and student retention. Learning resource availability
explained 35.2% of quality service provision variance (p<0.01), underscoring acute material
shortages as critical barriers to effective implementation. The study revealed fragmented
structures that lack clear accountability mechanisms. Prolonged underfunding has exacerbated
the situation, leading to insufficient resource allocation, and limited community participation.
These factors collectively undermine the region’s capacity to meet national pre-primary education
standards. Theoretical implications highlight the necessity of adopting ecological models that
integrate institutional, family, and resource-based variables in pre-primary education quality
frameworks. Practically, the findings advocate for multi-tiered interventions: infrastructure
modernization, evidence-based teacher professional development programs, and community
driven parental involvement initiatives. Policy recommendations emphasize the urgent need for
earmarked pre-primary education budgeting, and intersectional collaboration frameworks. This
research contributes to global discourse on equitable early childhood education by elucidating
context-specific barriers in immerged region while proposing actionable pathways for systemic
improvement
Quality Assessment of Raw and Treated Milk Samples Collected From Food and Drink Establishments and Milk Distribution Centers of Jimma City, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Milk is an important source of nutrition but is also highly susceptible to microbial
contamination and adulteration if not handled with hygiene. In Ethiopia, raw milk has been
studied extensively, but little is known about the microbial safety of treated milk (boiled or
steamed) consumed in urban establishments such as cafes and hotels.
Objective: To assess the quality of raw and treated milk samples collected from food and drink
establishments and milk distribution centers of Jimma city, southwest Ethiopia.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 201 milk samples collected from food
and drink establishments and milk distribution centers from September to October 2024.
Stratified systematic random sampling was used, with one milk sample collected per
establishment. Laboratory analyses assessed total bacterial count (TBC), total coliform count
(TCC) and specific gravity for adulteration. Structured questionnaires and observational
checklists captured milk handling practices. Quality assurance included negative controls
(uninoculated media, sterile water) were performed. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis
tests, logistic regression and adjusted odds ratios (AOR).
Result: A total of 15 raw, 68 boiled, and 118 steamed milk samples were analyzed. Both raw
and treated milk frequently exceeded Ethiopian Standards for TBC and TCC, with
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as dominant isolates. Adulteration was detected in
>40% of samples, particularly from steamed milk establishments. Hygiene practices were poor:
none of the handlers used personal protective equipment (PPE) and only 22.9% had received
training. Observed hygiene did not always align with self-reported practices. Multivariate
analysis identified milk adulteration and cooler temperature management as significant
predictors of poor milk quality.
Conclusion and recommendation: Milk sold in Jimma City is compromised by microbial
contamination and adulteration due to poor milk handling practice. Strengthened regulatory
enforcement, improved cold chain infrastructure and mandatory handler training are
recommended to safeguard consumer health
Effects of Service Quality on Satisfaction of Private Pharmaceuticals Importers; a Case of Modjo Dry Port
No full textBackground: Modjo Dry Port has been serving as center of supply chain of cargo importation, including
pharmaceutical imports since 2009 in Ethiopia. Effective and efficient import clearance services at Modjo
Dry Port are critical for the timely and safe distribution of pharmaceuticals. Nonetheless, service quality
inefficiency such as delays, regulatory compliance issues, communication gaps, and logistical
inefficiencies affects importer satisfaction and the general supply chain. Evaluating service quality of
import port clearance operations is important to improve service quality and ensure a reliable supply of
pharmaceuticals.
Objectives: The study aimed to assess the effects of service quality of Modjo Dry Port import clearance
on satisfaction of private pharmaceutical importers.
Methods: A concurrent mixed method were employed. Cross-sectional and phenomenological design
were employed for quantitative and qualitative study respectively. A sample size were a 166
pharmaceutical importers. Study was conducted from Dec 1/2024 to Jan 30/2025. Data were collected
through self-administered structured questionnaires of 5 point Likert scale and semi-structured interviews
conducted by researcher. Epidata version 4.6 and SPSS version 26 statistical software were used for
cleaning and analysis of survey data respectively. Descriptive statistics and ordinal regression was run for
quantitative analysis. For qualitative data, an audio record were transcribed verbatim and translated by
bilingual speaker professional, then coded and finally presented thematically supported with quotes.
Results: Out of 166 distributed questionnaires, 156 used for analysis with response rate 94%. Descriptive
results indicated that tangibles rated slightly higher than average and empathy was rated lower than
average for most items. Most pharmaceuticals importers (53.8%) were dissatisfied on port clearance
services. Ordinal regression revealed that; empathy, reliability responsiveness and assurance had
statistically significant positive effects on overall satisfaction. Moreover; qualitative findings revealed
that there were inadequate professionals at inspection areas, arbitrary valuation practices, unnecessary
bureaucracy and poor digitalization at Modjo dry port.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The study concluded that empathy and reliability were the
strongest predictors of pharmaceuticals importers satisfactions. This highlighted the importance of
focusing on improving customer care and fulfilling responsibility as promised. Thus, assigning pharmacy
professionals at inspection areas, ensuring consistent staff availability, standardizing valuation practices,
publishing reference tariffs and enhancing digital infrastructure were recommended
Perception of Employee Engagement and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment among staffs at the selected hubs of Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Services
No full textBackground: As organizations strive to enhance performance and retain talent, understanding
how employees perceive their engagement and satisfaction is crucial.Organization want Engaged,
satisfied, and committed employees working for them because these employees understand how
they help meet the goals of the organization. However, their perception has not been studied in
Ethiopian pharmaceutical supply services.
Objectives: The primary aim of this research is to assess Perception of Employee Engagement
and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment among staff at the selected hubs of Ethiopian
Pharmaceutical Supply Services
Methods: The study used descriptive cross-sectional design to investigate employees engaged in
pharmaceutical supply chain activities at a selected hub of Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply
Services (EPSS) from November 2024 to December 2024. A sample of two hundred fifty staff
members from EPSS head office and four other hubs were chosen randomly. The data were
collected using a five-point likert scale with self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using
descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The data were entered into Epi Data version 4.6
and analyzed using a statistical package for the social sciences version 27. Multiple linear
regression was used to determine associations and make predictions between dependent and
independent variables, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Among the 282 questionnaires distributed, only 250 employees responded. From the
finding of this study employee engagement and job satisfaction which were independent variables
regressed on organizational commitment as dependent variable had significant positive impact on
organizational commitment with standardized regression coefficients (β) of 0.273( p-value <0.001
and 0.243 p-value<0.001,respectively. However, there is a little variations around 12.4% were
explained in organizational commitment of employees at selected hub of EPSS.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The findings indicate that when employees feel engaged in
their roles and satisfied with their work environment, they are more likely to develop a strong
commitment to the organization
Eating Behaviors and Associated Factors among Under Five Years Children at Jimma Town, Jimma, Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Early childhood is the ideal time to establish healthy eating habits as well as a
critical time for complete physical and mental development. Eating behaviors evolve during the
first years of life; children learn what, when, and how much to eat through direct experiences
with food and by observing the eating behaviors of others. It is important to keep an eye on
children's eating habits to prevent any nutritional deficiencies, which have been linked to a
higher risk of developing diseases including obesity, type2diabetes, and other conditions.
However, there is no study and evidence about eating behavior and associated factors among
under five years’ children in the Jimma town, Ethiopia.
Objective: This study is aimed to assess eating behaviors and associated factors among under-
five years children at Jimma town, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, 2025.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among under-five years
children
in Jimma town from February 05, 2025 to March 20, 2025. A systematic random
sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A total of 576 participants included
in this study by using a structured questionnaire. Epi-data manager 4.6 for data entry and
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. Logistic
regression model was used to identify the association between the outcome variable and
explanatory variables. The strength of association between dependent and independent variable
was determined by (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals and statistically significant association
was declared at P-values < 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of poor eating behaviors among under-five children in Jimma Town
was 45.0% (95%CI: 40.8-49.2). Mothers who have Diploma or higher education (AOR = 2.31;
95% CI: 1.04–5.14), Mothers experienced illness during pregnancy (AOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.05
3.33),Children whose mothers did not attend postnatal visits (AOR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.16
2.46),Children aged 6–11 months (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.01–2.52), children with a previous
history of illness (AOR = 3.71; 95% CI: 1.16–11.9), and children from poor wealthy households
(AOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.05–3.25) were identified as factors associated with poor eating
behaviors among under five years old children in Jimma town.
I
Conclusion: Nearly half of the under-five children in Jimma Town exhibited poor eating
behaviors. Low maternal education, maternal illness during pregnancy, lack of postnatal care,
younger child age, previous illness in the child, and low household wealth were identified as
factors associated with poor eating behaviors among under- five years old children in Jimma
town
Effect of Potassium Fertilizer Sources and Rates on Bulb Yield and Shelf Life of Onion Varieties in Jimma
No full textOnions are crucial vegetable and cash crops in Ethiopia, but farmers struggle to optimize
bulb yield and shelf life due to unbalanced fertilizer use. Nitrogen and phosphorus are
commonly used, but potassium (K) is also important. This study evaluated the effect of
potassium fertilizer sources and rates on bulb yield and shelf life of onion varieties in Jimma
during 2023/2024. Two varieties (Bombay Red and Nafis), two potassium sources (potassium
nitrate and potassium chloride), and four application rates (0, 60, 120, 180 kg/ha) were
studied using 2*2*4 factorial arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with
three replications. Data on growth, yield, and shelf life were analyzed using SAS. Results
showed significant the main effects of variety, potassium source, and rate on most
parameters. Nafis had a taller plant height (53.99cm) and better shelf life (a rotting number
for Nafis is approximately 23.21% less than that of Bombay Red), whereas, Bombay Red had
a higher yield (24.98 tons/ha. Potassium nitrate was more effective than potassium chloride
on plant height (54.06cm), sheath diameter (12.73mm), total bulb yield (24.47 ton/ha)
Exploring Human-Hyena Interactions in Arsi Mountains National Park (Dilfekar Site): Implications for Ecotourism Development
No full textHuman-carnivore conflicts, particularly with species like the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta
crocuta), are common and escalating in Ethiopia. These conflicts are especially pronounced
in areas where human populations and livestock coexist with wildlife. The
Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta), which are abundant in human dominated landscape of
Ethiopia, are among the large carnivores causing human wildlife conflict. Thus, the main
objective of this study was to assess Human-Hyenas Interactions and its implication to
Ecotourism development in Arsi Mountains National Park (Dilfekar Site).The data was
collected from April 2024 to October 2024.Both descriptive and observational research
designs and proportionate stratified random sampling technique were employe