Türk-Alman University Institutional Repository
Not a member yet
3665 research outputs found
Sort by
Freedom of expression of judges and prosecutors in the light of the fundamental principles and decisions of the European court of human rights
Get PDFHâkimler ve savcılar icra ettikleri meslekleri gereği ifade özgürlüklerini kullanırken olağan vatandaşlara kıyasla birtakım farklı kısıtlamalara tabidirler. Bu farklılığın arka planında, yargının bağımsızlığı ve tarafsızlığı ilkelerinin korunmasının yanı sıra bu ilkelerle bağlantılı olarak kamuoyunun yargıya duyduğu güvenin korunması kaygısı yer almaktadır. Bu kaygılar ile birlikte ele alındığında hâkim ve savcıların ifade özgürlüklerinin korunmasının kapsam ve sınırlarının tespiti bu çalışmanın temel sorunsalını oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda üzerinde yoğunlaşılan esas mesele; bir yandan hâkim ve savcıların ifade özgürlüğünü diğer yandan ise yargının bağımsızlığını ve tarafsızlığını korumanın optimal şekilde sağlanmasıdır. Bu iki korumanın optimal şekilde sağlanmasına yönelik bir dengeleme değerlendirmesinin hangi temel ilkeler ve ölçütler ışığında yapılması gerektiğinin tespiti ise çalışmamızın kapsamını oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsam doğrultusunda çalışmanın ilk bölümünde hâkim ve savcıların ifade özgürlüğüne ilişkin uluslararası belgelerde yer alan temel ilke ve yükümlülükler ele alınmış, ikinci bölümde ise İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesinin konuya ilişkin oluşturduğu içtihat incelenmiştir. İHAM’ın hâkim ve savcıların ifade özgürlüğü bakımından şimdiye kadarki içtihadında yer alan kararların dörtte birini Türkiye aleyhine yapılan başvurular oluşturmuştur. Dolayısıyla Türkiye’nin İHAM’ın bu konudaki içtihadının şekillenmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olduğu söylenebilecektir. Ancak İHAM’ın hâkim ve savcıların ifade özgürlüğü bakımından güncel olarak şekillenmeye devam eden içtihadı Türkiye’ye karşı verdiği kararlar ile sınırlı değildir. Polonya, Macaristan, Romanya ve Bulgaristan gibi bazı Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinde gerekleştirilen yargı reformlarına karşı ses çıkaran hâkim ve savcılara uygulanan tedbirler de İHAM önüne gelen başvurulara sıklıkla konu olmaktadır. Bu kararlar incelendiğinde ise İHAM’ın özellikle yargı bağımsızlığını zayıflatmaya çalışan yargı reformu girişimleri karşısında hâkim ve savcıların ifade özgürlüklerini kullanmasına özel bir değer atfettiği söylenebilecektir.Due to their professions, judges and prosecutors are subject to certain different restrictions in regard of exercising their freedom of expression, as compared to ordinary citizens. This difference stems from the concern to protect the principles of independence and impartiality of the judiciary, and the public's confidence in the judiciary, which is closely intertwined with these principles. Taken together with these underlying concerns, the main problem of this work centers around the determination of the scope and limitations of freedom of expression of judges and prosecutors. In this context, the main issue focused on is to specify the basic principles and criteria, in light of which a balancing assessment should be made in order to ensure the optimal provision of these two protections. Consequently, the first chapter of the work delves into the basic principles and obligations outlined in international documents concerning the freedom of expression of judges and prosecutors, providing a comprehensive ground for the analysis. Subsequently, in the second chapter, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on this subject is meticulously analyzed, allowing for a detailed examination of legal precedents and decisions. Notably, an intriguing observation emerges from the analysis, as approximately one fourth of the judgements in the case-law of the ECtHR on the freedom of expression of judges and prosecutors have, so far, been based on applications against Turkey. Therefore, it can be convincingly asserted that Turkey holds a pivotal and influential position in shaping the case-law of the ECtHR on this matter. However, it is essential to highlight that the current jurisprudence of the ECtHR on the freedom of expression of judges and prosecutors extends beyond its judgements against Turkey. In some Eastern European countries, such as Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, measures taken against judges and prosecutors who express their dissenting opinions towards judicial reforms are also frequently the subject of applications brought before the ECtHR. Thus, it can be inferred that the ECtHR accords a special value to the exercise of freedom of expression by judges and prosecutors, especially when confronted with judicial reform initiatives that seek to undermine judicial independence
An Artificial Neural Network Based Target Angle Estimation Technique for FMCW MIMO Radars
No full text—In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) based approach is proposed for the estimation of the target angle using Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radars operating in Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW). The proposed technique operates in two stages, with the first stage being the formation of the range profile at each MIMO element via Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and the second stage being the estimation of the target azimuth angle via an artificial neural network. The range profile formed in the first stage is fed to the second stage as a single snapshot angle measurement. The performance of the proposed technique is apprised with other existing methods under different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions and measurement model uncertainties. The simulations performed show that the learning capability of the model strongly hinges on SNR conditions, and the learning process is ameliorated as SNR in training data increases as anticipated. Under low SNR conditions, the proposed technique performs better than other techniques in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE). We have also shown that our solution remains unaffected by the model uncertainties as it fully relies on the calibration data, while the performance of the model-based angle estimation techniques dramatically degrades as the uncertainty in the underlying model grows. © 2023, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved
Evaluation of the annulment by the Turkish constitutional court on deferment of the announcement of the verdict and the appeal of the simple trialand suggestions for solutions to current problems
No full textAnayasa Mahkemesi yakın dönemde verdiği kararlarla hükmün açıklanmasının geri bırakılması kurumunun tamamını,(*1) basit yargılama usulüyle ilgili CMK’nın 252. maddesinin ikinci, üçüncü, dördüncü ve beşinci fıkralarını anayasaya aykırı bularak(*2) iptal etmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, maddi ceza hukuku ve ceza muhakemesi hukuku bakımından özellik gösteren söz konusu kurumlar hakkında verilen iptal kararlarının yaratacağı muhtemel sorunlar incelenmiş ve bu sorunlara ilişkin çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur.With its recent decisions, the Turkish Constitutional Court annulled the entire institution of deferment of the announcement of the verdict and the second, third, fourth and fifth paragraphs of Article 252 of the Criminal Procedure Code regarding the simple trial, finding them unconstitutional. Within the scope of the study, the possible problems that will be created by the annulment decisions given about the institutions in question, which are special in terms of criminal law and criminal procedure law, have been examined and solutions to these problems have been presented
Survey- and simulation-based analysis of residential demand response: Appliance use behavior, electricity tariffs, home energy management systems
No full textResidential demand response (DR) aims to stabilize the electricity grid by utilizing the flexibility of end-users. To this end, end-users are offered time-varying electricity prices and incentivized for load shifting. End-users can maximize bill reduction through automated load shifting using home energy management systems (HEMSs). Since HEMS is a new technology, the future DR potential of its mass use is unknown. Here, surveys can be very useful for gaining insight into future behaviour and preferences in using HEMS. Therefore, the objective of this study is twofold: (1) to understand appliance use behaviour, electricity tariff perception, and tendency towards HEMS-based DR participation, through a survey. And then, (2) to simulate the DR potential by entering survey responses into a HEMS optimization tool. The results show that 78% of the respondents are willing to engage in HEMS-based DR. This provides the potential to reduce the peak period consumption by 33%. However, the average bill savings achieved by HEMS owners is only 6.7%, which can hinder reaching this potential. Still, 21% of the HEMS owners save more than 10% on their bills. 8% save over 15%, and 3% over 20%. These can be the target audience of the future HEMS market and DR campaigns
„Die Menschenwürde ist unantastbar“ – auch im gefängnis
No full textİnsan onuru ve insan hakları cezaevinde olan kişiler için de geçerlidir. Cezaların infazı ve hükümlülerin iyileştirilmesine ilişkin düzenlemeler de buna dayanmalıdır. Temel olarak, koğuş ve hücre sistemi ile bu odaların genişliği ve eşyaları bu kapsamda değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak, cinsiyetlerin ayrılması, sigara içmeyenlerin korunması ve duş konularının da insan hakları bağlantısı bulunmaktadır. Almanya’da mahkemeler - Federal Anayasa Mahkemesi de dâhil olmak üzere - ve öğreti cezaevlerinin insan hakları yönleriyle ilgilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, insan onuruna saygı vurgusuyla belirli sorunlar tartışılmaktadır.Human dignity and human rights also apply to people in prison. The laws on corrections and on execution of criminal sentences must be based on this. It is mainly about the accommodation in individual cells or dormitories, along with the size and furnishings of them. The separation of the sexes, the protection of non-smokers and the subject of showers also have a human rights reference. In Germany, the courts up to the Federal Constitutional Court and jurisprudence deal with these human rights aspects of the penal system. In Germany, the courts up until the Constitutional Court and jurisprudence deal with these human rights aspects of the prison system. This essay discusses specific issues with an emphasis on respect for human dignity
Angular rotation based active and passive earth thrust
No full textKonsol istinat duvarlarında oluşan aktif ve pasif itki duvarın dönme ve yer değiştirmesi ile yakından ilgilidir. Klasik zemin mekaniği çerçevesinde yapılan hesaplarda duvarın yeteri kadar döndüğü ve yer değiştirdiği kabul edilerek aktif ve pasif itkilerin kararlı durumdaki değerleri kullanılır. Özellikle pasif itki için kararlı durumdaki değerleri kullanmak hesabın doğruluğunu olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında aktif ve pasif itkiler için elde edilmiş açısal dönme tabanlı aktif ve pasif itki formülleri tanıtılacaktır. Literatürdeki diğer bazı formüller ve sonlu elemanlar modelinden elde edilen sonuçlar da kullanılarak bir konsol duvar örneği çözülecek, genel bir karşılaştırma yapılacaktır.The active and passive thrusts in cantilever retaining walls are closely related to the rotation and displacement of the wall. Within the framework of classical soil mechanics calculations, the steady-state values of the active and passive thrusts are used, assuming that the wall rotates and displaces sufficiently. Especially for the passive thrust, using steady-state values negatively affects the accuracy of the calculation. In this study, angular rotation based active and passive thrust formulas for active and passive thrusts will be introduced. A cantilever wall example will be solved by using couple of different formulas in the literature. In addition, some comparisons will be made between the results of the formulas and a finite element model
A socio-economic analysis of the reading foundation established by Âdile Sultan in Fatih
No full textÂdile Sultan; Osmanlı Padişahı II. Mahmud’un kızı olarak sarayda üst düzey eğitim almış, Sultan Abdülmecid, Abdülaziz, V. Murad ve Sultan Abdülhamid’in hükümranlık dönemlerini görmüş, yazmış olduğu divanıyla Osmanlı hanım sultanları arasında önemli bir yere sahip entelektüel bir kadındır. Ayrıca döneminde kadınların toplumda çok fazla görünür olmamasına rağmen Âdile Sultan yaptırmış olduğu hayır eserleriyle, katıldığı meclisler, yapmış olduğu ziyaretlerle, düğünüyle hatta vefatıyla hep kamunun yoğun takip ettiği bir kişilik olmuştur. Görkemli, şatafatlı bir yaşam süren Âdile Sultan’ı yakınlarının ard arda gelen ölümleri daha mütevâzı, hayırsever ve fukaraperver bir insana dönüştürmüştür. Bu makale Âdile Sultan’ın Nakşidil Valide Sultan’ın türbesinde sabah namazlarında Kur’an-ı Kerim okunması için kurmuş olduğu vakfını konu edinmektedir. Bir para vakfı olan bu vakfın vakfiyesinde okunan Kur’an-ı Kerim’lerden hâsıl olacak sevabın Âdile Sultan’ın annesi Zernigâr Kadın Efendi’ye ve babaannesi Nakşidil Valide Sultan’ın ruhuna hediye edilmesi istenmektedir. Ayrıca Âdile Sultan vakfiyesinde bizzat kendisine hayattayken selameti, öldükten sonra ise ruhu için okunan Kur’an-ı Kerimlerin armağan edilmesini istemektedir. Bu vakıf iki yönüyle dikkat çeker: Öncelikle küçük ölçekli vakıfların kurulmasına imkân sağlayan Osmanlı vakıf sistemindeki para vakıflarının pratikteki uygulamasını göstermektedir. Diğer yandan ağırlıklı olarak kadınlar tarafından vefat etmiş yakınlarının ruhlarına hediye edilmek üzere türbe gibi mekânlarda gerçekleştirilen Kur’an tilaveti vakıflarının bir örneği olmasıdır. Bu vakıflar vakfedenin vefat eden yakınına vefâsını gösterir.Adile Sultan was an intellectual woman who received a high-level education in the palace as the daughter of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II. She had an important role among the Ottoman female sultans with the divan (collection) she wrote. Moreover, despite the fact that women were not in view very much during her period, Adile Sultan were always followed by the public owing to her charitable works, the assemblies she attended, the visits she made, and even through her wedding and her death ceremony. The consecutive deaths of her relatives turned Adile Sultan, who had been living a luxurious life in wealth, into a more modest and charitable person helping those in need. This article covers the foundation established by Adile Sultan for Quran recitation at the Tomb of Nakşidil Valide Sultan in Fatih. It is demanded in the foundation certificate-charter of this montes pietatis that good deeds to be derived from Qur’an recitation should be bestowed for the souls of Zerginar Kadın, Adile Sultan’s mother, and her grandmother Nakşidil Valide Sultan. It is also requested to recite Quran for the welfare of Adile Sultan when she was alive and for her soul after she passed away. The foundation draws attention in two aspects: on one hand, it indicates the practical implementation of the cash waqfs pietatis in the waqf (charitable foundation) system of the Ottoman, which enables the establishment of small-scale foundations. On the other hand, it is an example of those foundations mostly founded by women meant for Quran recitation in the tomsbs for deseased relatives. These foundations manifest the loyaltly of their founders for the relatives passed away
Unequal-area capability-based facility layout design problem with a heuristic decomposition-based iterative mathematical programming approach
No full textThus far in the available literature, capability-based facility layout design approaches were developed by only considering equal machine areas, where they are assigned to the pre-specified locations. Based on this motivation, this paper introduces a new unequal-area capability-based facility layout design (UA-CBFLD) problem for the first time in the literature. In addition to the machines’ unequal-area requirements, the proper distribution of their processing capabilities over the shop floor is considered. First, a new mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model is developed. Then, a polyhedral inner-approximation method is applied to cope with nonlinear area constraints. Due to its NP-hard nature and highly non-linear structure, a heuristic decompositionbased iterative solution approach is also proposed to solve realistic size problems within a reasonable time. In order to show the validity and applicability of the proposed approach, both an illustrative example with different machine-capability overlaps and a real-life application in a manufacturing company are presented. The computational results have shown that the proposed approach has found a 33.25% better layout score (as a function of the distance and the amounts of product flows) and achieved this solution 116.64% faster than the solution of the developed MINLP model via Gurobi’s standard non-linear programming solver. Furthermore, when compared to the existing cellular facility layout design of the manufacturing company, the proposed capability-based unequal-area layout design option has also 29.37% and 34.74% superior layout scores under the scenarios of equal and unequal machine areas, respectively. Moreover, the total average machine utilization has increased up to 89.6%, which is comparatively better than the current average cell utilization, i.e., 65.2%
CO2 Emission Minimization of a Plate Girder Under Lateral Torsional Buckling Constraint
No full textInternational Conference on Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics 2021, ICNAAM 2021 -- 20 September 2021 through 26 September 2021 -- Rhodes -- 192641Metaheuristic optimization algorithms are increasingly applied to the solution of engineering problems. The current study focuses on the minimization of the CO2 emission associated with the production of a plate girder. Considering the tendency to lateral-torsional buckling in these structures, the critical buckling moment has been used as one of the optimization constraints. Furthermore, the flanges and the web of the plate girder are kept within the non-compact range throughout the optimization process. As the method of optimization, the metaheuristic Jaya algorithm has been modified using Lévy probability distributions for each design variable. The flange width and thickness, the web thickness and the clear distance between the flanges are chosen to be the variables of optimization. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.Istanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpasa, IÜC, (BYP-2019-32938