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Treatment Outcome and Predictors of Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Significant improvement in pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) treatment
outcomes has been achieved in high-income countries. In contrast, outcomes in resource
limited settings remain variable and generally poor. These disparities are largely attributed to
differences in early diagnosis, access to advanced supportive care, and the availability of
intensive chemotherapy regimens in developed countries compared to those in low- and
middle-income nations.
Objective: This study assessed treatment outcome and predictors of Pediatric NHL at two
pediatric oncology units in Ethiopia.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was employed to analyze secondary data from
two medical centers, Jimma University Medical Center and University of Gondar
Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, from May 17, 2016, to December 30, 2024. Data on
patient demographics, disease presentation, oncologic emergencies, and treatment outcomes
were collected and analyzed. Survival estimates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier
method for the 111 patients whose treatment was initiated.
Results: In this analysis, a total of 113 patients were included with a median age of 6.00 years.
Males account for the majority (70.8%). Most patients (84.9%) presented with advanced
disease (Stage 3 and 4). Burkitt lymphoma was the most prevalent subtype (61.1%), and the
abdomen was the most common site of involvement. Nearly half of the patients (46.0%)
presented with an oncologic emergency, predominantly Tumor Lysis Syndrome (26.5%).
While 46.9% of patients completed treatment, a significant proportion (27.4%) abandoned care,
and 23.9% died. The 5-year overall survival rate was 75.2%, and the 3-year event-free survival
rate was 69.9%. Patients without oncologic emergencies before treatment had significantly
higher odds of experiencing overall survival compared to those with emergencies (Exp(B) =
0.456, 95% CI [0.213, 0.978], p = 0.044).
Conclusion and recommendation: Pediatric NHL in Ethiopia is characterized by late-stage
presentation, a high burden of oncologic emergencies, and a predominance of Burkitt
lymphoma. Despite these challenges, the observed 5-year survival rates are encouraging for a
resource-limited setting. Notably, the absence of oncologic emergencies at the time of
diagnosis was associated with significantly improved survival outcomes. However, high rates
of treatment abandonment and mortality underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions.
Efforts should focus on improving early diagnosis, enhancing supportive care, and addressing
barriers to treatment adherence further to improve outcomes for children with NHL in Ethiopi
Factors Affecting the Use of Market Information by Wheat Farmers and Its Impact on Their Income: The Case of Omo Beyam District, Jimma Zone, and Southwest Ethiopia
No full textThis study investigates factors affecting the use of market information by wheat farmers and
its impact on their income in Omo Beyam district, Jimma Zone, and Southwest Ethiopia.
Two-stage sampling procedures was chosen to select district and kebeles based on the high
potential of wheat production and the participation of producers in wheat marketing. The
study used data on 245 respondents collected through a structured questionnaire from Omo
Beyam district, Jimma Zone. Descriptive and Propensity score-matching inferential methods
were employed to analyze the data. Findings show that 59.19% of respondents use market
information, with family size as a significant determinant; larger households are more likely
to use market information. Proximity to markets also facilitates better access to timely
information, while education level significantly correlates with use rates, as literate farmers
outperform their illiterate counterparts. Gender disparities persist, with male farmers using
market information more frequently than females. Key factors influencing market information
use include extension participation, access to credit, frequency of market visits, and exposure
to mass media. A binary logit model analysis reveals five significant variables positively
affecting household income: education level, land allocated for wheat production, access to
credit, market visit frequency, and mass media access. To assess the impact of market
information use on household income, a propensity score matching (PSM) model is
employed. Among the matching algorithms tested, caliper matching with a bandwidth of 0.01
is found to be the most effective. Results indicate that households using market information
experience an average income increase of 17785.55 ETB compared to non-users. These
findings underscore the importance of enhancing access to market information for improving
household incomes among smallholder farmers. The study recommended that searching and
using up-to-date market information is advisable to gain high profit and Policymakers should
implement comprehensive strategies that promote access to market information while
addressing educational and resource barriers to maximize economic benefits for farmers
Xiinxala Ergaa Diraamaa Kiyyoo
No full textQorannoon kun kan gaggeeffame diraamaa Afaan Oromoo Kiyyoo irrattidha. Kaayyoon
dimshaashaa qorannoo kanaa, ergaa diraamaa Afaan Oromoo Kiyyoo kutaa 61 qabu keessa
jiran kan xiinxaledha. Sababni mata dureen kun filatameefis, qaawwaa gama xiinxala ergaa
diraamaatiin jiru fooyyessuufidha. Qorannoon kunis yaaxina hawaasummaa bu'uureffachuun
wantootni hawaasa Oromoo keessatti argaman akkasumas ibsan maal fa'a akka ta'an ragaa
barruu iskiriiptii diraamaa Kiyyoo keessaa fudhatamaniin xiinxalamaniiru. Sababni yaaxinni
hawaasummaa filatameefis, dhimmoota hawaasa keessa jiran gadifageenyaan ibsuuf waan
mijateef. Gosti qorannoo kanaas gosa qorannoo qulqulleeffataatti dhimma bahameera.
Maddi ragaa qorannoon kun ittiin geggeeffames madda ragaa sadarkaa tokkoffaati.
Sababnisaa odeeffannoon qorannoo kanaaf barbaadame, iskiriiptii diraamaa ‘Kiyyoo’
keessaa dubbisuudhaan ibsa itti kennuuf waan ta'eef. Qorataanis diraamaa filate Kaayyoo
qorannoo isaa irratti hundaa'uun mala iddatteessuu miti-carraa keessaa tooftaa iddatteessuu
kaayyeffataatiin diraamicha keessaa maddoota ragaa isaaf barbaachisan filachuun
xiinxaleera. Xiinxala ragaalee jalattis ergaa ijoo gama gumaa/gadoo bahachuutiin
xiinxaleera. Argannoon isaas gumaa/gadoo bahachuuf jecha miidhaa biraa keessa seenuun
waan jiruuf, karaa nagaatti deebisuun araara buusuun barbaachisaa ta’uu xiinxaleera.
Ergaawwan xixiqqoo jalatti ammoo seenaa, dinagdee, iccitii, waliin jireenya hawaasummaa,
jaalalaa, inaaffaa, falaasama aadaafi duudhaa jedhaman xiinxalamaniiru. Akkasumas
barreessaan diraamichaa teekinikoota akkamiitti gargaaramuun ergaa diraamichaa akka
kalaqeefi haala jiruuf jireenya hawaasaa Oromoo hammam akka calaqqise kan jedhu irratti
xiinxalli geggeeffameera. Xumurarratti yaada goolabaa argannoon qorannoo kanaa,
diraamaan Kiyyoo daawwattoota diraamichaaf yookaan hawaasichaaf dhaamsa hedduu
kennera. Ergaawwan kunneenis haaloon yookaan gumaan miidhaa dabalaa deemuu malee
faayidaa akka hinqabne, achuma keessatti gama hawaasa Oromootiin gumaan kun akkamiin
akka hiikamu uummata bal'aa biraan gahuu isaati. Dabalataan Ergaawwan xixiqqoon
jaargocha diraamichaa gara fuulduraatti deemsisan kanneen akkahawaasummaa, dinagdee,
jaalala, falaasama uummata Oromoo, inaaffaa, kan kana fakkaatan fa’a xiinxalamaniiru.
Kana malees eenyummaan karaa garaagaraan ibsamuu xiinxalameera
Functionality status of medical laboratory instruments And factors affecting their functionality among public Hospitals in jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia 2025
No full textBackground: Lack of proper management of laboratory equipment limited the capacity of health
institutions to deliver adequate health care and a lot of equipment becoming non-functional.
Properly functioning laboratory equipment is a critical component for strengthening health
systems in developing countries. However, limited studies conducted on functionality status of
laboratory equipment and factor associated with their functionality in Jimma Zone public
hospitals.
Objectives: To assess the functionality status of Medical Laboratory Equipment and factors
affecting their functionality among Public hospitals in Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia 2025.
Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study design was conducted. The 8 public hospitals
and one teaching and referral hospital (JUMCL) found in Jimma zone were included in the
study, from February to May 2025. Adapted and pre-tested structured English version
questionnaires and observation checklists were used for data collection. The data were entered
into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported for analysis by using a SPSS version 20. Descriptive
statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were carried out. A P-value of less than
0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The study revealed that a total of 228 selected medical laboratory equipment were
available in assessed public hospitals, among which functional 136(59.65%), non- functional
78(34.21%) and 14(6.14%) are not in use/stored respectively. The significant associated factors
for the medical laboratory equipment functionality were preventive maintenance culture (AOR,
2.8), availability of adequate spare parts and accessories (AOR, 4.4), availability of trained
biomedical laboratory technician for each equipment (AOR 2.8), presence of operation or
maintaining manual for each equipment (AOR, 2.5), Periodic/regular monitoring and inspection
practice/culture (AOR, 3.4) and power supply stability (AOR, 3).
Conclusion and recommendation: More than a third of laboratory equipment was non
functional. The study also shown that the Preventive maintenance, availability of spare parts and
trained BMLT, and power stability were factors associated with equipment functionality. Based
on our findings, we recommend laboratories should have proper forecasting and stock
replenishment to procuring of reagents, spare parts and should have a scheduled preventive
maintenance, electrical backup system and capability building for biomedical technicians
Effect of Bone Char on Nodulation Capacity, growth and yield Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merr.) Grown in High P-Fixing Acidic Soils
No full textSoil acidity is one of the major obstacles to soybean production in south western Ethiopia,
reducing availability of phosphorus (P) which plays a crucial role in the energy-intensive
process of nitrogen fixation. Increased Nodulation efficiency and N2- fixation can be
achieved with optimum P application. However, Ethiopian farmers have limited capacity
to purchase and apply commercial P fertilizers. The potential of animal bone- char as P
fertilizer in agricultural fields has been recently recognized and yet it is not fully utilized
and its role in combination with Bradyrhizobium inoculation in soybean production is
poorly understood. Therefore an experiment was conducted to evaluate how bone- char
application influences nodulation efficiency, nitrogen fixation and yield of soybean in P
fixing acid soil. The experiment was conducted during 2023 main cropping season at
Mizan Agricultural, Technical and Vocational Education Training College demonstration
site. The experiment had eight treatments including bone-char, Triple super Phosphate
(TSP), TSP + lime applied with and without Rhizobium inoculation (MAR 1495) which
were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD ) with three replications. The
P sources were applied to supply 20 Kg/ha P. Data on phenological parameters,
nodulation, growth and yield traits were measured and subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using SAS version 9.3. Results revealed that application of Lime + TSP and
bone-char with rhizobium inoculation significantly (P<0.01) influenced most of the
phenological, nodulation, growth and yield parameters. As compared to the control and
other treatment the tallest plant height (61.2 cm), highest number of primary b ranches per
plant (11.7), highest total nodule counts per plant (47. 86 plant–1, highest effective nodules
(43.5 plant-1) and highest nodule dry weight (0.76 g plant-1) was recorded from the
application of Lime + TSP with inoculation and statistically similar with bone-char with
rhizobium inoculation. Application of lime + TSP without inoculation resulted in reduced
number of days to reach 50% flowering (55.3) and 90% physiological maturity (117.3) as
compared to rhizobium treated plot. While prolonged days to attain 50% flowering (61.7)
and 90% physiological maturity (125) was recorded from treatments with rhizobium
inoculation. The highest grain yield (2756.33 kg ha−1), highest aboveground biomass
(3985 kg ha−1), highest number of pods (40), 100 seed weight (16.23 g) and highest harvest
index of soybean (0.69) were recorded from application of TSP + Lime with rhizobium
inoculation which was statistically similar with bone-char application with inoculation.
Partial budget analysis revealed that, the highest net benefit of (157,661.6 Birr ha-1) was
obtained from the application of Bone-char with Rhizobium inoculant followed by (154,901
Birr ha-1) from application of TSP + Lime with inoculation. MRR (511.87 %) obtained
from the application of bone-char with inoculation. Therefore, the overall analysis
revealed that application of bone-char with rhizobium inoculation resulted in highest yield
and economic benefit. For sound recommendation the experiment should be repeated at
different location, over years and seasons
Correlation between histopathological and colonoscopic findings in inflammatory bowel disease: a three-year retrospective study in southwest Ethiopia
No full textIntroduction: Inflammatory bowel disease: consists of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease is
considered to be common in developing countries in the 21st century but it lacks plenty of
publications and to date no studies done on correlation between colonoscopic &
histopathological patterns of IBD in Ethiopia. Endoscopy & histopathology are the major
diagnostic tools for most gastrointestinal disorders but they are not widely available in Ethiopia.
Objectives: To assess correlation between histopathological & colonoscopic findings of
inflammatory bowel disease in south west Ethiopia.
Methods: A three years retrospective hospital based study was done in pathology department of
JUMC and Awetu General Hospital in Jimma City, South West Ethiopia. The collected data was
analyzed by SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics with median, frequencies and percentages
were used to summarize the data. Finally considering histopathology as a gold standard
diagnostic tool, diagnostic accuracy of colonoscopy to diagnose IBD entities was assessed.
Results: A total of 422 patients’ colonoscopic mucosal biopsies were included in this study &
histopathology showed infectious colitis are 211(50%), CD 139(32.94%), UC 46(10.90%) and
others 26(6.16%). Among CD cases 15 to 30 years is the most affected age group with median
age of 28 years. Among 46 UC cases, commonly affected age groups are 15 to 30 and 46 to 60
years with the median age of 36 years. The ratio of CD to UC is 3:1.
Colonoscopic diagnosis of CD has a sensitivity of 86.33% and specificity of 80.92% with
diagnostic accuracy of 82.70%. Colonoscopic diagnosis of UC has a sensitivity of 93.48%,
specificity of 92.55% and diagnostic accuracy of 92.65%.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study showed colonoscopy has a good diagnostic
accuracy, so colonoscopy findings together with histopathology are important in diagnosing IBD.
So, its continued use with the help of histopathology is recommended and also ancillary &
serologic tests are recommended to increase its diagnostic accuracy by ruling out infectious
mimics of IBD
Xiinxala Asoosama Kudhaama Jaalalaa Ija Yaadiddama Xinsammuutiin
No full textQorannoon kun asoosamoota Afaan Oromoon bareeffamanii jiran keessaa asoosama dheeraa
Kudhaama Jaalala irratti Ija yaadiddama xiinsammuutiin xiinxaluun dhiheessuudha. Ka`umsi
qorannichaas qorannoon kallattii garaagaraatiin ogbarruu Oromoo irratti hojjatamuu guddina
ogbarruu Oromootiif gumaacha guddaa waan godhuuf yaaxinna adda addaan hojjetamaniiru.
Haata’umalee, qorannoowwan hojjeetman hundii asoosamoota Afaan Oromoo bu’uursa
yaadxinalee ogbarruutiin guutummaan guutuutti xiinxalaniiru jechuu miti. Qorattuunis, kanuma
bu’uura godhachuun asoosamoota Afaan Oromoon barreeffamanii jiran keessaa sakkatta`uun
asoosamni Kudhaama Jalaalaa xiinxalamuu irratti qaawwa waan qabuuf xiinxalteerti.
Kanaafuu, asoosama eeramee kana xiinxaluun qaawwa gamaa kanan jiruu duuchuun gumaacha
guddina ogbarruu Oromoof ta`u keessaatti qooda ba`achuuf akka ta`ee eerteerti.Galma gahinsa
kaayyoo qorannoo kanaaf saxaxni filatamee saxaxa ibsaa ta`ee gosti qorannichaas qorannoo
qulqulleeffataati.Maddi ragaa qorannoo kanaaf hojiirra oolee madda raga tokkoffaati. Kunis,
akaakuu iddatteessuu miti carraa keessaa iddatteessuu kaayyeeffataa gargaaramuun
gaggeesitee jirti. Sababni malli kun filatameefis, asoosamoonni Afaan Oromootiin barreeffaman
hedduu waan ta’aniif hunda isaanii altokkotti xiinxaluun ulfaatadha. Kana jechuun immoo yeroo
bal’aa, humnafi baasii olaanaa waan gaafatuuf kana xiqqeessuuf asoosamoota afaan Oromoon
barreeffamanii jiran keessaa asoosama kudhaama jalaalaa qofa xiinxalte.Malli funaansa
ragaalee qorannichaa asoosamuma eerame kana irra deddeebi`uun dubbisuun haala cheekliistii
qopha`een odeeffannoowwan tartibeeffamu.Haaluma kanan tooftaa xiinxala ragaalee
qorannichaaf fudhatamee xiinxala barruu fayyadamtee gaggeesitee jirti. Akka bu`aan qorannoo
kana irraa argamee ibsuutti asoosama filatame kana keessatti dhimmoota sammuu riphaafi
fedhii dhala namaa ta`an kanneen akka kutaa Id, superegofi ego ibsan dhiheessuu isaa qorannoo
kanan bira ga`ameera. Ittisa fedhiwwan riphaan walqabatee hawaasummaa, dinagdee,
jalaalaafi kanneen biroo keessatti walittii dhufeenyaa maatii, jalaalleewwanii, michuu gaarii fa`i
akka eeguu adda ba`eera.Kanamalees, calaqqeewwan abjuu kanneen akka yaada, miira,
fakkiwwanfi kkf` calaqisiifaman qorannoo kanan ifoomeera. Gama biran immoo, namfakkiileen
dhimmoota hawaasa bu`uura xiinsmmuun ibsaman kanneen akka hinaaffaa, gadda, obsafikkf
adda ba`eera.Kanaafuu, qorattootni biroon osoo asoosama kanarratti qorannoo isaanii
fayyadama jechootaa jedhuun gaggeessani bu’aa qabeessa ta’uu isaanii amantee kallatti gara
fuulduraa keessatti eertee jirti
PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF GRAPHENE BASED ZINC SULFIDE NANOCOMPOSITES UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT: EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH
No full textThis study aims to investigate photocatalytic potential of graphene based ZnS nanocomposite under experimentally and computationally approach. The synthesis of graphite, GO and rGO used acid treatment, tour method, and chemical treatment, respectively. It used waste dry cell graphite rods for graphene source. Solution growth synthesis approaches were used to produce ZnS nanoparticles and ZnS/rGO nanocomposites. XRD, FTIR, DRS, PL, TGA, RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY and SEM-EDX characterization techniques were utilized for analysis. The experimental findings shown the successful synthesis of exfoliated black-brown rGO, light yellow ZnS nanoparticles, and a ZnS/rGO nanocomposite. Graphite shows a strong peak at a diffraction angle of 26.50, shifted to a lower angle of 25.20 in the case of rGO. Prominent peaks shown at 488 nm when excited at 280 nm for rGO. The transition from rough graphite sheets to smooth, flake-like surface morphology property of rGO was observed. The optical band gaps measured at 3.68 eV for ZnS decrease in to 3.051 eV for the ZnS/rGO nanocomposite because increase rGO concentration. The lower bandgap can be attributed to the formation of a nanocomposite. Similarly, TGA showed three stages of mass loss, and FTIR confirmed the presence of rGO in ZnS/rGO nanocomposite. The photocatalysis experiments were used 0.04 grams of ZnS/rGO, 80 ml MB (15ppm) solution with a pH of 12 under 300 w hydrogen lamp for 90 minutes. Regarding photocatalytic efficiency, ZnS/rGO-12wt % nanocomposites exhibited degradation percentages of 96.99 %. However, ZnS nanoparticles demonstrated a photodegradation efficiency of 70.74%. The enhanced photocatalytic activity shown at ZnS/rGO-12wt % nanocomposite. The photocatalyst shown good stability, with a degradation efficiency of 92.6 % and 86.8 % in first cycle and second, respectively. ALL the experimental results of ZnS/rGO nanocomposites show significant potential for photocatalysis application. Theoretical calculations used the CASTEP module in MATERIAL STUDIO to study the electronic and photocatalytic properties of ZnS/G heterostructures. The theoretical results suggest that the ZnS/G heterostructure exhibits enhanced adsorption capabilities as compared to ZnS. 3×3×1 graphene supercell with a 2×2×1 ZnS with 2.63% mismatch, the calculated band structures reveal a bandgap of 0.3 eV for ZnS/G and 2.7 eV for ZnS. Additionally, the major peaks of absorption coefficients of 8.6 × 10⁴, 17.8 × 10⁴ cm⁻¹ and 28.7 × 10⁴ cm⁻¹ which is indicating a reduced optical bandgap. The findings confirm that ZnS/rGO nanocomposite and ZnS/G heterostructures offer improved photocatalytic efficiency compared to ZnS catalysts
Acute stress disorder and its associated factors among Burn patients in jimma zone public hospitals, jimma, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Burns are terrible injuries that frequently cause a great deal of morbidity,
emotional distress, and a reduced quality of life. Acute stress disorder involves immediate stress
reactions following a traumatic event, occurring within the first month. For individuals with
burns, the effects extend beyond physical injuries to include social, economic, occupational, and
psychological challenges. Despite having a high burden of this problem, there is a limited study
done in Ethiopia that shows the prevalence and associated factors of acute stress disorder
among burn patients.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of acute stress disorder and its associated factors among
burn patients at Jimma Zone Public Hospitals, Southwest, Ethiopia, 2025.
Method: - A Hospital-based cross-sectional study was employed among 289 patients with burn
injuries. Consecutive sampling technique was used and Interviewer-administered questionnaires
were used to collect data. The acute stress disorder scale (ASDS-19) was used to assess acute
stress disorder. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package the Social Science version 25
computer software. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used for data
analysis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for the association,
and the odds ratio with 95 % CI was used to determine the strength of the association.
Result: In this study, the prevalence of acute stress disorder was 24.8(95% CI: 19.6-30.4).
Among 286 respondents with a response rate of 98.9%, were found to have acute stress disorder.
Patients with third-degree burns (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.27–8.58), Presence of complications
(AOR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.24–6.8), History of trauma (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.09–8.89),
Hospitalization duration (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.13–6.4), Chronic medical conditions (AOR =
2.9; 95% CI: 1.26–6.74) were the factors significantly associated with ASD.
Conclusion: The prevalence of acute stress disorder among burn patients was nearly one-fourth,
and the findings suggest the need for targeted interventions, including early psychological
screening and support for high-risk groups. Third-degree burns, presence of complications,
history of trauma, prolonged Hospitalization, and chronic medical conditions were significantly
associated with acute stress disorder
Xiinxala Dandeettii Afaan Oromootiin Keeyyata Barreessuu Barattoota Kutaa 11ffaa Mana Barumsaa Yabbuu Sadarkaa 2ffaa Lakk. 1
No full textQorannoon kun kan gaggeeffame Godina Jimmaa Aanaa Maannaa mana barumsaa Yabbuu
sadarkaa 2ffaa lakkoofsa 1 irrattidha. Kaayyoon qorannoo kana dandeettii keeyyata barreessuu
barattoota kutaa 11ffaa xiinxaluudha. Saxaxni qorannichi itti gaggeeffame saxaxa qorannoo
ibsaadha. Baay’ina barattootaa 458 keessaa dhiirota 33 fi dubartoota 35 mala iddattoo carraa
keessaa iddatteessuu carraa bifa tasaatiin barattoonni 68 (jaahatamii saddeet) filatamanii
odeeffannoon irraa sassabameera. Kanamalees, mala iddatteessuu miti carraan filatamani
barsiisota Afaan Oromoo kutaa 11ffaa barsiisaan 2 (lamaa) fi I/G Muummee Afaanii 1(tokko)
irraa odeeffannoon sassabamee jira. Walumagalatti iddattoo 71(torbaatamii tokko) irraa
odeeffannoon funaanamuun qorannoon kun gaggeeffameera. Meeshaalee ragaaleen ittiin
funanaame af-gaaffii, bar-gaaffii, daawwannaafi qormaata barreeffamaan barattootaaf kennuun
funaaname. Odeeffannoon af-gaaffii irraa walitti qabameefi bar-gaaffii cufaafi banaa irraa
odeeffannoo argame mala akkamtaa kan xiinxalame yoo ta’u, odeeffannoo bifa lakkoofsa
qabuun argame immoo, mala hammamtaa kan xiinxalamedha. Argannoon argames sirna
tuqaaleefi qubguddeessa bakka hinbarbaachisnetti fayyadamuufi barreeffama isaanii keessatti
amaloota keeyyata gaarii guutanii kan hinbarreessine ta’uufi gumee qopheessuun gara
barreessuutti seenuu kan hin dandeenye ta’uuf walqabsiistotatti fayyadamuu dhiisuufi filannoo
jechootaa eeganii kan hin barreessine yommuu ta’u, barsiisonni akka isaan keeyyata barreessan
kan hin shaakalsiisne ta’uu, barnoota isaanii sadarkaa 1ffaa keessatti kan Afaan Oromoo
barsiisuu nama Afaan Oromootiin hinleenjine ta’uu, barattoonni hordoffii dhabuufi wayitiin
gosa barnoota kanaaf ramadame gahaa ta’uu dhabuufi barsiisonni barattoota keeyyata
barreessisuu irratti xiyyeeffannoo kan hin kennine ta’uu argannoon mul’ateera. Argannoo kana
bu’uureffachuun yaanni furmaataa akka itti aanutti ka’ame jira. Barsiisonni yeroo waa’ee
keeyyataa barsiisan ibsanii darbuu dhiisanii akka isaan barreessan osoo taasisanii, itti
fayyadama sirna tuqaalee barreeffama keessatti iddoo qubguddeessi itti barreeffamu, qubeessuu,
seerlugaafi himoonni akkamitti akka qindaa’anii keeyyata gaarii barreessan osoo sirriitti
hubachiisani. Kana malees, barsiisonni xiyyeeffannoon keeyyata barreesssuu barattoota osoo
shaakalchisanii, wayitiin gosa barnoota Afaan Oromootiif ramadames osoo fooyya’ee
barattoota keeyyata barreessuu irra deddeebiin osoo shaakalanii jechuun qorannoon kun
xumurame