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Assessment of knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery among Health care professionals at Jimma Medical Center, 2024
No full textBackground: ERAS is a multidisciplinary approach designed to optimize surgical recovery
through evidence-based practices. Despite its proven benefits in reducing postoperative
complications and hospital stays, there is limited understanding of ERAS among healthcare
professionals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in Ethiopia. This study
seeks to identify gaps in KAP that may hinder the effective implementation of ERAS.
Objectives: To evaluate the KAP of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery among Health Care
Professionals at Jimma Medical Center concerning ERAS protocols.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed from November to December 2024. The
study population was including all anesthetists, senior surgeons, surgery residents, and nurses
working in surgical wards at Jimma Medical Center. A structured questionnaire was developed to
collect data on demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to ERAS. Data analysis
was conducted using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics. Bivariate and multivariate
logistic regression analyses was performed to identify factors associated with dependent variable.
Result: A total of 137 health care providers were included as study participants with a response
rate of 94.4%. 63.5% (n=87) demonstrated good knowledge, 56.9% (n=78) held a positive
attitude, and 52.6% (72) reported good practice toward enhanced recovery after surgery. Work
experience, profession and training were significantly associated with knowledge toward
enhanced recovery after surgery. Work experiences had positive attitude while being surgeons had
negative attitude regarding enhanced recovery after surgery. Regarding practice of enhanced
recovery after surgery, being surgeons and no training had poor practice.
Conclusion and Recommendation: Overall knowledge, attitude and practice of health care
providers toward enhanced recovery after surgery were good. Education, work experience, and
on-the-job training play vital roles in determining health care providers' knowledge attitudes and
practice towards enhanced recovery after surgery protocols. Health care providers should
implement and adhere for enhanced recovery after surgery protocol
Prevalence of hepatitis b, metabolic syndrome and Their association among prisoners at jimma town, South west Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains major global health problem, often
progressing to chronic liver disease with metabolic complications. There is increasing evidence
that patients with chronic liver disease are a higher risk of being diagnosed with metabolic
syndrome (MetS). Prisoners, due to high-risk behavior and, the absence of harm reduction
practice in prisons, are disproportionately affected by both metabolic syndrome and HBV.
However, there is limited information in African countries, particularly in Ethiopia, regarding the
prevalence and the association between hepatitis B virus infection and metabolic syndrome among
prisoners, with contradictory findings in few available studies.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of HBV infection, metabolic syndrome, and their association
among prisoners in Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia, 2023.
Materials and Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jimma Zone
prison in Jimma town from September 13 to October 5, 2023. A total of 403 prisoners were
included in the study and selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected using
mobile data collection, the KOBO toolbox. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were collected for
biochemical analysis and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) detection using a Cobas 6000 module
501 analyzer. The collected data was exported to the IBM SPSS version 26 software for analysis.
Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests using the Chi-square test and regression
analysis were implemented. The association between the independent and outcome variables was
examined using logistic regression analysis. The presence and strength of association were
determined using odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was
considered for P-value <0.05.
Results: About 371 prisoners were included in the analysis with a response rate of 92.05%. The
participants' mean age (±Standard deviation) was 31.93 (SD: ±13.13). The overall prevalence of
hepatitis B virus and metabolic syndrome according to IDF criteria was 3.5% (95% CI: 2.8, 3.9)
and 2.7% (95% CI: 2.2, 3.0), respectively. In multivariable logistic regressions, prisoners who
had a history of contact with a jaundice patient (AOR=4.04; 95% CI: 1.09-14.93), had higher
odds of developing hepatitis B virus, and prisoners whose age below 40 years (AOR=0.182; 95%
CI: 0.048-0.68) were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome than the counterparts. There is no
significant association found between metabolic syndrome and hepatitis B virus in this study.
Conclusions and recommendations: The overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus and metabolic
syndrome among prisoners in Jimma, Ethiopia were intermediate and low. These findings suggest
that there is no significant association between hepatitis B virus infection and metabolic syndrome,
highlighting the need for further longitudinal investigations to elucidate temporal relationships
and potential underlying mechanisms
Current National Quality Infrastructure Service Provision in Enhancing the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Productivity in Ethiopia: Challenges and Proposed Solutions
No full textBackground: The National Quality Infrastructure (NQI), as a critical infrastructure supporting
quality improvement, plays a pivotal role in ensuring products meet safety, efficacy, and quality
standards. As Ethiopia strives to expand domestic pharmaceutical production, effective National
QI services become crucial for ensuring product quality, regulatory compliance, and
international market access. This study evaluates the current status of NQI service provision for
Ethiopia’s pharmaceutical manufacturers, identifies challenges, and proposes solutions.
Methods: A qualitative study design was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews guided by semi
structured interview questions, along with flexible probing techniques for data collection.
Participants were purposefully selected from key stakeholders, including managers from local
pharmaceutical companies, officials from national quality infrastructure elements, and the
Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority. All transcriptions of the interviews underwent thematic
analysis and the NVivo® 14 coding software was used for data analysis.
Results: A total of 22 participants were involved in this study, from which four themes emerged:
manufacturers' current demands, their capacity, challenges in delivering NQI services, and
proposed solutions. This study reveals critical gaps in Ethiopia’s National Quality Infrastructure
(NQI) for the pharmaceutical manufacturing sector, including inadequate metrology services,
weak policy enforcement, and poor institutional coordination. Limited industry awareness,
resource constraints (funding, skilled staff), and insufficient private sector involvement further
strain NQI providers like EMI, delaying services. To overcome these obstacles, participants
emphasized the need to expand private-sector engagement in testing and calibration service
provision, improve cooperation between NQI institutions and regulatory bodies in creating
awareness, and integrate quality infrastructure priorities into the education and policy systems.
Conclusion: This study highlights strategic interventions, including private sector engagement,
stronger collaboration between regulators, and policy integration, as critical to addressing the
challenges in Ethiopia’s NQI service provision for the pharmaceutical industry. Implementing
these measures would strengthen local pharmaceutical production capabilities, which align with
Ethiopia’s broader ambition for the sector
Determinants of Fertility in Ethiopia: A Count Regression Approach
No full textBackground: One of the key demographic factors influencing acountry’s population growth is fertility.
High fertility rates present persistent challenges to Ethiopia’s population growth management and
development goals.
Objective: The main objective of the study is to identify the determinants of fertility in Ethiopia using
the EMDHS 2019.
Methods: The survey collected information from a total of 9,012 women aged 15-49 years out of
which 8885 women were considered in this study.
From several Count regression models namely; Poisson, NB, ZIP, ZINB, HP and HNB was selected
using model comparison criteria like Akaike Information Criteria and Bayesian Information Criteria.
Results: Descriptive statistics reveal that 35.93% of women in the study have never given birth, with a
mean fertility rate of 2.53 children per woman and a maximum of 15 births. The pattern of fertility
level did not vary across the different region of Ethiopia. From several Count regression models,
the ZIP regression model was found to be the most appropriate and preferred, with an AIC value of
24,290.37 and a BIC value of 25,087.53 for fitting the fertility data. The results of ZIP regression
model revealed that the variables such as family size (OR= 1.1; 95% CI: 1.095, 1.107), Amhara region
(OR= 2.431; 95% CI: 1.078, 5.482), Gambela region (OR= 0.169; 95% CI: 0.072, 0.399), Addis Abeba
region (OR= 2.32; 95% CI: 1.005, 5.538) and Dire Dawa region (OR= 2.401; 95% CI: 1.031, 5.591),
mother’s education in secondary level (OR= 1.645; 95% CI: 1.014, 2.667), higher educational level
(OR= 3.569; 95% CI: 1.970, 6.465), medium wealth index (OR= 1.757; 95% CI: 1.146, 2.694), age of
household head (OR= 0.762; 95% CI: 0.725, 0.8.2), and mother’s marital status of women’s category
other (OR= 57.314; 95% CI: 40.437, 81.235) were all found to be statistically significant at the 5%
level of significance in fertility level
Conclusion: In this study, the highest fertility level was observed in Somali regions, with no variation
across Ethiopia. Based on different model comparison techniques, ZIP regression model was found to
be the most appropriate to fit the fertility level data. Key determinants of fertility included family size,
region, education, wealth index, and marital status
Factors Affecting Quality And Biochemical Attributes Of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) In Kafa Biosphere Reserve, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textEthiopian coffee has a distinctive quality that is gifted by nature. Though improving yield and quality
is a challenging process, identifying gaps in the natural quality of coffee produced in major coffee
growing regions of the country appears to be a priority area, which should be addressed for
traceability and sustainable supply to the world market. Regarding this, lack of comprehensive
assessment of the quality of coffee produced generally in Southwest Ethiopia and specifically in the
Kafa Biosphere Reserve is one of the research agendas at the national level. This study, therefore,
aimed at creating better understanding of the production practices and factors associated with coffee
quality and improving the livelihood of producers in Kafa Biosphere Reserve. Specifically, it was
designed to identify socioeconomic factors, production constraints, processing, and handling practices
related to coffee quality. In addition, attempt was made to identify the effect of location, production
system, elevation, and processing method on coffee quality and the relationship of soil physiochemical
attributes with physical characteristics, organoleptic qualities, and biochemical compounds of coffee
bean produced in the Kafa zone, particularly in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve. Accordingly, a survey
and three individual experiments were conducted in the study area. A three-stage nested design was
used for the experiments. Locations (Gimbio, Gawata, and Decha districts) and coffee production
systems (forest, semi-forest, and garden) or elevation gradient (low-<1600, mid-1600-1800, and high
>1800 m a.s.l.) were considered as factors. Then processing methods (wet, semi-wet, and dry) were
applied to the collected samples of the above two experiments. For the third one, fifty-four (54) coffee
cherry samples were collected from individual coffee trees for physical and biochemical analysis. A
preliminary coffee quality, soil attributes, and coffee biochemical analysis were done. The collected
data was analyzed using standard procedures, including descriptive statistics, analysis of variance,
multiple-factor analysis, principal component analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis.
The survey results revealed that coffee producers in the area are aged and experienced in coffee
production, and most of them were enrolled in formal education. Since coffee production is conducted
on less than one hectare of land, alternative food crop production helps farmers fulfill household food
requirements. Insufficient pruning and coffee diseases pose significant reduction in both production
and quality of the crop. Most farmers use only weed management options to control weeds. Farmers
use polypropylene bags for dried coffee cherries' storage. Lack of fair coffee prices is discouraging
farmers not to make a better livelihood from their well-prepared coffees as well as from proper coffee
handling practices. Results of the first experiment revealed a significant (P < 0.05) effect of location
and production system on bean moisture content and acidity, respectively. Processing method showed
a significant (P < 0.05) effect on bean moisture content (P < 0.01), odor (P < 0.001), raw (P < 0.01),
and preliminary grade (P < 0.05). Better coffee quality was obtained from the dry processing method
within the recommended moisture content. Odor and overall raw coffee quality showed relatively
lower value when forest and semi-forest coffees were treated with wet and semi-wet processing
methods. According to the results of a multiple-factor and Pearson’s correlation analysis, the Gimbo
and Decha coffees were found to be substantially different from the Gawata coffees in terms of quality.
Screen retention (14) was significantly and positively correlated with soil iron content (0.21) but
negatively correlated with boron (-0.20) and sodium (-0.19) content of the soil. A significant and
positive relationship was also observed between green coffee bean moisture content and soil potassium
(0.33), calcium (0.26), magnesium (0.26), boron (0.24), sodium (0.25), organic carbon (0.25), and
silicon (0.20) contents, and soil pH (0.20). A positive and significant relationship was observed for
soil molybdenum content and overall raw quality of coffee. Whereas the content of most soil
micronutrients, such as zinc, sulfur, and manganese, was significantly and negatively correlated to
organoleptic quality attributes of coffees. In the second experiment, it was observed that the effect of
location was only significant (P < 0.05) for bean moisture content. Elevation gradient had a significant
(P < 0.05) effect on above 14 screen retention and most of the cup quality variables. The effect of
coffee processing method was significant (P < 0.05) for coffee bean moisture content, odor, and
overall raw scores. Screen retention/green bean size decreased with increasing elevation gradient, but
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with better quality. High-elevation coffees processed with the dry method gave better raw (38.5–40%)
and cup (48.0–51.75%) quality scores. Except for molybdenum content and clay percentages of soil,
lower amounts of most soil nutrients, soil pH, and silt percentage were found to be important for better
forest coffee quality. Results of the third experiment revealed that the effect of location was not
significant (P > 0.05) on the bean physical quality variables and biochemical contents, whereas a
significant effect of location was observed for fruit physical qualities. The physical characteristics and
biochemical (caffeine, chlorogenic acids and nicotinic acid) composition of the samples were not
significantly affected by forest zonation; however, plotting had a significant impact on the levels of
chlorogenic acid, fruit width, and seed length. On the other hand, the result revealed significant
variations of biochemical constituents of coffee beans across sampling locations. Principal component
analysis revealed that 61.97% variation was retained in the first two dimensions and no negative
relationship between physical and biochemical variables. It was also observed that forest coffee
biochemical and physical attributes were primarily influenced by variables such as chlorogenic acid
content and fruit and seed width. Results of multiple factor analysis indicated both positive and
negative effects of elevation on the nicotinic acid and physical characteristics of coffee fruit and seed
samples. Cluster analysis categorized the samples into three major clusters. Gimbo district coffees
have higher nicotinic acid contents and smaller physical characteristics, while Gawata and Decha
districts have more physical attributes and lower nicotinic acid content. Generally, land holding, the
productive age of garden coffee, livestock production, the presence of cooperatives, extension support,
and availability of training are good opportunities for quality coffee production. Proper harvesting,
post-harvest handling, and farmers' understanding of quality maintenance would enhance coffee
production and supply. A large family-sized coffee producers and a wealth of coffee production skill
are necessary for effective coffee development. Stakeholders should provide improved technologies,
strengthen intensive coffee production practices, and assist producers with extension services.
Policymakers should also support resource-poor producers by formulating some regulations that
ensure fair coffee prices. Consider appropriate processing techniques, like dry processing, to enhance
the quality of hand-picked forest coffees that are collected at elevation gradients. It was observed that
soil molybdenum is beneficial for coffee quality, so nutrient identification and utilization should be
prioritized across locations, systems, and elevation gradients. Using systematic sampling techniques,
different physical characteristics of coffee could be obtained by classifying the location. Variations
observed in the biochemical contents of coffees suggested that there is a need for more research in the
biosphere resources for the development of superior coffee varieties. Future studies should focus on
improving the livelihoods of coffee-growing farmers by developing technologies that increase coffee
production, identifying critical gaps in the coffee marketing chain and maintaining quality at every
elevation gradient and production system. Forests exhibit diverse shade types and densities; future
studies should also include shade components as a quality determining factor to assess the quality of
Kafa Biosphere Reserve coffees. Additional research is required to fully understand the effect of
factors on the physical characteristics and biochemical composition of coffees grown in the Kafa
Biosphere Reserve Forest
The Impact of Inset Production on Smallholder Farmer’s Income On Masha District, Sheka Zone, South West Ethiopia
No full textAgriculture is a crucial driver of long-term growth and economic development,
significantly contributing to GDP globally and in Africa, particularly in Ethiopia. Root
and tuber crops, such as enset, sweet potato, potato, cassava, and yams, play a key role in
ensuring food security and income. However, enset farming faces challenges including
inefficient traditional methods, insufficient extension activities, market imperfections, and
limited research, which hinder its full potential. This study examines the impact of enset
(Ensete ventricosum) production on smallholder farmers' income in the Masha district,
Sheka Zone. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from 270
households, supplemented by key informant interviews and focus group discussions, to
provide comprehensive insights into enset production's efficiency and benefits. The study
utilized descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and propensity score matching
models to assess enset crop production determinants and its impact on smallholder
farmers' income. Significant associations were found between enset farming participation
and demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional variables. Factors such as marital
status, land size, farming experience, credit access, oxen ownership, and extension contact
were identified as significant influencers of enset production. The propensity score
matching models revealed that enset producers had an annual income higher by
46,448.9704 ETB compared to non-producers. The research emphasizes the need for
targeted interventions to enhance enset productivity through advanced agronomic
practices, improved credit access, regular extension services, and robust market linkages.
Enset cultivation contributes to sustainable rural development and climate change
mitigation by providing food, animal feed, biofuel, traditional medicine, soil conservation,
and carbon sequestration. Further studies should focus on enset production system
accessibility, marketing integration, and the integration of indigenous knowledge with
current agricultural practices, along with strengthening innovation systems and fostering
stakeholder collaboration
Growth and Yield Analysis Of Oyster (Domesticated) Mushroom and Chicken (Wild) Mushroom Using Various Substrates
No full textThis study aims to determine how different cultivation substrates affect the growth, yield, and
morphological traits of Pleurotus ostreatus and chicken mushroom species. Tested substrates
include Wheat Straw (WS), Sawdust (SD), Corn Cob (CC), Grass Straw (GS), and mixtures such
as Wheat Straw + Corn Cob (WSCC), Sawdust + Corn Cob (SDCC), Grass Straw + Sawdust
(GSSD), and Sawdust + Wheat Straw (SDWS). Substrate type influenced growth characteristics
like pileus (cap) diameter, stipe (stem) length, and mushroom weight. P. ostreatus cultivated on
WSCC recorded the largest pileus diameter (6.7 ± 0.3 cm) and stipe length (9.5 ± 0.5 cm), while
chicken mushroom on SDCC exhibited the largest pileus (5.9 ± 0.3 cm) and stipe length (7.8 ±
0.4 cm). The CC substrate resulted in the highest average mature mushroom weight (72.3 ± 3.5
g) for P. ostreatus, while SDCC showed the lowest (36.57 ± 1.8 g). Substrate combinations
significantly affected mushroom yield and characteristics. P. ostreatus showed the highest yield
with SDCC (357 ± 18 g per flush), followed by WSCC (340 ± 20 g per flush), with the lowest
yield on SD (301 ± 14 g). Substrate composition impacted growth parameters like mycelial
extension rate and colonization period. Fastest mycelial growth was seen on WSCC for P.
ostreatus (1.34 ± 0.1 cm/day) and chicken mushroom (1.15 ± 0.1 cm/day), with colonization
periods of 22 ± 2 days and 26 ± 2 days respectively. GS had longer colonization periods (50-55
days) and slower growth. This research highlights substrate type significantly affects yield, and
growth of cultivated and wild mushrooms. WSCC and SDCC were most effective in enhancing
yield, and biological efficiency, suggesting environmentally friendly methods could improve food
supply, reduce environmental harm, and increase profitability in mushroom cultivation. Since
the domesticated strains have higher yields and a quicker time to harvest, thus their utilization in
commerce should be promoted, especially within rural settings
Clinical profile and outcome of patients diagnosed with Guillian barre syndrome at jumc
No full textBackground: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a severe neurological disorder with significant
morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, epidemiology,
and outcomes of GBS patients at Jimma Medical Center (JMC) in Ethiopia.
Methods: A retrospective and prospective study was conducted on GBS patients admitted to
JMC between 2017 and 2024. Data on socio-demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic
findings, management, and outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics and survival
analysis.
Results: A total of 75 GBS patients were admitted, with a median age of 31 years (IQR: 24–42),
and 66.7% were male. Most patients (76%) resided in rural areas. Antecedent events were
identified in 56%, primarily upper respiratory tract infections (29.3%). The median time from
symptom onset to admission was 5 days (IQR: 3–7). Ascending muscle weakness (85.3%) was
the most common presentation, and 29.3% had respiratory muscle involvement. ICU admission
was required in 50.7% of cases, and 25.3% needed mechanical ventilation. Only 2.7% received
IV immunoglobulin, while the majority received supportive care. The in-hospital mortality rate
was 18.7%, with significantly lower survival among mechanically ventilated patients (p = 0.021).
Conclusions: GBS imposes a substantial burden at JMC, with high ICU admission and mortality
rates. Limited access to immunotherapy and advanced care contributes to poor outcomes. Early
diagnosis, improved supportive care, and increased awareness are essential for better
management of GBS in Ethiopia and similar low-resource setting
Prevalence of streptococcus agalactiae and antimicrobial Susceptibility of isolate among pregnant women Attending antenatal care at jimma university medical Center, southwest Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a major cause of
meningitis and sepsis in newborns and is the primary cause of perinatal bacterial diseases in
pregnant women. It leads to significant morbidity and mortality for both mothers and infants.
This issue is particularly concerning in Ethiopia, especially in the current study area, where
it has not been adequately addressed.
Objectives: To determine the colonization rate, antibacterial susceptibility isolates, and
associated factors of GBS among pregnant women attending antenatal care at JUMC.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jimma University Medical
Center from August 1 to November 30, 2024. Recto-vaginal swab samples were collected by
brushing the lower vagina and rectum with a sterile cotton swab and inoculated onto 5%
sheep blood agar. Biochemical testing was performed alongside antimicrobial susceptibility
testing using the Kirby-Bauer method. Data analysis was conducted using EpiData version
3.1 and SPSS version 25. Logistic regression assessed the relationship between explanatory
and outcome variables, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: The overall colonization rate of GBS among pregnant women attending antenatal
care was 10.2% (23/225).GBS colonization was significantly associated with history of
premature rupture of the membrane(AOR=3.187, 95% CI= 1.052-9.654). And history of
Urinary tract infection (AOR=4.267, 95% CI= 1.556 -11.698). The majority of GBS isolates
were sensitive to vancomycin (100%), ampicillin (93.1%), and penicillin (95.7%). In
contrast, the GBS isolates were found resistant to ceftriaxone, tetracycline ciprofloxacin,
clindamycin, and Azithromycin with a rate of 21.7%, 91.3%, 34.8%, 26.1%, and 21.7%
respectively.
Conclusions: The colonization rate of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) among pregnant women
at JUMC was low, with most isolates sensitive to vancomycin, ampicillin, and penicillin G.
However, many isolates showed resistance to commonly used antibiotics. This highlights the
need for routine GBS screening in pregnant women and efforts to combat antimicrobial
resistance
Wild Edible Plants of Jorgo Wato Protected Area: The Case of Nole Kaba District West Wollega Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.
No full textThe study was conducted in Nole Kaba district, west Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State,
on Wild Edible Plants in Jorgo wato protected area. Data was collected using semi-structured
interviews, observation based focus group discussions, and questionnaires with a total of 115
informants, in which 102 are males and 13 are females, where 15 informants were used as key
informants based on their very rich experiences on using wild edible plants and assumed to
provide factual information. Descriptive methods of data analyzes was employed to analyze
gathered information or data on wild edible plant species. A total of 13 wild edible plant species
were founded of which edible berries account for 69.23%, leaves and shoots15.38%, root tubers
7.69% and squashes 7.69%. Structurally, trees account for 53.85%,climbers for 23.08%,shrubs
for 7.69%and herbs for15.30% of the investigated wild edible plants whereby 69.23% are eaten
fresh, the rest 23.08% are cooked and a few of 7.69% are either fermented or used fresh