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Disseminated intravascular coagulation, associated Factors, and clinical outcomes among critically ill Septic adults admitted to intensive care units jimma University medical center: a prospective longitudinal Study
No full textBackground: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired syndrome
characterized by the intravascular activation of coagulation with loss of localization arising
from different causes. It is marked by a deficiency of natural coagulation inhibitors, consumption
of clotting factors and platelets, tissue injury due to circulatory abnormalities causing multi
organ failure, and life-threatening hemorrhage. DIC is common in sepsis and septic shock
patients and is associated with poor prognosis. Despite the established link between sepsis and
DIC, there is no reported data in Ethiopia on the prevalence of DIC, associated factors and
patient outcomes in sepsis patients.
Objective: - To determine the prevalence of DIC and associated factors, and mortality predictors
in septic adults admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) of Jimma University Medical Center from
October 1, 2023, to September 30, 2024.
Method: - A prospective longitudinal study was conducted involving 148 critically ill septic
patients using consecutive sampling technique. A structured checklist and questionnaire were
used to collect patient’s demographic and clinical data. Blood samples were collected on day 1,
day 3, and day 5 of ICU admission for all laboratory analyses. A DIC diagnosis was made based
on the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) score. Descriptive statistics,
multivariable logistic regression analysis, receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, and Kaplan
Meier survival analysis were employed in this study. For all reported results, a p-value <0 .05
was considered statistically significant.
Result: -The overall prevalence of DIC in sepsis patients was 38 (25.7%). Patients who
developed DIC at day 1 of admission were 24 (16.2%), while 20 (19.4%), and 9 (12.9%) patients
developed DIC on day 3, and day 5 of admission, respectively. Increased aspartate transaminase
(AST) (AOR: 4.39; 95% CI: 1.75-11.01), thrombocytopenia (AOR: 6.04; 95% CI: 2.41-15.12),
and prolonged prothrombin time (PT) (AOR: 3.40; 95 CI: 1.36-8.51) were independent
predictors of DIC in sepsis patients. There was no statistically significant difference in survival
between patients with and without DIC (p<0.328). Moreover, the JAAM score at ICU admission
predicted ICU mortality (AUC: 0.787; 95% CI: 0.624-0.950), and at a cut-off point of > 7,
JAAM score yielded the sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 75%, respectively.
Conclusion: - A quarter of ICU-admitted septic adults developed DIC. Elevated AST liver
enzyme levels, thrombocytopenia, and prolonged PT were linked to the development of DIC.
Changes in these variables could prompt further examination for DIC. The mortality rate did not
significantly differ between septic patients with and without DIC. The JAAM score used to
diagnose DIC in sepsis can serve as a predictor of ICU mortality
Factors Affecting Farmer’s Participation in Participatory Forest Management; The Case of Didesa District Forest Resources Buno Bedele Zone Southwest Ethiopia
No full textThis study explores the various factors that influence farmers' participation in Participatory
Forest Management (PFM) within the Didesa District of the Buno Bedele Zone in southwestern
Ethiopia. The research specifically aims to analyze socio-economic factors affecting community
involvement in PFM, investigate households' willingness to engage in participatory forest
management, and assess farmers' attitudes toward PFM as a means of supporting their
livelihoods. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods approach was utilized, quantitative
research techniques. This included surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant
interviews. Data were collected from 166 households across selected kebeles that are actively
engaged in PFM activities.
The findings revealed that an impressive 88.6% of respondents were members of PFM groups,
indicating substantial community involvement in these initiatives. The analysis yielded a mean of
1.46, reflecting positive perceptions among participants regarding improvements in their
livelihood conditions as a result of PFM engagement. However, the study also identified several
barriers that hinder effective participation in these programs. A significant gender imbalance
was observed, with 77.7% of respondents being male, which may limit the inclusivity of PFM
efforts. Additionally, low literacy rates emerged as a critical concern, with 38% of participants
reporting that they were unable to read or write. The consultation process surrounding PFM
bylaws was found to be inadequate, as only 84.3% of respondents indicated that they had been
consulted about these regulations. Despite these challenges, the study identified a significant
correlation between participation in PFM and increased access to non-timber forest products,
with a mean of 2.11 recorded following the establishment of PFM initiatives. Furthermore,
31.3% of respondents expressed concerns about disparities in benefit-sharing, underscoring the
need for targeted interventions aimed at enhancing equity and inclusivity in forest management
practices.
Overall, this study highlights the critical importance of addressing the identified barriers to
improve the effectiveness of PFM in supporting local livelihoods and ensuring sustainable forest
management
Effect of Couple-Based Breastfeeding Education and Support Intervention on Optimal Breastfeeding Practice in Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.
No full textBackground: Optimal breastfeeding is essential for the survival, growth, and development of
children, as well as the health of mothers. Globally, optimal breastfeeding practices are still
low: only 42% of newborns start breastfeeding (BF) within the first hour of birth, 41% of
infants less than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed, and only 45% of mother’s
breastfeed for at least two years. Every year, it is estimated that optimal breastfeeding
practices might avoid 823,000 child deaths. However, breastfeeding practices are not optimal
in Ethiopia. Male partners play a vital but frequently neglected role in the promotion of
breastfeeding practices, and they are currently not included in health-care providers'
breastfeeding education. The effect of couple-based breastfeeding interventions on optimal
breastfeeding has not been studied in the Ethiopian context. Therefore, the objective of this
study was to evaluate the effect of couple-based breastfeeding education and support on
optimal breastfeeding practice in Hadiya Zone, central Ethiopia.
Methods: A cluster-randomized controlled trial and phenomenological qualitative study
design was conducted to evaluate the effect of couple-based breastfeeding education and
support on optimal breastfeeding practice compared to routine care at the community level.
The intervention was provided to the mothers and male partners by trained health care
workers selected from nearest health center. The mothers and male partners in the
Intervention Group (IG) were received both antnatal and postnatal breastfeeding education
and support starting from their 3rd trimester of pregnancy till 6 month post-delivery, but those
in the Control Group (CG) was received routine care. The breastfeeding education and
support intervention is comprised of three components: 1) group education, 2) providing
specific take-home print materials, 3) Individual home visit. A total of 408 couples in their
third trimenster pregnancy were recruited to either the intervention group (204) or a control
group (204) from 16 clusters (Kebeles) and the duration of the intervention was 9 months.
Epi-data version 3.1 was used to enter data, SPSS for Windows version 23 and STATA
version 14.0 were used to analyze the data. DID and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE)
model was used to deteremine the effect of the intervention on optimal breastfeeding practice.
P values < 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. A thematic analysis was
performed by using Atlas Ti7 software for qualitative study.
Result: In the qualitative study, four themes and 9 sub-themes emerged from mothers’ and
fathers’ experience of male partners’ support for optimal breastfeeding practices. The themes
include the following: sociocultural barriers to male support; emotional and practical support;
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education and exposure access for fathers; and economic hardships and work-related barriers.
The couple-based breastfeeding support intervention showed meaningful improvements in
both parental behaviors and infant health. Mothers who received the intervention alongside
their partners were significantly more likely to practice optimal breastfeeding and reported
higher confidence in their ability to breastfeed. Compared to those receiving routine care, the
intervention group saw a 17.5% increase in optimal breastfeeding practices and a 20.9%
boost in mothers’ breastfeeding self-efficacy. Male partners also showed notable progress:
their knowledge about breastfeeding improved by 25.3%, their attitudes became 24.9% more
supportive, and their practical support increased by 30.9%. These changes were not only
statistically significant but also practically important. Further analysis using the GEE model
confirmed that mothers in the intervention group were 38% more likely to breastfeed
optimally and 48% more likely to feel confident about breastfeeding. Their male partners
were 61% more likely to be knowledgeable, 59% more likely to have a favorable attitude,
and 78% more likely to actively support breastfeeding. Most strikingly, the intervention had a
powerful effect on infant health: infants whose parents received this support experienced a
92.7% reduction in reported illness during the intervention period. These findings make it
clear that when both mothers and fathers are engaged in breastfeeding support, the benefits
ripple across the family, improving knowledge, changing attitudes, strengthening confidence,
and ultimately protecting the health of children.
Conclusion and Recommandation: The study indicated that involving fathers in
breastfeeding support made a big difference. Parents who took part in the intervention saw
clear improvements: mothers were optimal and felt more confident in breastfeeding, and
fathers became more knowledgeable, had more positive attitudes, and gave stronger support.
The study also found that when fathers were more involved, breastfeeding practices
improved, and babies were much healthier, with a significant drop in illness. At the same
time, the interviews with mothers and fathers showed that while many dads wanted to help,
they faced challenges like cultural expectations, lack of information, work pressures, and
financial strain.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT05173454, First
registered on 30/12/202
Modeling Time To Neonatal Mortality at Wallaga University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital: Application of Bayesian Survival Model with INLA
No full textBackground: The neonatal period is the most vulnerable time for survival in which
children face the highest risk of dying in their lives. Although, better progress has
been made in reducing Neonatal Mortality before 2016, Ethiopia is currently one of
the top ten countries affected by NM. Therefore, this study aims to utilize Bayesian
Survival Models to analyze and model the time to neonatal mortality at WUCSH.
Methods: A retrospective study of was conducted among 343 neonates admitted to
WUCSHfromJanuary 1, 2022 to December 30, 2023. A Bayesian survival model
with INLA was used to identify the risk factors associated with time to neonatal
mortality.
Results: Among the 343 neonates admitted to WUCSH, 187 (54.52%) were male,
and more male were died, that means 61 (17.78%). The variable residence (p =
0.0220), gestational age (p = 0.0355), neonate age (p = 0.0048), and the global test (p
= 0.0042) in multivariate Cox-PH were shows a statistically significant violation of
the proportional hazards assumption. In the Bayesian Log-logistic AFT model, rural
residence with AFT factor ˆγ= 0.573 (-0.975,-0.137), had significantly shorter survival
time. Conversely, being married was associated with longer neonatal survival with
AFTfactor ˆγ = 1.817(0.078, 1.117).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this study shows that residence, neonate
sex, gestational age, marital status, age of neonate and birth weight are the most
determinant and statistically associated with time to neonatal mortality. It is therefore
awareness should be raised about the burden of these risk factors contributing to
neonatal mortalit
Phytochemical and in-vitro antibacterial assessment of selected wild edible plants from southwestern Ethiopia
No full textBackground: Wild edible plants (WEPs) play a very crucial role in food security and
traditional medicine, especially in the regions where access to modern healthcare and
nutrition is scarce. Ethiopia is the country rich in biodiversity, with various WEPs having
nutritional and medicinal potential. However, the broader utilization of these plants remains
limited due to insufficient scientific evidence. Thus, screening the physicochemical and
phytochemical contents and assessing the antibacterial properties of WEPs is important for
standardizing their therapeutic applications and enhancing their integration into modern
health care systems.
Objective: The study is aimed at screening the phytochemical constituents and assessing the
in-vitro antibacterial activity of selected wild edible plants from southwestern Ethiopia.
Methods: A mixed-method approach combining observational and experimental study
designs was employed. The study was conducted in the Seri Shewa and Burussa kebeles,
selected based on a preliminary desk review. Key informant interviews and multi-criteria
decision analysis (MCDA) were used to identify and prioritize WEPs with medicinal
significance.
The selected WEPs samples were collected, dried and powdered. An extraction was
performed using methanol, ethanol, and acetone solvents. Physicochemical properties,
including extractive and ash content, were tested. Screening of phytochemicals was
conducted using standard conventional qualitative assays.
Antibacterial activity was assessed using agar disc diffusion and broth dilution methods
against S. aureus and E. coli. Extracts were tested at concentrations ranging from 10 mg/mL
to 100 mg/mL, with gentamicin as a positive control and 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a
negative control. Data analysis were conducted using SPSS and Microsoft Excel 2010.
Result: A total of 22 WEPs were identified as medicinally important, and M. arcuata and P.
aquilinum, exhibiting the highest MCDA scores (scoring 9 out of 10 criteria), were selected.
Physicochemical tests revealed that M. arcuata had higher extractive yields in water
(36.267%) and ethanol (17.067%) compared to P. aquilinum (16.400% in water and 1.600%
in ethanol). Conversely, P. aquilinum resulted in slightly higher ash contents (6.577% total
ash, 1.267% water-insoluble ash, and 0.086% acid-insoluble ash) when compared with M.
arcuata (5.940%, 1.086%, and 0.056%, respectively). Phytochemical screening confirmed
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the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols,
terpenoids, quinones, reducing sugars, protein, amino acids, and lipids or oils in M. arcuata,
while P. aquilinum lacked only reducing sugars.
In antibacterial assays, M. arcuata ethanol and acetone extracts demonstrated significant
inhibitory effects against S. aureus, with zone of inhibition 16.20 ± 0.02 mm and 17.23 ±
0.06 mm, respectively, at 100 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the M.
arcuata was 25 mg/mL. In contrast, P. aquilinum showed no antibacterial activity at tested
concentrations.
Conclusion: This study highlights the pharmaceutical potential of M. arcuata, with M.
arcuata exhibiting notable antibacterial properties, reflecting its antimicrobial potential. The
findings support the ethnomedicinal use of M. arcuata and suggest the need for further
research to isolate bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications
Diversity of Rodent Pests, Farmers’ Perception and Strategies for Rodent Pest Management, In Bebela Kosa Farmers Association Mana District, Southwestern Ethiopia
No full textThis study was conducted to assess rodent pest diversity, farmers’ perception, and strategies of
pest rodent management in Bebela Kosa farmers’ association, Mana district in Jimma zone of
southwestern Ethiopia. Rodent pest diversity survey was conducted from February, 2024 to July,
2024 during both dry and wet seasons. Rodents were trapped using live and snap trapping
procedure to collect data for the diversity of rodent pests. Trapping was conducted in
representative farm fields in the Bebela Kosa farmers association. Data on the perception and
conventional rodent pest management techniques employed in the research area were gathered by
questionnaire surveys, focus groups, and field observations. A representative Random sampling
was used to choose farmers and householders. A total of 211 individual of rodent pests were
trapped from Bebela Kosa farm fields. Five rodent pest species in both dry and wet seasons; names
Arvicanthis dembeensis (13.70%), Mastomys natalesis (27.50%), Mus musculus (18.00%),
Grammomys dolichuros (22.30%), and Rattus rattus (18.50%) were identified. The wet season
capture 123(58.30%) was more pest than the dry 88(41.70%) season capture. Among four farm
plots, more rodents 80 (37.90%) were trapped in barley and 64 (30.30%) in the wheat farm plot;
the lowest abundance 28(13.30%) was in teff and 39(18.50%) in maize farm field were captured.
The farm fields close to the forest were more susceptible than those farther away from the forest
farm fields. The result of crop stage has shown the highest crop damage occurred during maturity
stage and the lowest during seedling stage. Most farmers of study area has great interest to control
rodent pest from their crop fields using rodenticide (55.10%), Field sanitation (59.12%), trapping
(56.20%), and domestics cats (68.25%). Majority of the farmers agreed that rodent control is
important to increase crop yields (88.00%) and farmers believed that rodent pests can reduce crop
yield and can manage if farmer’s corporation worked together (86.90%) responded. The
questionnaire response frequency a given issue, percentages of the total number of respondents
and frequency were using Microsoft Excel sheet to be analyzed form of table, bar graph and
percentages of farmers responded were used. The ended-closed questionnaires were processed
with SPSS software version 22.0 computer. The result of the focus group discussion was analyzed
in text explanations. One way ANOVA was used to compare body measurements among
individuals of rodent species and seasons. The statistically significant change in the overall
abundance of rodents of the wet and dry seasons χ2 (chi-square) tests were used
Population genetics, vector competence and seasonality of Primary, secondary and suspected malaria vectors in water Resources development area of Ethiopia
No full textMalaria control efforts have significantly reduced disease burden, however primarily
focus on primary malaria vectors, potentially overlooking the impact of secondary and suspected
species. This narrow focus, coupled with the emergence of insecticide resistance in primary vectors
and changes in their behavior, necessitates the exploration of alternative control strategies.
Additionally, water resource development projects, while crucial for agriculture, can alter mosquito
breeding sites, creating new challenges for malaria transmission. This study investigates the seasonal
availability of larval habitats and mosquito abundance in irrigated sugar cane plantations to identify
potential targets for larval control. Understanding the role of Thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1),
a key component of mosquito immunity, is crucial for developing effective and sustainable malaria
control strategies by informing the development of novel interventions that target mosquito immune
system
Assessing the Impacts of Eucalyptus Plantation Expansion on the Farm Land: The Case of Damot Gale Woreda, Wolayta Zone, Southern Ethiopia
No full textMajority of the People in Ethiopia rely on eucalyptus for socioeconomic benefits. As a
result,
the conversion of farmlands into eucalyptus woodlots has sparked
significantly. There has been still a concern on eucalyptus expansion on charge . The study
aimed at assessing the impact of eucalyptus plantation expansion on the farm land in
the case of Damot Gale woreda, Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. Spatial data were
collected different years' (1993,2003,2013 and 2023) satellite imageries were used to
effectively analyze LULC changes patch to compute the trend of eucalyptus expansion.
Around 165 sample points were collected using handheld GPS Garmin 72 to check
the image classification accuracy. Socio economic data were collected using semi
structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The
Socio economic results showed that about 61.3% (114) of the households were
converted their farm lands into eucalyptus plantation .The reasons for the expansion
of eucalyptus plantations include economic influence the benefits of eucalyptus, road
construction, and urban expansion, as stated by respondents, key informants, and focus
group desiccation. From the spatial data analysis result, substantial LULC changes
have been observed in the last three decades. The result show that farmland decreased by
19.96% from the year 1993 to 2023, The trend of eucalyptus plantation expansion has
increased from 257.67ha (9.07%) in 1993 to 1099.17ha in 2023 by 29.63 % of Farm land
into Eucalyptus changed .Farmers plant eucalyptus in study areas on areas of farm
land b y 122 farmers (65.59%), grazing land by 31 farmers (16.67%), on degraded land
or the land that declines in productivity of cereal crops by 19 farmers (10.22%), and in
bush land by 14 farmers (7.53%). This shows that communities are intensively
converting their farmland to eucalyptus woodland and this creates a huge negative
impact on farm land. These call an intervention and effective agricultural land use
planning and management policies in accordance with eucalyptus plantation
Determination of the Level of Acrylamide in Selected Street-Prepared Fast Food around Jimma University Main Campus, Jimma, Ethiopia
No full textAcrylamide is an organic compound formed in French fries, potato crisps, bread, and coffee
when fried, roasted, or baked at high temperatures. It is created through the reaction of
reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose with amino acids (asparagine). The
concentration of acrylamide in processed food products has become a serious health
concern. In this study, the concentration of acrylamide in traditional fast foods like Kokori,
Sambusa, and potato chips prepared on the streets near Jimma University in Jimma City was
investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. Fast food samples were collected from seven
sites where consumption and preparation sizes were larger. The detected concentrations
ranged from 172.00 ± 8.49 mg/kg to 213.80 ± 7.35 mg/kg for Kokori, 112.80 ± 19.60 mg/kg
to 240.50 ± 4.38 mg/kg for Sambusa, and 23.8 ± 2.0 mg/kg to 203.4 ± 9.6 mg/kg for potato
chips. Among the fast foods studied, Kokori samples had the highest concentration of
acrylamide at 194.93 mg/kg, followed by Sambusa samples at 173.67 mg/kg, and the lowest
concentration of 114.67 mg/kg was found in potato chips samples. All three types of fast
foods contained acrylamide concentrations significantly exceeding the recommended WHO
limit, indicating a health risk to consumers
Approximate Analytical Solutions of Time-Fractional Modified Cortège De-Vries (M-Kdv) Equation Using Conformable Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method
No full textIn this thesis, the conformable fractional reduced differential transform method (CFRDTM) is
proposed as an effective approach for obtaining approximate analytical solutions to time
fractional m-KdV equations. CFRDTM combines two powerful techniques: the Conformable
Fractional Calculus which helps to accurately model how things change over time in a way that
better reflects how they actually behave in the real world and the Reduced Differential
Transformation Method which simplifies the problem by turning the complex original equation
into a series of much easier algebraic equations. Application of the scheme is illustrated on time
fractional m-KdV equations to obtain approximation analytical solutions. The convergence of
these solutions has been rigorously analyzed and compared with the existing methods including
the homotopy perturbation transform method. Two representative examples are used to illustrate
the effectiveness and accuracy of the method. From this we have observed that our result is in a
good agreement with results found in the existing literature