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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Girls Empowerment Project in Jimma Town, Ethiopia,2024
No full textBackground: Empowerment for girls and young mothers is achieved when they gain control over their
financial and material resources. This helps them to overcome gender-related obstacles and contribute to the
reduction of child abandonment and neglect which occur due to unwanted pregnancy.
Objective: To evaluate the project’s effectiveness in reducing unwanted pregnancies in adolescent girls,
financial capacity, and enhancing government commitment to addressing child abandonment and neglect in
2024.
Methods: A summative evaluation of the Girls' Empowerment Project was carried out in Jimma Town from
July 1 to August 1, 2024. The evaluation utilized a quasi-experimental design, specifically employed pre
posttest comparison group methodology. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied,
along with document review. Data were gathered from project participants, key informants, and project
documentation. A total of 137 project participants participated in the quantitative study. Based on the data
saturation criteria, two focus group discussions and four key informant interviews with the stakeholders
were conducted, and project documents were also reviewed and contributed for qualitative insights.
Systematic sampling was used for quantitative data, while purposive sampling was applied for qualitative
data. The study utilized a structured questionnaire administered via Kobo Toolbox, verified for accuracy,
and then exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis using logistic regression techniques. Qualitative data were
transcribed, translated, coded and analyzed in themes and presented as triangulation with quantitative
results. The findings were analyzed and presented collectively, with the overall effectiveness, efficiency,
and sustainability dimensions.
Results: The survey result indicated a reduction in unwanted pregnancies among the 137 project
participants, decreasing from 10% to 1%. Additionally, 98% of the adolescent girls accessed youth-friendly
SRH services, and 94% of project participants had received information on SRH. Furthermore, 132
respondents (97%) engage in their own IGAs. Based on the dimensions, the effectiveness of the project was
87%, effecency100% and sustainability 50%, which was rated as very good, very good and poorly
implemented consecutively. In general, the overall result of the project was 79%, which represents the partial
implementation of the project.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The overall implementation level of the Girls' Empowerment Project,
as determined by the judgment matrix, was partially implemented (79%). The project's sustainability
strategy should be given careful consideration during the design and implementation phases. The project
should work with Key Implementing partners and community leaders to ensure sustainability for future
Prevalence and associated factors of thyroid dysfunction in hiv Positive patients at nekemte specalized hospital ,east Wolega,Ethiopia
No full textBackground: HIV infection weakens the immune system and can disrupt endocrine function, particularly
affecting the thyroid gland. While overt thyroid disease remains uncommon, subclinical abnormalities like
subclinical hypothyroidism and Graves’ disease are frequently observed, especially among patients on
antiretroviral therapy (ART) or with low CD4 counts. Immune reconstitution may trigger autoimmune thyroid
disorders. Early diagnosis through thyroid function tests (TSH, FT4, and T3) is essential to prevent
complications and improve outcomes in people living with HIV.
Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of thyroid dysfunction among HIV Positive patients
on ART in Nekemte town, West Ethiopia,2024
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted at the Nekemte Specialized Hospital among HIV
Positive patients, from June 11 to July 14, 2024. A total of 327 HIV positives patients were included in the study
by using systematic random sampling technique. The mobile KOBO toolbox was used to collect data on socio
demographic, HIV-related information, medical, and lifestyle factors. Five milliliter of venous blood was
collected using a sterile disposable syringe into a plain and EDTA tube, The samples were tested for CD4 T
lymphocyte levels using the BD FACSPresto system and TSH,FT4 and FT3 test was measured using a Cobas
e411 analyzer. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0, Descriptive and inferential
statstics were used to describe and identify independent predictors respectively. P value less than 0.05 was
considered as statistically significant.
Result: The study found that 14.4% of respondents had abnormal in TSH, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free
thyroxine (FT4) levels.The majority of respondents(40.4) were in the 40-49 age range, with a smaller
percentage in the 18-29 age range or older than 60. The most frequently prescribed medications were
Tenofovir(32.7), Lamivudine(33.0), and Dolutegravir(30.6). The 50-59 age group had a higher risk of thyroid
dysfunction than those in the 30-39 age range.The study also found that women had a 1.45 times greater chance
of subclinical hypothyroidism than men. Zidovudine ( AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.35–3.27) users had a markedly
increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction compared to those on antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Conclusion: Asignificant number of HIV-positive patients receiving ART at Nekemte Specialized Hospital had
thyroid abnormalities, namely subclinical hypothyroidism. To reduce the risk of negative endocrine effects and
enhance patient outcomes, will be significant to monitor thyroid function for people using antiretroviral therapy
(ART) regimens such lamivudine, tenofovir, and dolutegravir female sex was significantly associated with
thyroid dysfunction, with women having higher odds of developing thyroid abnormalities compared to me
Bacteriological quality of spring water inGimbichu District, Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia
No full textThe quality of drinking water has always been a major health concern, especially in developing
countries, where 80% of the disease cases are attributed to inadequate sanitation and use of
polluted water. Water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection
of the source, unhygienic practices and poor household handling practices. This study aimed at
examining bacteriological quality of spring water in Gimbichu District, Hadiya Zone, Central
Ethiopia. A total of 30 water samples were examined from ten spring water sources. A cross
sectional survey and bacteriological analysis of 30water samples were conducted in completed
within month. Membrane filtration were used enumeration ofbacteria(TC,FCand FS. Data were
analyzed using SPSS v20 and Microsoft Excel 2010. This study found that, the highest mean
coliformsbacteria counts were observed at spring site 5: 280.3±20.8 /ml total coliforms,
213.3±102.6/ml fecal coliforms and 166.7±198.6 /ml fecal streptococci. The lowest mean counts
33.3±40.4 /ml total coliforms, 40.0±36.1 /ml fecal coliforms and 36.7±63.5 /ml fecal streptococci
were observed at spring site-10.The mean pH concentration in all sampling sites ranged from
7.1±0.2- 8.4±0.0 and the mean temperature of the water sample ranged from 16.5±1.3 0C -
18.7±0.3 0C. None of the water samples comply the WHO and ES, 2002 standards for drinking
water. Moreover analysis of water handling practice by households, the most commonly
preferred type of water collection container was jerry can 62.9% and 37.1% clay pot. In regard
to the placement of drinking utensils, 54.3% put on the table, 28.6% hung on the wall, and
17.1% placed on the floor, respectively. Therefore, unsafe water handling was a common
practice in the study area and the majority of water sources were not free of total coliform,
faecal coliform and faecal Streptococci indicating noncompliance with WHO water quality
guideline. Hence, the management of water sources, appropriate treatment of the raw water
sources, control of physico–chemical parameters at disinfection points, and promoting good
hygienic practices are important to make the water quality acceptable in the study area
Woody Species Diversity and Aboveground Live Carbon Storage in the Agroforestry Systems of Tarcha Zuria District, Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textAgroforestry systems, which integrate trees with crops and/or livestock, play a crucial role in
enhancing biodiversity, promoting sustainability, and sequestering carbon to combat climate
change. Understanding the ecological and carbon storage potential of these systems can
support sustainable land management and climate change mitigation strategies. This study
investigated woody species diversity and aboveground live carbon storage within
agroforestry systems of Tarcha Zuria district, Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
Agroforestry systems were stratified into three land use types: homegarden, cropland, and
pastureland. Four transects, each 14 km long and 1 km wide on either side, were laid across
the different land-use types at regular intervals. A total of 42 sample plots were established
along transicts sysematically with 14 plots in each land use type. Vegetation parameters,
including diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and species type were recorded. The data
analysis used structural (height, DBH, and basal area) and compositional (frequency,
diversity, and density) parameters. Data were analyzed using past software with descriptive
statistics for the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Sorenson’s similarity index.
Aboveground live biomass (AGB) of woody species with DBH ≥ 5 cm was calculated using
the updated nondestructive allometric equation: AGB = 0.0673(ρD2H) 0.976. Aboveground
carbon (AGC) was estimated as 50% of AGB. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used to test the differences in AGC across land use types, followed by Tukey’s HSD test for
mean comparisons. A total of 62 woody species belonging to 28 families and 46 genera were
recorded and documented across 42 sample plots. Similarities in species composition were
higher between home garden and cropland (77%) and lowest between cropland and
pastureland (49%). Woody species diversity and carbon storage varied significantly among
the land use types. Woody species diversity, species richness, and species density were
significantly higher in pastureland, while species evenness was greater in cropland
compared to the other land use types. The AGC stored in homegarden (19.15 t/ha) was
significantly higher than both in cropland (7.87 t/ha) and pastureland (6.35 t/ha). The
variation in carbon storage among different land use types was statistically significant (F =
77.728, P = 0). Finally, the study demonstrated that woody species in the various
agroforestry systems play a key role in carbon sequestration. Their conservation is therefore
recommended to sustain this benefit
Determinants of cervical cancer screening utilization among reproductive age women in Bench Sheko and Sheka Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024: Multi-Center Facility-Based Case-Control Study
No full textBackground: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, but
the second in Ethiopia, where cervical cancer screening utilization remains low. Reports in
Bench Sheko and Sheka Zones revealed that screening rates have not met national targets,
highlighting the need to identify factors influencing screening rates.
Objective: To assess the determinants of cervical cancer screening utilization among
reproductive-age women in Bench Sheko and Sheka Zones, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024.
Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted in the Bench Sheko and Sheka
zones, involving 288 reproductive-age women from October 15 to December 30, 2024. Cases
were selected consecutively, while controls were selected through systematic random sampling
after the first participant was selected by the lottery method. Data were collected using Kobo
Toolbox on Android devices and analyzed with SPSS (version 26). Variables with p<0.25 in
bivariable analysis were included in multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance
was assessed using adjusted odds ratios (AOR) (95% confidence interval (CI)), with p< 0.05
considered significant. Finally, results were displayed through text, tables, and graphs.
Results: A total of 284 participants were included (94 cases and 190 controls), achieving a
98.6% response rate. The mean age was 31.43 years (± 6.28) for cases and 32.85 years (± 5.53)
for controls. Urban residency (AOR: 2.11, 95%CI: 1.13,3.94) secondary education (AOR:
2.69,95% CI:1.06,6.85), receiving recommendations from health care workers (AOR: 3.64,
95% CI: 1.95,6.79), waiting for two or fewer hours in health facilities (AOR: 4.95, 95% CI:
2.12,11.57), membership in women development army (AOR: 2.96, 95% CI: 1.53,5.74), and
having good knowledge of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening (AOR:1.85, 95% CI:
1.01,3.41) were found to be determinants of cervical cancer screening utilization.
Conclusion and recommendation: The findings revealed that urban residency, secondary
education, health care workers' recommendations, waiting time in health facilities,
membership in the women's development army, and good knowledge are determinants of
cervical cancer screening utilization. Attention is needed for rural women by promoting the
Women’s Development Army, enhancing healthcare systems to reduce waiting times, and
raising awareness to boost cervical cancer screening utilization rates effectively
Assessment of knowledge and practice of cardio Pulmonary resuscitation among medical interns of jimma Medical interns of jimma university, south west Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation refers to a sequential chain of measures taken to
save and maintain the quality of life of a patient following cardiac arrest. The process involves
recognition of absent breathing and circulation, basic life support with chest compressions and
rescue breathing and post resuscitative care. Effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves
the patients‟ outcomes hence reducing mortality related to cardiac arrest. The determinants of
effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among health care workers are not well
researched in African countries(1).Basic life support (BLS) is an integral part of health care.
However, teaching of BLS is not yet a part of protocol zed curriculum and uniform throughout.
The present study is designed to assess the knowledge and practice of CPR medical interns in a
medical institute(2).
Objective: To study knowledge and practice towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)
among medical interns at Jimma medical center(JMC)(1).
Methods: The study design was institution-based cross-sectional study among medical interns at
JMC. The study was conducted from November 1 to 30, 2024.The total sample size was
169.The study participants was selected using Systematic sampling technique method and data
was collected using structured self-administrated questionnaires . The collected data was entered
and exported to SPSS version 27 for analysis. Statistical significance was considered at a p-value
of less than 0.05(3). Data analysis was done using binary and multiple logistic regressions for
practice and ordinary logistic regression for knowledge with p value of less than 0.05.
Budget: The research was spends a total of 24615 birr which was covered by Jimma Universit
An Investigation Into Efl Teachers’ Perceptions, Practices and Challenges Of Competency-Based Approach To Teach Efl For Academic Purpose; Grade 10 Students Of Limu Genet Town High Schools In Focus.
No full textThe purpose of this study was to Investigate to EFL teachers’ perception, practice and challenges of
competency-based language teaching approach to teach EFL in the high schools for academic purpose of Limu
Genet town high schools grade 10 students in focus. The research designs that was used to carry out the study
was descriptive study designs. A questionnaire, an interview, classroom observation, and Focus Group
discussion were used to collect data. Mixed data analyses that include both quantitative and qualitative
methods were used. The study sites are Limu Genet Town higher secondary schools. The participants of the
study were all EFL teachers in the three high schools 18 EFL teachers and 81 students taken randomly from
three high schools. the total numbers of the participants were 99. Ten item with five Likert-scale questionnaire
prepared for students and 20 item with five Likert-scale questionnaire were prepared for teachers beside this
interview, classroom observation and Focus Group Discussions were used to gather data. The data gained
from the questionnaire were analyzed using the quantitative and the qualitative methods by combining with the
data gained from interview, classroom observation and the transcribed data gained from Focus Group
Discussion. The result showed that EFL teachers have positive perception towards CBLT approach. However,
they were obliged to cover the contents of the materials than the specific competence that would be achieved by
the students. the challenges EFL teachers faced to implement CBLTA in the EFL classroom were; the
principals and supervisors’ focuses on content coverage than competency. The teachers took large class size
as a challenge not as an opportunity. The curriculum itself was not designed to implement CBLT Approach in
the EFL classrooms. The researcher recommend ministry of education should encourage a curriculum designer
to give attention about CBLT approach in high schools, the town education office should encourage EFL
teachers to use CBLT approach in the actual class room in addition to this they should arrange training for
EFL teachers. English department heads and EFL teachers should give priority to the students to use EFL for
day-to-day activity. (To develop students’ competency in using EFL in the 21st century.
Compliance to Antenatal Psychosocial Assessment Practice and the Effectiveness of Antenatal Group-Based Psychoeducation in Preventing Postpartum Depression, Jimma, Ethiopia: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textBackground: - In Ethiopia, one in five mothers suffers from postpartum depression. It
carries adverse physical and psychological consequences for the mother, child, family, and
society as a whole. Though the condition is an indication of the need for prompt
interventions, there is no assessment and prevention targeted to this problem at maternal
health care units in Ethiopia. Evidence indicates that, to prevent postpartum depression
(PPD), universal screening and psychosocial support to be undertaken in early pregnancy
to be effective. Pertinent to this, the WHO indicates that maternal health care providers
hold a crucial role in detecting, preventing, and, if necessary, providing referrals to mental
health care services.
Objectives: So, the study tried to improve compliance to antenatal psychosocial
assessment practice (ANPA) among maternal health care providers (MHCP) and assessed
the effectiveness of antenatal group-based psychoeducation intervention in preventing PPD
in maternal health care units, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Methods: - To enhance compliance with ANPA practices among MHCP, a pre-post study
design was implemented. Audit, feedback, and re-audit standard criteria were utilized,
alongside a team-based analysis of organizational barriers. Additionally, strategies were
identified to address those barriers. The Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of
Clinical Evidence System (JBI-PACES) and Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) audit
and feedback tool were used. The study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019
using four standard ANPA audit criteria from JBI-PACES for both the baseline and follow
up audits. All MHCP and 66 pregnant women, selected using the consecutive sampling
method, participated. On the basis of the results, the gaps and barriers were analyzed using
GRiP strategies.
The next objective assessed the effectiveness of antenatal group-based psychoeducation
(ANGPE) intervention aimed at preventing PPD while also enhancing postpartum
depression literacy and social support. A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted
using a parallel-group, single-blind, and two-arm intervention design with a 1:1 allocation
ratio. This trial took place from March 28 to December 1, 2022, and involved 550
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(intervention=286 and control=264) pregnant women across 32 non-adjusted health
centers. The health centers were randomized into two groups, with 16 health centers
assigned to each arm, using a simple randomization technique. The units of randomization
were health centers with an average cluster size of 20 pregnant women, 12-20 weeks of
gestation, who scored (0-9) on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The intervention group
received usual care plus five ANGPE classes, while the control group received only usual
care. A well-validated patient health questioner-9, functional social support, and PPD
literacy scale assessed PPD, social support, and PPD literacy, respectively. Data were
collected in face-to-face interviews at 12–20 weeks gestation and 6 weeks postpartum. An
Intention-to-treat analysis was used, and baseline characteristics were compared between
groups using a χ² and an independent sample t-test for categorical and continuous
measures, respectively. Finally, the magnitude of the intervention effect and predictors of
the outcome variable were analyzed by using a relative risk and a mixed-effect model
based on the objective of the study.
Result: The baseline audit result revealed a 0% compliance rate for all evidence-based
ANPA audit criteria. Lack of knowledge or training gaps, weak internal referral system or
weak linkage between antenatal clinic and medical or behavioral treatment services, lack
of locally validated tools for assessing depression in the antenatal clinic, client load, and
shortage of private rooms were identified as barriers. However, the post implementation
result showed that an average 91.5% practice of evidence based ANPA was applied as per
standards by working on the above identified barriers.
Regarding the cluster randomized controlled trial: - The overall response rate at the end
line was 92.9%. The results showed that the prevalence of (PPD) in the intervention
clusters was significantly lower than in the control group, with rates of 20 (7%) compared
to 74 (28%), P = 0.001. Additionally, the relative risk (RR: 0.25 [0.07/0.28]) indicates that
mothers who received ANGPE were 75% less likely to develop PPD than those in the
control group who received only the usual care. Additionally, after controlling the
community and individual-level variables, a mixed-effect analysis showed that ANGPE
intervention (65%; AOR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.13–0.99), social support (AOR = 0.04, 95%
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CI = 0.01–0.15), partner emotional support (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.12–0.51), PPD
literacy (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.11–0.62), and self-esteem (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI =
0.11–0.47) were more likely to protect mothers from PPD. On the contrary, domestic work
(AOR = 9.75, 95% CI = 3.37–28.16), neonates with complications (AOR = 5.79, 95% CI =
2.04–16.45), and unhealthy coping (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.06–5.42) exposed mothers to
PPD.
Furthermore, the study showed that mothers in the intervention arms were 2.04 times more
likely than controls to have adequate social support (RR=2.044, 95% CI: 1.684-2.481).
Similarly, mixed-effect analysis indicated that mothers in the intervention clusters (3.607;
AOR=2.136–6.090) had partner emotional support (AOR=1.61; 1.00–2.59) and get support
from their mother (AOR=4.25; 1.78–10.15) had adequate social support. However,
mothers with PPD (AOR=.057 (.02-.19)), unhealthy coping (AOR=.27), and loneliness
(AOR=.28 (.11-.69)) were less likely to have adequate social support.
Furthermore, the study demonstrated a significant difference between groups regarding the
overall mean PPD literacy score (intervention, 3.75±.46; control, 3.48±.46; ηp²=.07),
ability to recognize PPD (intervention, 4.30±.64; control, 3.94±.75; ηp²=.06), knowledge
of risk factors and causes (intervention, 4.03±.69; control, 3.67±.70; ηp²=.05), and access
to PPD information (intervention, 3.28±1.25; control, 2.01±1.13; ηp²=.21) at p=.001, with
marginal significance regarding self-care activities (intervention 4.37±.54, control
4.26±.50, ηp²=.01, P =.051). Conversely, there were no significant differences in
knowledge of professional help (intervention 2.97±1.13, control 2.83±.80, ·p²=.00,
P=.303), beliefs regarding professional help (intervention 2.67±.89, control 2.50±.72,
·p²=.01, P=.063), and attitudes towards PPD recognition and help-seeking (intervention
3.91±1.02, control 3.91±1.02, ·p²=.00, P=.586). Moreover, partner emotional support
(AOR = .1, 95% CI = .02–.17), unhealthy coping (AOR = -.14, 95% CI = -.22–(-.07)), and
multiparty (AOR = -.15, 95% CI = -.22–(-.08)) showed significant associations with
overall PPD literacy score
Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and assessment of Associated factors among pregnant women attending the Antenatal care clinic of jimma medical center, southwest Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal dysbiosis characterized by a
reduction in protective Lactobacillus species and an overgrowth of diverse facultative and
anaerobic bacteria such as G. vaginalis. BV is a significant public health concern, particularly
among pregnant women, as it is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes such as preterm
birth and increased susceptibility to STIs. The epidemiology and contributing factors of BV
demonstrate geographical variability, with higher prevalence rates reported in sub-Saharan
Africa. Despite its prevalence, limited data exist on BV and its associated factors among
pregnant women in southwest Ethiopia.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis
and assess associated factors among pregnant women attending the antenatal care clinic of
Jimma Medical Center from January 1 to March 30, 2025, Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Jimma Medical Center from January to
March 2025, involving 285 pregnant women attending antenatal care. Systematic random
sampling was used to recruit participants. Data were collected through structured interviews
and laboratory analysis of vaginal swabs. Diagnosis of BV was based on Amsel‘s clinical
criteria and Nugent scoring from Gram-stained smears. Culture technique was used to
explore microbiological profile. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS
version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and Multivariate logistic
regression analysis was conducted to identify variables independently associated with BV. P
value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The overall prevalence of BV was 22.5% (64 out of 285). Significant independent
predictors of BV included: history of STIs (AOR=6.279, CI: 1.844, 21.381), vaginal
discharge (AOR=3.143, CI: 1.106, 8.937), lower abdominal pain (AOR=4.055, CI: 1.372,
11.985), spontaneous abortion (AOR = 7.995, CI: 2.139, 29.882), preterm labor or birth
(AOR=10.043, CI: 3.009, 33.522), vaginal douching (AOR=5.6, CI: 2.01, 15.5), and having
multiple sexual partners (AOR=8.468, CI: 2.390, 30.008). G. vaginalis was the most
frequently isolated organism.
Conclusion: Bacterial vaginosis is common among pregnant women in this setting and is
significantly associated with clinical symptoms and behavioral factors. Its link to adverse
pregnancy outcomes emphasizes the need for early detection and management.
Recommendation: Routine screening for BV should be integrated into antenatal care
services, particularly for women with a history of STIs or obstetric complications. Health
education programs should address harmful vaginal hygiene practices and promote safe
sexual behaviors. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to explore causality and
evaluate treatment outcomes
Prevalence of Cesarean Section Delivery and Its Associated Factors among Mothers Who Gave Birth at Hargeisa Hospitals, Hargeisa, Somaliland, 2025 an Institution Based Cross Sectional Study
No full textBackground: Many countries have exceeded WHO recommended a population-level of C
section rate of 10–15%, leading to both health and economic implications to mothers around the
world. There is Knowledge and geographical gap about cesarean section (C/S) in Hargeisa,
Somaliland. Hence, this will fill the knowledge by finding the prevalence and associated factors
of cesarean section among mothers who gave birth in Hargeisa, Somaliland.
Objective: The study aims to assess the prevalence of cesarean section delivery and its
associated factors among mothers who gave birth at Hargeisa hospitals, Hargeisa, Somaliland,
2025.
Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed among systematic
randomly selected 580 mothers who gave birth at Hargeisa hospitals, Hargeisa, Somaliland from
01-30 May, 2025. A kobo collect incorporated with structured questionnaire is used to collect
data. After data exploration, it was entered in STATA V.17. Descriptive statistics was employed
to estimate frequency and prevalence. Bivariable and multivariable logistic analyses is carried
out to identify independent associated factors of cesarean section. Model fitness and Multi
collinearity has been done.
Result: The prevalence of cesarean delivery among mothers was 35.0% (95% CI: 31.2%
38.9%). Factors associated with cesarean delivery included being housewife (AOR = 0.87, 95%
CI: 0.21–0.87), husband’s with primary education (AOR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.26–0.86), had history
of previous cesarean section (AOR = 9.51; 95% CI: 6.07–14.89), multiple pregnancy (AOR =
2.00; 95% CI: 1.42–2.85), and being multi-parity (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32–0.89).
Conclusion: Cesarean section delivery was high among mothers in Hargeisa. Key associated
factors included maternal occupation, husband’s education, previous cesarean section multiple
pregnancy, and parity. Targeted prenatal wellness programs, standardized cesarean counseling,
and specialized VBAC clinics should be implemented, alongside enhanced monitoring for
multiple pregnancies and structured support for first-time mothers are recommended to reduce
unnecessary cesarean sections and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes