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Electronic and structural properties of Titanium dibo ride (Tib2) Using Density Functional theory
No full textIn this thesis the first principle calculation of Titanium Diboride (TiB2 ) is investigated with den
sity functional theory (DFT) using Quantum Espresso package. Our study is based on Density
Functional Theory (DFT) with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) exchange-correlation
functional, Vanderbilt (ultra soft) pseudo-potentials and the plane wave basis set implemented
in the Quantum-ESPRESSO package. The calculation of the total minimum energy of TiB2 is
calculated as a function of cutoff energy and K-points sampling. The total minimum energy
per cell is monotonically decreasing with increasing cutoff energy due to variation principle.
However, this trend can not be predicted from increasing the k-points sampling. Moreover,
the equilibrium lattice constant is calculated using results obtained from energy convergence
test (i.e., 60 Ry and 12 × 12 × 10 ). The computational value of the equilibrium lattice con
stant is 5.725527Bohr. This result is in good agreement with experimental value which is
5.735527Bohr . Finally, discussing band structure and density of state of TiB2 , the electrical
property of TiB2 was determined based on energy band gap and it is a conductive material,
often showing metallic behavior
Epidemiology of malaria in pregnancy in majang zone of Gambella region, southwest Ethiopia
No full textMalaria in pregnancy (MiP) is among the leading global public health problems,
mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is associated with various adverse pregnancy outcomes involving
the mother, the fetus, the newborn, and beyond. In malaria-endemic settings, it often remains asymptomatic
partly due to partially acquired immunity and parasite sequestration in the placenta. Effective mitigation of
MiP needs reliable data, which are scarce in the Majang Zone, where malaria burden is rising. Hence, this
study aimed at investigating the magnitude, associated factors, adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs), and
detectability of MiP in the Majang Zone of Gambella Region, Southwest Ethiopia. It also aimed at
determining pooled prevalence, associated factors, and APOs of PM in SSA through a systematic review
and meta-analysis (SRMA) of studies published in the last 100 year
ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF CLIENTS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PERFORMANCE (A CASE OF LEGA TAFO TOWN)
No full textThe construction industry is inherently complex, involving multiple actors (clients, contractors, and consultants) whose coordinated efforts determine project success. While contractors and consultants have received considerable attention, the influence of clients on project performance remains underexplored, particularly in developing countries. This study assessed the role of clients and their impact on the performance of building construction projects in Lega Tafo Town, Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire with 58 items was distributed to 50 respondents, of which 40 were returned (80% response rate). Data were analyzed using SPSS v.20, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics. Respondents ranked clients’ financial attributes, clear definition of project scope and objectives, and resource availability as the top three client-related factors influencing project outcomes. Finance emerged as the most critical factor, reflecting the reality that delayed disbursements or inadequate funding often result in stalled works, contractual disputes, and time overruns. Similarly, unclear scope was identified as a recurring source of rework and cost escalation, while resource availability determined the efficiency of execution. Analysis of clients’ involvement across project phases revealed that participation is highest during the planning phase, where strategic decisions on budget, design, and scope are made, but much lower during operation and maintenance, which weakens long-term project sustainability. Regarding impacts, the three most significant client-related effects were time extensions due to delays in decision-making, reworks from design changes, and budget increases, all of which directly link to clients’ managerial capacity and early planning practices. Correlation and regression analyses showed strong positive relationships between client-related factors, level of involvement, and overall project performance. Importantly, client involvement level was found to be the most influential predictor of performance. This underscores that in contexts like Lega Tafo, where institutional and financial capacities are often limited, active and informed client participation across all phases is crucial for improving construction outcomes and ensuring lifecycle sustainability
Parasitic Nematodes and Fusarium Wilt Of Hot Peppers (Capsicum Spp.) And Their Management Using Endospore Forming Rhizobacteria in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textHot pepper is a popular crop in Ethiopia, widely cultivated for consumption and as a significant
source of income for smallholder farmers. It also contributes to the overall economy of the
country. Among vegetables and spices, pepper ranks first in terms of area under cultivation and
production. However, the crop's production and productivity are often constrained by wilt
causing pathogens such as Fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode (RKN), particularly during
certain seasons. These issues significantly limit Ethiopia's contribution to global markets.
Between 2017 and 2022, a comprehensive study was conducted to investigate the occurrence and
distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes infecting hot peppers. The study also evaluated the
population dynamics and damage threshold of Meloidogyne incognita, assessed the reactions of
hot pepper varieties to Fusarium oxysporum and M. incognita, and examined the effectiveness of
endospore-forming bacteria from the pepper rhizosphere in controlling these pathogens under
both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Soil and plant samples were collected from four major
pepper-growing districts in the Jimma Zone. Microbial characterization was performed in the
Research and Postgraduate Laboratory of the Department of Biology, while nematode
processing, soil physicochemical analyses, and pot experiments were conducted at the College of
Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University. Molecular analyses of Meloidogyne
isolates were conducted at Ghent University, while those of Fusarium and bacterial isolates were
performed at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Data collected during the study
were analyzed using Minitab® version 19, R-4.2.1, SAS version 9.3, and Origin Pro 202. Over
83% of surveyed pepper fields were found to be infested with parasitic nematodes, and 13
nematode types were identified. Among these, Meloidogyne, Scutellonema, Rotylenchulus,
Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, and Rotylenchus were the most prevalent, with Meloidogyne
(identified as M. incognita through Nad5 gene analysis) being the most common. This represents
the first report of M. incognita on pepper crops in Ethiopia. The damage potential of M.
incognita was investigated through greenhouse experiments, using 13 initial population densities
(Pi). The "Dinsire" variety showed a tolerance limit for total fresh weight and fruit number at
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0.30 and 0.18 M. incognita (g soil)-1, respectively. Results indicated a negative correlation
between Pi and both plant growth and the final nematode population density (Pf). The study
estimated the maximum multiplication rate (a) and maximum population density (M) of M.
incognita at 8813.2 and 3420.1 M. incognita (g soil)-1, espectively. The "Dinsire" variety
performed well at a Pi of fewer than 8 second-stage juveniles (J2) (g soil)−1, exceeding the field
average of 6 nematodes (g soil)−1. Fusarium isolates from infected pepper samples were
identified as F. oxysporum using ITS region analysis. Among these, the isolate FI1 was highly
pathogenic, significantly affecting the "Mareko Fana" variety under greenhouse conditions. Of
the 11 varieties tested, "Melka Dera" was resistant to FI1, while "Melka Zala" was highly
susceptible, experiencing a 66% reduction in fresh root weight and a 61% reduction in fresh
shoot weight. Most pepper varieties currently under production are susceptible to Fusarium wilt,
underscoring the need for further screening of genotypes and the development of effective
management strategies. From 48 soil samples taken from healthy pepper rhizospheres, 35
endospore-forming bacteria were identified, exhibiting multiple plant growth-promoting traits.
These included phosphate solubilization (indices ranging from 2.8 to 10), indole acetic acid
production (27.31–59.16 µg/ml), and chitin hydrolysis (chitinolytic indices of 1–7.5 in 20
isolates). Of these, 21 bacterial isolates reduced pathogenic Fusarium growth by 39.4–79.2%,
while 12 inhibited M. incognita egg hatching by 51–96.4% and increased nematode J2 mortality
by 45–98.7%. Molecular analyses identified these bacteria as Bacillus siamensis, B. velezensis,
B. cereus, and Paenibacillus polymyxa. Bacillus cereus (JUBC7) and B. siamensis (JUBC12)
demonstrated strong potential for producing plant growth-promoting substances and
antagonizing F. oxysporum and M. incognita in vitro. Greenhouse evaluations of 12 pepper
genotypes found that the "Dinsire" variety suppressed M. incognita populations, while "Bako
Local" and "Dame" were highly susceptible. Co-inoculation of B. cereus and B. siamensis
reduced co-infection by M. incognita and F. oxysporum by 92.6%, with B. cereus alone
suppressing Fusarium infection by 90.1%. Based on these findings, the "Dinsire" variety, in
combination with B. cereus and B. siamensis, is recommended as an integrated pest management
strategy for fields infested with Fusarium wilt and M. incognita, pending further validation under
field conditions
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Girls Empowerment Project in Jimma Town, Ethiopia,2024
No full textBackground: Empowerment for girls and young mothers is achieved when they gain control over their
financial and material resources. This helps them to overcome gender-related obstacles and contribute to the
reduction of child abandonment and neglect which occur due to unwanted pregnancy.
Objective: To evaluate the project’s effectiveness in reducing unwanted pregnancies in adolescent girls,
financial capacity, and enhancing government commitment to addressing child abandonment and neglect in
2024.
Methods: A summative evaluation of the Girls' Empowerment Project was carried out in Jimma Town from
July 1 to August 1, 2024. The evaluation utilized a quasi-experimental design, specifically employed pre
posttest comparison group methodology. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied,
along with document review. Data were gathered from project participants, key informants, and project
documentation. A total of 137 project participants participated in the quantitative study. Based on the data
saturation criteria, two focus group discussions and four key informant interviews with the stakeholders
were conducted, and project documents were also reviewed and contributed for qualitative insights.
Systematic sampling was used for quantitative data, while purposive sampling was applied for qualitative
data. The study utilized a structured questionnaire administered via Kobo Toolbox, verified for accuracy,
and then exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis using logistic regression techniques. Qualitative data were
transcribed, translated, coded and analyzed in themes and presented as triangulation with quantitative
results. The findings were analyzed and presented collectively, with the overall effectiveness, efficiency,
and sustainability dimensions.
Results: The survey result indicated a reduction in unwanted pregnancies among the 137 project
participants, decreasing from 10% to 1%. Additionally, 98% of the adolescent girls accessed youth-friendly
SRH services, and 94% of project participants had received information on SRH. Furthermore, 132
respondents (97%) engage in their own IGAs. Based on the dimensions, the effectiveness of the project was
87%, effecency100% and sustainability 50%, which was rated as very good, very good and poorly
implemented consecutively. In general, the overall result of the project was 79%, which represents the partial
implementation of the project.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The overall implementation level of the Girls' Empowerment Project,
as determined by the judgment matrix, was partially implemented (79%). The project's sustainability
strategy should be given careful consideration during the design and implementation phases. The project
should work with Key Implementing partners and community leaders to ensure sustainability for future
Prevalence and associated factors of thyroid dysfunction in hiv Positive patients at nekemte specalized hospital ,east Wolega,Ethiopia
No full textBackground: HIV infection weakens the immune system and can disrupt endocrine function, particularly
affecting the thyroid gland. While overt thyroid disease remains uncommon, subclinical abnormalities like
subclinical hypothyroidism and Graves’ disease are frequently observed, especially among patients on
antiretroviral therapy (ART) or with low CD4 counts. Immune reconstitution may trigger autoimmune thyroid
disorders. Early diagnosis through thyroid function tests (TSH, FT4, and T3) is essential to prevent
complications and improve outcomes in people living with HIV.
Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of thyroid dysfunction among HIV Positive patients
on ART in Nekemte town, West Ethiopia,2024
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted at the Nekemte Specialized Hospital among HIV
Positive patients, from June 11 to July 14, 2024. A total of 327 HIV positives patients were included in the study
by using systematic random sampling technique. The mobile KOBO toolbox was used to collect data on socio
demographic, HIV-related information, medical, and lifestyle factors. Five milliliter of venous blood was
collected using a sterile disposable syringe into a plain and EDTA tube, The samples were tested for CD4 T
lymphocyte levels using the BD FACSPresto system and TSH,FT4 and FT3 test was measured using a Cobas
e411 analyzer. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0, Descriptive and inferential
statstics were used to describe and identify independent predictors respectively. P value less than 0.05 was
considered as statistically significant.
Result: The study found that 14.4% of respondents had abnormal in TSH, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free
thyroxine (FT4) levels.The majority of respondents(40.4) were in the 40-49 age range, with a smaller
percentage in the 18-29 age range or older than 60. The most frequently prescribed medications were
Tenofovir(32.7), Lamivudine(33.0), and Dolutegravir(30.6). The 50-59 age group had a higher risk of thyroid
dysfunction than those in the 30-39 age range.The study also found that women had a 1.45 times greater chance
of subclinical hypothyroidism than men. Zidovudine ( AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.35–3.27) users had a markedly
increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction compared to those on antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Conclusion: Asignificant number of HIV-positive patients receiving ART at Nekemte Specialized Hospital had
thyroid abnormalities, namely subclinical hypothyroidism. To reduce the risk of negative endocrine effects and
enhance patient outcomes, will be significant to monitor thyroid function for people using antiretroviral therapy
(ART) regimens such lamivudine, tenofovir, and dolutegravir female sex was significantly associated with
thyroid dysfunction, with women having higher odds of developing thyroid abnormalities compared to me
Bacteriological quality of spring water inGimbichu District, Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia
No full textThe quality of drinking water has always been a major health concern, especially in developing
countries, where 80% of the disease cases are attributed to inadequate sanitation and use of
polluted water. Water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection
of the source, unhygienic practices and poor household handling practices. This study aimed at
examining bacteriological quality of spring water in Gimbichu District, Hadiya Zone, Central
Ethiopia. A total of 30 water samples were examined from ten spring water sources. A cross
sectional survey and bacteriological analysis of 30water samples were conducted in completed
within month. Membrane filtration were used enumeration ofbacteria(TC,FCand FS. Data were
analyzed using SPSS v20 and Microsoft Excel 2010. This study found that, the highest mean
coliformsbacteria counts were observed at spring site 5: 280.3±20.8 /ml total coliforms,
213.3±102.6/ml fecal coliforms and 166.7±198.6 /ml fecal streptococci. The lowest mean counts
33.3±40.4 /ml total coliforms, 40.0±36.1 /ml fecal coliforms and 36.7±63.5 /ml fecal streptococci
were observed at spring site-10.The mean pH concentration in all sampling sites ranged from
7.1±0.2- 8.4±0.0 and the mean temperature of the water sample ranged from 16.5±1.3 0C -
18.7±0.3 0C. None of the water samples comply the WHO and ES, 2002 standards for drinking
water. Moreover analysis of water handling practice by households, the most commonly
preferred type of water collection container was jerry can 62.9% and 37.1% clay pot. In regard
to the placement of drinking utensils, 54.3% put on the table, 28.6% hung on the wall, and
17.1% placed on the floor, respectively. Therefore, unsafe water handling was a common
practice in the study area and the majority of water sources were not free of total coliform,
faecal coliform and faecal Streptococci indicating noncompliance with WHO water quality
guideline. Hence, the management of water sources, appropriate treatment of the raw water
sources, control of physico–chemical parameters at disinfection points, and promoting good
hygienic practices are important to make the water quality acceptable in the study area
Woody Species Diversity and Aboveground Live Carbon Storage in the Agroforestry Systems of Tarcha Zuria District, Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textAgroforestry systems, which integrate trees with crops and/or livestock, play a crucial role in
enhancing biodiversity, promoting sustainability, and sequestering carbon to combat climate
change. Understanding the ecological and carbon storage potential of these systems can
support sustainable land management and climate change mitigation strategies. This study
investigated woody species diversity and aboveground live carbon storage within
agroforestry systems of Tarcha Zuria district, Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
Agroforestry systems were stratified into three land use types: homegarden, cropland, and
pastureland. Four transects, each 14 km long and 1 km wide on either side, were laid across
the different land-use types at regular intervals. A total of 42 sample plots were established
along transicts sysematically with 14 plots in each land use type. Vegetation parameters,
including diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and species type were recorded. The data
analysis used structural (height, DBH, and basal area) and compositional (frequency,
diversity, and density) parameters. Data were analyzed using past software with descriptive
statistics for the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Sorenson’s similarity index.
Aboveground live biomass (AGB) of woody species with DBH ≥ 5 cm was calculated using
the updated nondestructive allometric equation: AGB = 0.0673(ρD2H) 0.976. Aboveground
carbon (AGC) was estimated as 50% of AGB. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used to test the differences in AGC across land use types, followed by Tukey’s HSD test for
mean comparisons. A total of 62 woody species belonging to 28 families and 46 genera were
recorded and documented across 42 sample plots. Similarities in species composition were
higher between home garden and cropland (77%) and lowest between cropland and
pastureland (49%). Woody species diversity and carbon storage varied significantly among
the land use types. Woody species diversity, species richness, and species density were
significantly higher in pastureland, while species evenness was greater in cropland
compared to the other land use types. The AGC stored in homegarden (19.15 t/ha) was
significantly higher than both in cropland (7.87 t/ha) and pastureland (6.35 t/ha). The
variation in carbon storage among different land use types was statistically significant (F =
77.728, P = 0). Finally, the study demonstrated that woody species in the various
agroforestry systems play a key role in carbon sequestration. Their conservation is therefore
recommended to sustain this benefit
Determinants of cervical cancer screening utilization among reproductive age women in Bench Sheko and Sheka Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024: Multi-Center Facility-Based Case-Control Study
No full textBackground: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, but
the second in Ethiopia, where cervical cancer screening utilization remains low. Reports in
Bench Sheko and Sheka Zones revealed that screening rates have not met national targets,
highlighting the need to identify factors influencing screening rates.
Objective: To assess the determinants of cervical cancer screening utilization among
reproductive-age women in Bench Sheko and Sheka Zones, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024.
Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted in the Bench Sheko and Sheka
zones, involving 288 reproductive-age women from October 15 to December 30, 2024. Cases
were selected consecutively, while controls were selected through systematic random sampling
after the first participant was selected by the lottery method. Data were collected using Kobo
Toolbox on Android devices and analyzed with SPSS (version 26). Variables with p<0.25 in
bivariable analysis were included in multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance
was assessed using adjusted odds ratios (AOR) (95% confidence interval (CI)), with p< 0.05
considered significant. Finally, results were displayed through text, tables, and graphs.
Results: A total of 284 participants were included (94 cases and 190 controls), achieving a
98.6% response rate. The mean age was 31.43 years (± 6.28) for cases and 32.85 years (± 5.53)
for controls. Urban residency (AOR: 2.11, 95%CI: 1.13,3.94) secondary education (AOR:
2.69,95% CI:1.06,6.85), receiving recommendations from health care workers (AOR: 3.64,
95% CI: 1.95,6.79), waiting for two or fewer hours in health facilities (AOR: 4.95, 95% CI:
2.12,11.57), membership in women development army (AOR: 2.96, 95% CI: 1.53,5.74), and
having good knowledge of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening (AOR:1.85, 95% CI:
1.01,3.41) were found to be determinants of cervical cancer screening utilization.
Conclusion and recommendation: The findings revealed that urban residency, secondary
education, health care workers' recommendations, waiting time in health facilities,
membership in the women's development army, and good knowledge are determinants of
cervical cancer screening utilization. Attention is needed for rural women by promoting the
Women’s Development Army, enhancing healthcare systems to reduce waiting times, and
raising awareness to boost cervical cancer screening utilization rates effectively
Assessment of knowledge and practice of cardio Pulmonary resuscitation among medical interns of jimma Medical interns of jimma university, south west Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation refers to a sequential chain of measures taken to
save and maintain the quality of life of a patient following cardiac arrest. The process involves
recognition of absent breathing and circulation, basic life support with chest compressions and
rescue breathing and post resuscitative care. Effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves
the patients‟ outcomes hence reducing mortality related to cardiac arrest. The determinants of
effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among health care workers are not well
researched in African countries(1).Basic life support (BLS) is an integral part of health care.
However, teaching of BLS is not yet a part of protocol zed curriculum and uniform throughout.
The present study is designed to assess the knowledge and practice of CPR medical interns in a
medical institute(2).
Objective: To study knowledge and practice towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)
among medical interns at Jimma medical center(JMC)(1).
Methods: The study design was institution-based cross-sectional study among medical interns at
JMC. The study was conducted from November 1 to 30, 2024.The total sample size was
169.The study participants was selected using Systematic sampling technique method and data
was collected using structured self-administrated questionnaires . The collected data was entered
and exported to SPSS version 27 for analysis. Statistical significance was considered at a p-value
of less than 0.05(3). Data analysis was done using binary and multiple logistic regressions for
practice and ordinary logistic regression for knowledge with p value of less than 0.05.
Budget: The research was spends a total of 24615 birr which was covered by Jimma Universit