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Diversity of Rodent Pests, Farmers’ Perception and Strategies for Rodent Pest Management, In Bebela Kosa Farmers Association Mana District, Southwestern Ethiopia
No full textThis study was conducted to assess rodent pest diversity, farmers’ perception, and strategies of
pest rodent management in Bebela Kosa farmers’ association, Mana district in Jimma zone of
southwestern Ethiopia. Rodent pest diversity survey was conducted from February, 2024 to July,
2024 during both dry and wet seasons. Rodents were trapped using live and snap trapping
procedure to collect data for the diversity of rodent pests. Trapping was conducted in
representative farm fields in the Bebela Kosa farmers association. Data on the perception and
conventional rodent pest management techniques employed in the research area were gathered by
questionnaire surveys, focus groups, and field observations. A representative Random sampling
was used to choose farmers and householders. A total of 211 individual of rodent pests were
trapped from Bebela Kosa farm fields. Five rodent pest species in both dry and wet seasons; names
Arvicanthis dembeensis (13.70%), Mastomys natalesis (27.50%), Mus musculus (18.00%),
Grammomys dolichuros (22.30%), and Rattus rattus (18.50%) were identified. The wet season
capture 123(58.30%) was more pest than the dry 88(41.70%) season capture. Among four farm
plots, more rodents 80 (37.90%) were trapped in barley and 64 (30.30%) in the wheat farm plot;
the lowest abundance 28(13.30%) was in teff and 39(18.50%) in maize farm field were captured.
The farm fields close to the forest were more susceptible than those farther away from the forest
farm fields. The result of crop stage has shown the highest crop damage occurred during maturity
stage and the lowest during seedling stage. Most farmers of study area has great interest to control
rodent pest from their crop fields using rodenticide (55.10%), Field sanitation (59.12%), trapping
(56.20%), and domestics cats (68.25%). Majority of the farmers agreed that rodent control is
important to increase crop yields (88.00%) and farmers believed that rodent pests can reduce crop
yield and can manage if farmer’s corporation worked together (86.90%) responded. The
questionnaire response frequency a given issue, percentages of the total number of respondents
and frequency were using Microsoft Excel sheet to be analyzed form of table, bar graph and
percentages of farmers responded were used. The ended-closed questionnaires were processed
with SPSS software version 22.0 computer. The result of the focus group discussion was analyzed
in text explanations. One way ANOVA was used to compare body measurements among
individuals of rodent species and seasons. The statistically significant change in the overall
abundance of rodents of the wet and dry seasons χ2 (chi-square) tests were used
Effect of Nutrition Education Integrating Behavioral Model and Theory during Pregnancy on Maternal Nutrition and Birth Weight in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia
No full textMaternal malnutrition, anemia, inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain (GWG),
miscarriage, low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), intrauterine growth restriction
(IUGR), prenatal and infant mortality, morbidity, and the risk of chronic disease later in life are
all increased by a lack of dietary diversity (DD) during pregnancy. However, evidence for the
effect of nutrition education during pregnancy on the maternal nutritional status and birth weight
(BW) among was sparse and inconclusive in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the effect of
nutrition education during pregnancy on the maternal nutritional status and birth weight in urban
settings in Southeast Ethiopia.
Chapter 2 A community-based two-arm parallel cluster randomized controlled trial was
conducted among 454 randomly selected pregnant women attending antenatal care (227
intervention group and 227 control group) at health facilities from February to December 2021.
A multistage cluster sampling technique, followed by systematic sampling, was used to select the
pregnant women. Pregnant women who participated in the intervention arm received six
nutrition education sessions. Women in the control group received standard care. We used a pre
tested, interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire to collect the data. A 24-hour
qualitative dietary recall was used to calculate the dietary diversity score (DDS). A
nonstretchable mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) tape was used to measure the MUAC.
The haemoglobin (Hgb) level of pregnant women was measured by collecting a finger-prick
venous blood sample using a HemoCue Hb 301. GWG was the difference between the last
recorded weight before delivery and the weight recorded during the first trimester. BW was
measured within the first hour of delivery. A multivariable generalized estimating equation
(GEE) and linear mixed model (LMM) were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on
DDS, MUAC, and Hgb levels, accounting for the clustering. The generalized structural equations
model (GSEM) and structural equations model (SEM) were used to examine the direct, indirect,
and total effects of nutrition education on GWG and BW via the DDS, food security (FS), and
nutrition knowledge. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR), an estimate (β), and beta coefficients (β), along
with a 95% confidence interval (CI), were used for interpretations.
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Chapter 3 presents the results of the effect of nutrition education on DDS of pregnant women.
After the intervention, the proportion of adequate DD was 14.15% higher in the intervention
group (IG) compared to the control group (CG) (45.09% versus 30.94%, P = 0.002). The overall
difference in adequate DD between the two groups was 8.5%. After adjusting for background
characteristics, the multivariable GEE binary logistic model revealed that having received
intervention [(AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.79)], being literate [(AOR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.13,
10.23)], and having high wealth [(AOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.35)] significantly improved
adequate DD. Chapter 4 presents the results of the effect of nutrition education on nutrition
status of pregnant women. The multivariable LMM indicated that having received nutrition
education interventions (β = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.12, P < 0.0001) improved the MUAC
measurement of pregnant women. Chapter 5 presents the analysis of the effect of nutrition
education on Hgb level of pregnant women. In a multivariable GEE linear model, having
received nutrition education interventions improved Hgb levels among pregnant women (β =
0.36, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.43). An increase in the consumption of a cup of coffee or tea decreased
Hgb levels by 0.14 g/dL (β = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.23, -0.06). Chapter 6 presents the results of the
effect of nutrition education on GWG and BW. The GSEM revealed that receiving intervention
during pregnancy had a total effect on GWG [(AOR = 2.056, 95% CI: 1.705, 2.695)]. Having
DD had direct and total effects on GWG [(AOR = 1.105, 95% CI: 1.022, 1.196)]. Having food
security had a total effect on GWG [(AOR = 1.928, 95% CI: 1.817, 2.052)]. Having fruit and
vegetable knowledge had a total effect on GWG [(AOR = 1.971, 95% CI: 1.856, 2.105)]. The
SEM revealed that receiving intervention during pregnancy had a direct effect on BW
(unstandardized β = 0.144, 95% CI: 0.034, 0.252). Similarly, it revealed that receiving
intervention during pregnancy had a direct effect on DDS (β = 0.580, 95% CI: 0.024, 1.038).
Likewise, it indicated that receiving intervention during pregnancy had a total effect on
increasing BW (β = 0.137, 95% CI: 0.029, 0.243). Nevertheless, there was no statistically
observed indirect effect of nutrition education during pregnancy on GWG and BW via mediators.
Chapter 7 presents the results of the systemtic review and meta-analysis on association between
anaemia during pregnancy and LBW and PTB in Ethiopia. There were 35 and 8 studies, with
14,319 and 3,265 respondents included in the meta-analysis for LBW and PTB, respectively.
Neonates born to women who had normal Hgb levels were less likely to be LBW [pooled odds
ratio (POR) = 0.22, 95% CI: (0.17, 0.28); I2 = 80%] (low-quality evidence). Neonates born to
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women with normal Hgb levels had a lower risk of PTB [POR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.28; I2 =
19%] (very low-quality evidence). The effect size estimate remained significant after sub-group
analysis based on study design and province, except in two retrospective cohort studies for LBW.
In conclusion, the PhD study provides evidence on the importance of nutrition education during
pregnancy for maternal nutritional status and BW. Chapter 8 presents the general discussion,
implications of the findings, conclusion, and recommendations for further studies.
Clinicaltrials.gov (PACTR202201731802989, Retrospectively registered on 24 January 2022
Contribution of domestic animal feces, meteorological variability, environmental and human-behavioral attributes to the occurrence of diarrhea among under-five children in Sidama region, Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Diarrhea is a dominant public health issue worldwide, particularly in developing
countries. To reduce childhood morbidity and mortality, Ethiopia has implemented a health
extension program since 2003, along with other WASH programs throughout the country, with
the assistance of various nonprofit organizations. However, it remains the third leading cause of
under-five morbidity in Ethiopia. Despite a decrease in death, diarrhea remains the second
leading cause of under-five morbidity in the Sidama National Regional State of Ethiopia.
Although a few studies have been conducted on the prevalence and determinants of diarrhea in
the Sidama National Regional State, it is unclear whether insufficient improvement in diarrhea
among children under-five might be due to attributes related to exposure to domestic animal
feces, meteorological variability, environmental factors, and human behavior. Thus, the objective
of this study was to assess the relationship between domestic animal feces, meteorological
variability, environmental and human behavioral attributes, and the occurrence of diarrhea
among children under-five years of age in the Sidama region, Ethiopia.
Methods: This research project employed various study designs and adopted different
approaches to achieve specific objectives. It encompasses observational study designs conducted
between November 2022 and October 2023 in the Sidama region, Ethiopia.
We conducted a matched-pair case-control study involving 612 children under the age of five
years (306 cases and 306 controls) in selected districts of the Sidama region from September
2022 to January 2023. An equal number of cases and controls were used to increase the
reliability of the study findings on cases compared to the control groups. Data were collected
using the Kobo toolbox application and analyzed using conditional logistic regression. The
random forest method was also used to compare its results with those of the multivariate
conditional regression analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software version
29 and R software version 4.4.2
A laboratory-based matched case-control study was conducted on children aged 6–48 months
from February to June 2023. Children in this age group were chosen because they are more
likely to develop hand-to-mouth behavior during this time, which increases their likelihood of
touching and mouthing contaminated soil or animal excrement. Moreover, in rural communities,
children in this age group frequently come into contact with chickens, young cattle, and sheep
xiv
within a house and around it. As a result, they may be more likely to come into contact with
excrement, which could lead to contamination with germs that cause diarrhea.
This study enrolled 113 cases and 113 controls, who visited selected health facilities during the
study period. Fecal specimens from the case and controlling children and domestic animals were
collected using transport media. Data were collected at children-residing homes by securing
consent and interviewing caretakers. The presence of diarrhea-causing pathogens, including
Campylobacter, E. coli, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella, and Cryptosporidium, was detected
using culture media, biochemical tests, gram staining, and catalase and oxidase tests.
Additionally, a conditional logistic regression model and random forest method were used.
A prospective time-series study design (case series) was employed over a one-year period from
November 2022 to October 2023. This study enrolled under-five children with diarrhea who
visited selected healthcare facilities during the study period. Socio-demographic and
environmental determinant data were collected at the children's residences. Temperature (°C)
and cumulative rainfall (mm) data were collected from the Hawassa Meteorology Agency. The
individual and interactive associations in the models were examined using negative binomial
regression. This study was performed using R software version 4.4.2, and the findings were
reported with the incidence rate ratio (IRR) at 95% confidence intervals (CI).
The quality of data collection and analysis was ensured using different techniques. A well
structured and standardized questionnaire was adapted from the joint monitoring program
(WHO/UNICEF, 2018) and the EDHS. The questionnaire prepared in English and translated into
the “Sidamu-Afoo” local language was uploaded to the Kobo toolbox and pretested on 5% of the
caretakers. Additionally, data quality was ensured by observing relevant WASH and animal
related factors at the homestead. The data collectors' visitation of each child's homestead was
cross-checked by observing the pictures taken and GPS locations recorded. The confounding
effects of other variables were controlled during the design and analysis stages. The quality of
fecal specimens during collection, pathogen isolation, and identification was maintained
according to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
xv
Results
A matched pair case-control study indicated that having a caretaker who is a housewife [matched
adjusted odds ratio (mAOR) = 3.09, 5% CI (1.09, 8.70)], a mean number of chickens ≥ 5
[mAOR = 5.18, 95% CI (2.70, 9.95)], the absence of soap at handwashing facilities [mAOR =
2.61, 95% CI (1.34, 5.10)], those who travel more than 30 minutes to fetch water [mAOR = 3.14,
95% CI (1.13, 8.78)], children who are in contact with animal feces [mAOR = 2.44, 95% CI
(1.24, 4.82)], and households living with animals [mAOR = 3.28, 95% CI (1.71, 6.30)] showed
significant associations with under-five diarrhea. Random forest analysis also identified the first
five variables as the main risk factors for diarrhea in children under-five.
Of the fecal specimens diagnosed, 250 (64.1%) tested positive for one or more pathogens. Fecal
specimens from chickens tested more positive for E. coli and Campylobacter. Of the pairs of
fecal specimens taken from case children and animals living in the same house, 104 (92%) tested
positive for one or more similar pathogens. A prospective time-series study that comprised 1852
children with diarrhea identified that among the factors considered for the analysis, monthly
maximum temperature and cumulative rainfall, thatched-roofed houses, disposal of animal feces
in an inappropriate place, inappropriate latrine location, absence of handwashing service, and
water collected by children (< 15 years old) were positively associated with diarrhea. Except for
temperature, the final model demonstrates that rainfall interaction with these factors has a
stronger positive association with diarrhea.
Conclusions and recommendations
The study findings suggest that hygienic management of animal feces and separation of poultry
from household areas, specifically from playgrounds, is crucial in line with conventional water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in the study settings in the Sidama region. Additionally,
the findings showed that there were diarrhea-causing pathogens in the feces of domestic animals
and children aged 6–48 months residing in the same houses in the Sidama region. Thus, in
addition to efforts to mitigate the influence of meteorological factors, greater attention should be
paid to the proper handling of domestic animal exposure, better housing conditions, and
problems associated with latrines, particularly in low- and middle-income countries
ASSESSMENT OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA REGION: THE CASE OF BONGA TOWN PUBLIC BUILDING
No full textFacility management encompasses the planning, operation, and maintenance of buildings and infrastructures to ensure sustainability, usability, and safety. Public buildings, such as government offices, universities, and hospitals, significantly contribute to environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions, water use, waste production, and energy consumption. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data collection. A total of 74 questionnaires were distributed to administrative staff, environmentalists, and facility managers from Bonga University, Bonga Hospital, and local government facilities. Key data collection tools included structured questionnaires designed to assess facility management practices, stakeholder engagement, and compliance with environmental regulations. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, with Cronbach's alpha confirming the reliability of the responses. Key findings revealed critical issues: 80.95% of organizations demonstrated non-compliance with facility management policies, highlighting a significant governance gap. Furthermore, waste management practices indicated that only 11.1% of organizations engaged in recycling initiatives, while the majority relied on landfilling (41.3%) and waste burning (33.3%). These practices, compounded by inadequate indoor air quality controls and insufficient environmental education, intensify environmental inefficiencies. To address these challenges, targeted interventions such as implementing water-saving technologies, enhancing recycling initiatives, promoting sustainable materials, and adopting energy-efficient systems are essential. The findings provide actionable recommendations for decision-makers and policymakers in Bonga town to reduce environmental impacts and foster long-term sustainability.Jimma Universit
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Resilience and Associated Factors in Public Health Facilities of Benishangul Gumuz Region, North West Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Healthcare Supply chain resilience has become the main target of the health sector
due to the increasing number of supply chain disruptions and their unintended consequences on
healthcare delivery service operations. Therefore, resilient health care is important to optimizing
the supply chain, enhancing collaboration, improving sustainability, improving risk management,
improving visibility and control of inventory management, reducing stockouts, and improving
customer service.
Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted using a mixed quantitative and qualitative method
in public health facilities and health offices of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state between May
and June 2024. A total of 201 staff in the 25 health facilities, regional health bureau, 3 zonal health
offices, and 19 woreda health offices in the Benishangul-Gumuz region were included in the
study. Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. Multinomial logistic regression was
conducted to compute the power of the correlation between the independent variables and
dependent variables. A multi- collinearity test was tested by examining tolerance and the variance
inflation factor. The analyzed quantitative data was presented using frequency, and percentage
tables. The qualitative data were collected through interviews with 17 key informants, and
inductive thematic analysis was employed, and data were presented using texts.
Result: This study assessed pharmaceutical supply chain resilience in public health facilities,
revealing poor performance across robustness, rapidity, resourcefulness, and redundancy (mean =
2.56). Key influencing factors were weak disaster management structure (p=0.002), Standard
Operating Procedure (0.032), lack of contingency (p=0.001), Financial Management (0.024),
budget planning, Monitoring & Evaluation (0.040 (p=0.001), political instability (p=0.000), and
Security (0.031). Qualitative findings highlight that poor planning, financial gaps, weak
infrastructure, and poor coordination critically undermine pharmaceutical supply chain resilience.
Conclusion: Pharmaceutical supply chain resilience in public health facilities is generally weak,
with average scores around 2.56. Robustness and rapidity were the most underperforming areas,
while resourcefulness showed moderate strength and redundancy remained low. Key factors
disaster management structures, contingency planning, and financial stability were strongly linked
to better resilience pharmaceutical supply chain management system at health facilitie
Pesticide Residue Analysis in Soil and Rice: A Case Study of Kishe Agro-Industry in Shebe Sombo, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
No full textThe main objective of this study is to determine the level and types of organochlorine pesticide
residues in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil samples from kishe agro-industries, Shebe Sombo
woreda, Jimma zone, south west Ethiopia. Survey data analysis direct field observations and
answers to a structured questionnaire from a random sample of 25 farming households and 2
DA showed that commonly used types of pesticides comprised most were combination of two or
more, especially OPPs and OCPs (40.74%), OPPs (37.04%) and OCPs (18.52%). Of these,
OCPs 88.89% and 11.11% of the farmers largely applied 2, 4-D herbicide and recent use of
insecticide DDT respectively. For laboratory data all samples were collected and prepare
following the Codex Alimentarius commission for residual analysis. A Newly modified
QuEChERS procedure were used for extraction of the pesticides in Rice and Soxhlet methods were
used for extraction of the pesticides in Soil samples and the quantitative determination were carried out
by using GC-MS analysis. The methods were validated before application to the analysis of the
pesticides. The limit of detection (LOD), Limit of quantification (LOQ), and percentage recovery
were determined. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) for∑
(23.7, 25.6 µg
kg-1), ∑
(45.5, 62.8 µg kg-1), ∑
(18.3, 40.2 µg kg-1), ∑
(11.9, 10.6
µg kg-1), Aldrin (11.8, 6.8 µg kg-1), and Endrin aldehyde (5.4, 9.1 µg kg-1) in all soil and rice
sample items were detected respectively. The concentrations analytes were compared with the
acceptable international standard. The residual concentrations of most of the studied pesticides
were below their MRLs set in EU and CA guideline. One-way ANOVA results (p ≤ 0.05)
indicated the presence of significant variations in the concentrations of the detected pesticides
among the sampling sites. Generally, the findings showed that regular monitoring of pesticide
residues in agricultural products of the area is important
Modern Contraceptive Use in Ethiopia: Trend, Determinants, and Spatial Distribution in Women of Reproductive Age
No full textBackground: The use of modern contraceptives is a cost-effective strategy to reduce high-risk
and unplanned pregnancies, abortions, and their associated consequences. However, many
developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, are facing low utilization rates
and significant unmet needs. In Ethiopia, previous evidence does not provide strong,
comprehensive evidence among all women to explain the persistently low modern contraceptive
prevalence and high unmet needs. Hence, it is essential to identify trends in modern contraceptive
use over time, factors that influence use and unmet needs, and its spatial distributions.
Objective: The PhD project aimed to assess the modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia, including
trends, determinants of use, and unmet needs, and spatial distribution in reproductive-age
women.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey using data from the 2014 to 2019
Performance Monitoring for Action Survey datasets was employed for the analysis. Ethiopia is
divided into eleven geopolitical provinces, each comprising enumeration areas (EAs) that serve
as the sampling frame. Respondents for the PMAET were chosen using a two-stage cluster
sampling approach. The first stage involved selecting clusters (EAs) as the primary sampling
units, with sampling conducted based on probability proportional to size. The second stage
involved systematically sampling households from the selected clusters. The sample for the PMA
study consisted of women aged 15-49 from households randomly selected to be nationally
representative. For this study, we extracted 30,631 for the trends analysis, 6,117 for the
determinants of modern contraceptive use, and 6,636 for the unmet need for modern
contraceptives. Data analysis was conducted using Stata version 16.0, R version 4.1.3, ArcGIS
version 10.8, and SaTScan version 10.1. The logit-based decomposition analysis, a two-level
mixed-effects logistic regression, multinomial logistic regression, and spatial analysis statistical
modeling were employed during the analysis.
Results: Based on the trend analysis, modern contraceptive utilization increased from 32.5% in
2014 to 37% in 2019, with 94% of the change attributed to changes in behavior. The most
significant increase in the mix of modern contraceptive methods from 2014 to 2019 was in the
utilization of implants.
The proportion of women who utilized modern contraceptives in 2019 was 37% (34.3 to 39.8).
The method information index, which assesses the quality of family planning counseling,
indicated that only 9.5% of modern contraceptive users reported being informed about all four
method information indices. Women who attained primary, secondary, and above secondary
XIII
levels of education were more likely to report modern contraceptive utilization with AORs of
1.47, 1.73, and 1.58, respectively. Community-level factors have a significant influence on
modern contraceptive utilization, which is attributed to 21.9% of the total variance in the odds of
using modern contraceptives (ICC = 0.219). Clusters with a higher proportion of agrarian (AOR:
2.27, 95% CI 1.5, 3.44), higher literacy (AOR: 1.46, 95% CI 1.09, 1.94), empowered women and
girls about FP (AOR: 1.47, 95% CI 1.11, 1.93) and high supportive attitudes and norms toward
FP (AOR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.04, 1.81) had better modern contraceptive utilization.
The proportion of unmet need for modern contraceptives in 2019 was also 19.7% (95% CI: 18
21.5). Of these, 13.67% (95% CI: 12.2-15.25) of the women have unmet needs for birth spacing,
while 6.03% (95% CI: 5.28-6.87) have an unmet need for birth limiting. Women with supportive
norms towards family planning had a lower risk of unmet need for spacing (RRR = 0.92, 95%
CI: 0.86, 0.99). Older age lowered the risk of unmet need for spacing in the age groups 40-44
(RRR=0.28, 95%CI; 0.13, 0.59) and 45-49 (RRR=0.11, 95%CI; 0.04, 0.31). Being married
increased the unmet need for spacing (RRR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.7) and limiting (RRR = 3.7,
95% CI: 1.86, 7.4). Increasing the number of live children increases the risk of unmet need for
spacing (RRR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.38) and limiting (RRR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.4). Older age
increased the risk of unmet need for limiting 40-44 (RRR = 10.2, 95% CI: 1.29, 79.5) and 45-49
(RRR = 8.4, 95% CI: 1.03, 67.4). A significant hotspot cluster of unmet need for modern
contraceptives was observed. The significant hotspot clusters of unmet need are located in Harari
(RR=2.82) and SNNP, Oromia, Gambella, and Addis Ababa (RR=1.33).
Conclusions: Over the past six years, from 2014 to 2019, behavioral factors have driven a
noticeable change in modern contraceptive utilization in Ethiopia. Individual and community
characteristics that influenced modern contraceptive utilization. In addition, high levels of unmet
need for modern contraceptives, particularly for spacing, were observed in Ethiopia, which was
influenced by different factors and showed geographical variations.
Recommendations
To improve modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia, it is recommended to focus on behavioral
interventions and education for women in pastoralist communities. Further, it is essential to focus
on women's and girls’ empowerment, foster supportive attitudes towards family planning, and
enhance overall community literacy to strengthen family planning intervention programs.
Finally, it is essential to address the key factors affecting women and work towards reducing
disparities in modern contraceptive unmet needs among different Ethiopian regions
Common mental disorders among mothers of children under five Years of age attended treatment for severe acute malnutrition In jimma city, oromia, Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) are among the most prevalent forms of
mental disorders globally. Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with CMDs,
and mothers are particularly prone to these disorders. CMD can have significant long-term
adverse impacts on both mothers and their children. Maternal physical illnesses are well
known to be associated with children severe acute malnutrition. The existing limited
evidences of CMD among mothers of children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are
conflicting. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of
maternal common mental disorders among these mothers.
Objectives: To determine the magnitude and associated factors of common mental disorders
among mothers of children under five years of age attended treatment for severe acute
malnutrition in Jimma city, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2025
Methods: An institution-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 163 mothers of
children under five years of age who attended treatment for severe acute malnutrition at
Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) and Shenen Gibe General Hospital from January
to March2025. Data was collected by trained nurses using structured questionnaire. CMD
was measured by World Health Organization Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 (WHO SRQ
20). Structured questionnaires was used to measure factors associated with CMD. Data entry
and analysis were done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. A
bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses was performed. The strength of
association was measured by the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval
(CI), and a p-value of <0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. The final results
were presented in the form of tables, figures and texts
Results: The majority of mothers (60%) were aged 25–34 years and most were married
(80.4%).Over half (55.2%) were unable to read or write and nearly half (51.5%) were were
housewives. The majority of mothers was Muslim (81.6%) and lived in rural areas (82.2%).
Nearly half of the children (49.7%) were between the age of 12–36 months.The majority of
house holds experienced of mild food insecurity (45.4%) while only 13.5% being fully food
secure.
I
The prevalence of maternal common mental disorders was 31.9%. Mothers with co-morbid
medical illnesses (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.08–11.35), a history of mental illness (AOR = 4.24;
95% CI: 1.13–15.82), infants under 12 months (AOR = 6.81; 95% CI: 1.25–37.13), child
chronic illness (AOR = 4.03; 95% CI: 1.02–15.84), and short birth intervals (AOR = 3.81;
95% CI: 1.41–10.27) were significantly associated with mothers CMD. The absence of
intimate partner violence reduced CMD likelihood by 73.3% (AOR = 0.267; 95% CI: 0.08
0.93).
Conclusion and Recommendation: Nearly one third of participants reported common
mental illness. Mothers with co-morbid medical illnesses, previous history of mental illness,
having infants under 12 months, child chronic illness, and short birth intervals were
significantly associated with maternal CMD. Conversely, the absence of intimate partner
violence reduced CMD likelihood by two third. Therefore, integrating maternal CMDs
screening and psychosocial support into existing SAM treatment protocol is essential
Biorisk management practice and associated factors Among laboratory professionals working in public and Private hospitals of jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Biorisk management is the systematic strategy used by laboratories to reduce the
risks associated with bioagents, hazardous materials, and laboratory processes. In hospital
laboratories, biorisk management plays an essential role in keeping laboratory personnel,
patients, and the community safe. However, biorisk management strategies currently in use in
Jimma Zone public and private hospital laboratories are not well studied.
Objective: To assess biorisk management practices and associated factors among private and
public hospital laboratories in the Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia, from February 6 to April 29
in 2025.
Methods: An institutional-based, multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted from
February 6 to April 29 2025. Data were collected from 128 total voluntary laboratory
professionals using mobile data-gathering tools and Kobo Toolbox (as a backup questionnaire).
Structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression
were performed using SPSS statistical software version 26. A P-value of less than 0.05 was
considered statistically significant.
Result: - From the total of 128 laboratory professionals overall, national biorisk management
performance in both public and private laboratories was scored at 54.7%. Performance varied
across categories: essential work habits (63.5%), infectious material handling (59.7%),
equipment maintenance (65.8%), and administrative controls (58.2%). Factors significantly
associated with better compliance included having a second degree (AOR 3.1), >10 years of
experience (AOR 2.3), access to biological safety cabinets (AOR 2), regular biosafety training
(AOR 1.5), and biosecurity awareness (AOR 2.5). However, critical gaps were noted, including
low adherence to protective barriers (41.8%), infrequent use of eye protection (55.5% never
used it), inadequate biosafety training (36.5%), limited access to BSCs (60.2%), and insufficient
biosafety procedures (53.1%).
Conclusion and recommendation: - Overall, the findings from this study suggested that biorisk
management practice among laboratory professionals was low. Highlight the need for improved
training, resources, and enforcement of safety protocols
Prevalence and drug resistance of Salmonella in Out Patients Seeking medication in Ilu Aba Bor Zone, Alge Sachi District, Southwest Ethiopia.
No full textFood borne diseases related to unhygienic food handling practices remain a major public health problem
across the globe. The problem is severe in developing countries due to limitations in securing optimal
hygienic food handling practices. Data shows that an estimated 70% of cases of diarrheal diseases are
associated with the consumption of foods contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Among these
microorganisms Salmonella are the major ones. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the
prevalence of Salmonella in Out-patientsof Alge Sach Health Center. A cross-sectional study was
conducted from September to November . A total of 71 stool specimens of both adult and pediatric
outpatients were collected, overnight enrichment with selenite F broth, cultured in to XLD agar media.
After 24hr incubation the media were examined for the presence of Salmonella colonies. Then the
isolates were confirmed by biochemical test. The drug resistance patterns of the isolates were evaluated
using galleries of nine commonly used antibiotics. The growth potential of Salmonella isolates in
selected traditional foods was assessed following standard methods. In the current study, 13(18.3%)
Salmonella. The prevalence of Salmonella are higher in children aged less than 10 years and youth aged
between 20-24.In the current drug susceptibility test ,Salmonella spp showed resistance to ampicillin
(100%) followed by tetracycline (47.4%) and nalidixic acid (26.3%).Multidrug resistance towards four
drugs was observed in both pathogens. In the challenge study the pathogens grow to their infective dose
in both gruel and firfir within 24hr (6.2 and 7.5log cfu/g). There was relatively greater fluctuation in pH
of gruel within 24 hr, 6.2 at 0 time and ends below pH 5 whereas steady increment in pH of inferior was
observed and reach to5.28 at the end of 24hr. In conclusion, this study showed that, these pathogens are
still public health problems. Therefore, there needs to be frequent monitory and evaluation system so as
to plan intervention strategies for at risk population in the area of problems regarding water sanitation
and hygienic food handling practice to minimize the burden posed by the diseases associated with
Salmonellosis