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Politika uygulamalarının bankacılık fonksiyonlarına etkisi : faiz oranları ve karlılık analizi
Get PDFThe focus of this thesis is to investigate the consequence of central banks’ policy applications on banking profits. These policy decisions implemented by the central banks of the countries directly and indirectly affect everyone's life in that country. Over the years, in crises, wars, economic depressions or vice versa, in a cycle of high prosperity, abundant money, or a normal economy, countries make decisions to overcome these difficulties or to maintain economic dynamics that are on track and working well. In this thesis, the effect of the decisions taken by the central banks in the European region on the banking profits has been examined. In my thesis, the data of 12 European countries and 35 largest banks between 2008 and 2021 were analyzedBu tezin amacı Merkez Bankaları politika uygulamalarının bankacılık karlarına olan etkisini faiz oranları ve karlılık açışından araştırmaktır. Ülkelerin merkez bankaları tarafından alınan politika kararları herkesin hayatını doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir. Yıllar boyunca krizler, savaşlar, ekonomik buhranlar ya da tam tersi olarak yüksek refah, bol para veya normal bir ekonomi döngüsünde ülkelerin bu zorlukları aşmak ya da yolunda giden ve gayet iyi çalışan ekonomik dinamikleri devam ettirmek için kararlar almaktadırlar. Bu tezde ise Avrupa bölgesinde merkez bankalarının aldığı kararların bankacılık karlarına olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Avrupa bölgesinde 12 ülke ve 35 en büyük bankanın 2008 ve 2021 tarihleri arasındaki verileri ile çalışılmıştır
Three tonnieses in America: The receptions of park, sorokin and parsons
Get PDFSosyoloji tarihinde sosyologların gerçekleştirdikleri araştırmalar, ortaya koydukları kavramlar ve geliştirdikleri teoriler kadar, bunların gerek kendi dönemlerinde ve otantik ulusal sosyoloji ortamlarında gerekse farklı zaman ve zeminlerde nasıl karşılanıp anlaşıldıkları, nasıl bir etkiye sahip oldukları da önemli bir araştırma alanı olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu araştırmada Ferdinand Tönnies’in (1855-1936) Amerikan sosyoloji ortamını nasıl etkilediği üzerinde durulmaktadır. ABD’de Edward A. Ross’un 1901 yılında “Toplumsal Kontrol” başlıklı çalışmasında Tönnies’e yaptığı ilk atfı Tönnies’in 1904 yılında St. Louis Üniversitesi Bilim ve Sanat Kongresi’nde bizzat sunduğu “Toplumsal Yapının Güncel Sorunları” başlıklı bildiri takip etmiştir. Araştırma söz konusu ilk temaslardan başlayarak Tönnies’in Amerikan sosyologları tarafından farklı alımlanma biçimlerini teşhis etmeye çalışmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki (Parkçı okuma), Chicago Okulu’nun kurucularından Robert E. Park (1864-1944) özelinde cisimleşmekte, Tönnies’in temel kavram ve ayrımlarını Chicago’da yaşanan toplumsal dönüşümü anlamlandırmak için değerlendirmektedir. İkincisi (Sorokinci okuma) Pitirim A. Sorokin (1889-1968) özelinde karşımıza çıkmakta ve seçmeci, pedagojik ve bir ölçüde indirgemeci bir nitelik arz etmektedir. Üçüncü ve sonuncu okumada (Parsonsçı okuma) ise Tönnies, Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) tarafından ortaya konan “sistem olarak toplum” tasavvuru çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir.In the history of sociology, the research conducted by sociologists, the concepts they put forward and the theories they developed are significant fields or research. Recently, new research topics also attracted increasing attention such as how individual sociologists were received and understood in their own periods and authentic national sociological environments as well as in different times and grounds, and what kind of impact they had. This research focuses on how Ferdinan Tönnies (1855-1936) influenced the American sociological atmosphere. Beginning with the first reference to Tönnies in the United States in 1901 with “Social Control” and the first contact with Tönnies in 1904 when he presented a paper entitled “The Present Problems of Social Structure” at the St. Louis University Congress of Science and Art in 1904, Edward A. Ross attempts to identify the different ways in which Tönnies was received by American sociologists. The study argues that there are three modes of reception. The first of these is the Parkian reading, embodied in Robert E. Park (1864- 1944), one of the founders of the Chicago School, who utilizes Tönnies' basic concepts and distinctions to make sense of the social transformation in Chicago. Secondly, we encounter the popularizing Sorokinian reading of Pitirim A. Sorokin (1889-1968), which is characterized as selective and to some extent reductionist. The Parsonsian reading, in which Tönnies is evaluated by Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) in the context of Tönnies' imagination of society as a system, is the last of the forms of reception discussed in this article
A systematic literature review: Setting a basis for smart and sustainable city performance measurement
Get PDFThe growing amount of data and the inventive solutions that arise from it createopportunities to construct and manage smart sustainable cities. Before attemptingto establish appropriate solutions in this regard, it is crucial to clearly grasp whatsmart and sustainable cities are and the aspects around which they are built. Thepurpose of this study is to critically analyze and evaluate the studies that have beenconducted on smart and/or sustainable cities and to provide a basis for the mea-surement of smartness and sustainability of cities. In this context, using SystematicLiterature Review (SLR) methodology, the smart city, sustainable city, and smartsustainable city concepts are firstly defined. After that, the indicators for theassessment of the smartness and sustainability of cities and the selection processesof these indicators are analyzed. According to the analysis, the studies weregrouped based on the use of (i) selection criteria, (ii) selection methods/tools, and(iii) models used and 14 criteria were deduced from the literature for the evaluationof performance assessment indicators: measurability, availability, completeness, rel-evance, independence, reliability, currency, responsiveness, simplicity, representa-tiveness, cost-effectiveness, consistency, comparability, and consensus. This studyaims to support other studies and applications of authorities on creating and asses-sing a smart and sustainable city (i.e., the indicators) that want to join the 2030Agenda but face problems regarding their cities' specific conditions. The first steptowards creating a smart sustainable city can be taken by determining the mostsuitable indicators for the city
SARS-CoV-2 main protease targeting potent fluorescent inhibitors : repurposing thioxanthones
Get PDFThe coronavirus disease, COVID-19, is the major focus of the whole world due to insufficient treatment options. It has spread all around the world and is responsible for the death of numerous human beings. The future consequences for the disease survivors are still unknown. Hence, all contributions to understand the disease and effectively inhibit the effects of the disease have great importance. In this study, different thioxanthone based molecules, which are known to be fluorescent compounds, were selectively chosen to study if they can inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using various computational tools. All candidate ligands were optimized, molecular docking and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) studies were conducted and subsequently, some were subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the known antiviral drugs, favipiravir, and hydroxychlo-roquine. It was found that different functional groups containing thioxanthone based molecules are capable of different intermolecular interactions. Even though most of the studied ligands showed stable interactions with the main protease, para- oxygen-di-acetic acid functional group containing thioxanthone was found to be a more effective inhibitor due to the higher number of intermolecular interactions and higher stability during the simulations
Effects of different bonding agents on the shear bond strength between monolithic zirconia and indirect composite
No full textPurpose: To investigate the effects of different bonding agents and application of glaze on the shear bond strength (SBS) between monolithic zirconia (MZ) and indirect composite (IC). Materials and Methods: Five different bonding agents (G-Premio Bond [GP]; Tokuyama Universal Bond [TU]; Signum Zirconia bond [SZ]; Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus [CCP]; Z-Prime Plus [ZP]) were applied to a total of 200 MZ disk-shaped specimens (n = 100 glazed and 100 nonglazed). Half of the specimens then underwent thermocycling and the other half no thermocycling (n = 10 specimens each subgroup). The experimental setup was prepared as two pieces according to the ISO TR 11405 standards. Specimens embedded in acrylic resin were placed into the experimental setup and a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analyses. Bonferroni correction was then performed, and test results with P < .05 were accepted as statistically significant. Results: The application of glaze significantly enhanced SBS when ZP or CCP was used; however, it did not have any significant effect when GP, TU, or SZ were used. Thermocycling significantly decreased the SBS in all bonding agent groups except GP specimens with glaze (P = .16). The highest SBS in all conditions was noted when GP and TU were used. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the bonding agents GP and TU may be recommended for better bonding between MZ and IC
Evalutions on the jurisdiction and the material jurisdiction in disputes related to overpaid value added tax after the finalization of a forced tender
Get PDFThe tender buyer may be overcharged VAT due to the non-application of the VAT exemption (Art. 17 VAT Law) (or exemption) or VAT reduction available in favor of the tender buyer, overstatement of VAT in the sale announcement or due to another calculation error. It should be possible to refund this money if VAT has been unjustly charged to the tender buyer. Otherwise, the absolute certainty, foreseeability and certainty of the enforcement proceedings, which must be carried out in accordance with the principle of legality, will be undermined and there will be a direct interference with the right to property. In our law, there are difficulties in determining the boundary between judicial and administrative jurisdiction in relation to some disputes. A dispute under one jurisdiction cannot be examined by a court under another jurisdiction. Otherwise, contradictory (conflicting) decisions would be inconvenient. In this study, the jurisdiction for disputes arising after the finalization of the tender regarding the VAT collected within the scope of forced auctions and the material jurisdiction for these disputes are examined.İhale alıcısının lehine mevcut olan katma değer vergisi (KDV) istisnasının (KDVK m. 17) (veya muafiyetinin) ya da KDV indiriminin uygulanmaması, satış ilânında KDV’nin olduğundan fazla gösterilmesi veya başka bir hesaplama hatası sebebiyle ihale alıcısından fazla tutarda KDV tahsil edilebilmektedir. İhale alıcısından haksız olarak KDV alınması hâlinde, bu paranın iade edilmesi mümkün olmalıdır. Aksi takdirde cebrî icra faaliyetinin kanunîlik ilkesi uyarınca taşıması gereken mutlak belirlilik, öngörülebilirlik ve kesinlik zedelenir ve mülkiyet hakkına da doğrudan bir müdahale söz konusu olur. Hukukumuzda bazı uyuşmazlıklarla ilgili olarak adlî yargı ile idarî arasındaki sınırın belirlenmesinde zorluk yaşanmaktadır. Bir yargı yoluna dâhil olan uyuşmazlık, başka bir yargı yoluna giren bir mahkemece incelenemez. Aksi hâlde birbirine aykırı (çelişen) kararların verilmesi sakıncası doğar. Bu çalışmada cebrî açık arttırmalar kapsamında tahsil edilen KDV’ye ilişkin olarak ihalenin kesinleşmesinden sonra ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıkların tâbi olduğu yargı yolu ve bu uyuşmazlıklar bakımından görevli mahkeme konuları incelenmiştir
Güneş'teki Aktif Bölgelerin Öbeklenme Eğilimi
Get PDFActive regions on the Sun tend to emerge at close times and locations, to a certain degree. Thus, more than one active region emerged close to each other at any time can be seen in the form of nests or complexes. It is known that the nesting degree of sunspot groups is in the range of 30-50%. Quantifying the nesting tendency and determining spatial scales is essential in investigating the processes that cause this phenomenon. In this study, we determine the latitudinal and longitudinal extents of sunspot-group nests, and the degree of nesting, using clustering techniques on Kislovodsk Mountain Astronomical Station (KMAS) Sunspot Group Data and compared with the results in the literature. Our unsupervised learning approach can be applied to larger datasets over longer time scales.Güneş’teki aktif bölgeler, belli bir oranda birbirine yakın zamanlarda ve konumlarda oluşma eğilimi gösterirler. Bunun sonucu olarak, herhangi bir anda birbirine yakın zamanlarda doğmuş birden fazla aktif bölge öbeklenmiş olarak görülebilir. Güneş’te leke bölgelerinin öbeklenme oranının yüzde 30-50 aralığında olduğu bildirilmiştir. Öbeklenme eğiliminin nicelenmesi ve uzaysal ölçeklerin belirlenmesi, bu olaya neden olan süreçleri araştırmak açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, leke grubu öbeklerinin enlemsel ve boylamsal uzanımları ile birlikte leke gruplarının öbeklenme oranı, Kislovodsk Dağı Astronomik İstasyonu (KMAS) Güneş lekesi grubu verileri üzerinden kümeleme yöntemleriyle saptanmış ve literatürdeki sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmamız, daha büyük ve uzun süreli veri setlerine uygulanabilecektir
Yüz ifadesi tanıma alanında yapay zeka modellerinin karşılaştırılmalı açıklamalı çalışması
Get PDFThis thesis provides an analysis and comparison of five widely used CNN architec tures in face expression recognition task. The objective is to evaluate the performance of different CNN architectures available in the Keras library for this challenging com puter vision task. The chosen CNN architectures for comparison include VGG19, InceptionV3, ResNet152V2, MobileNetV2, and EfficientNetV2B1. Two different kinds of facial datasets are used in this research. The first dataset is Fer2013, a com monly used dataset in this domain known for its unbalanced structure. The second dataset is the FACES dataset from the Max-Planck Institute, comprising posed im ages of individuals with a balanced structure. Both of these datasets contain labeled face expression images. Pre-processing steps, such as rotation, shift, resizing, and rescaling, are applied to these images. Since this is a comparative analysis study, the same transfer learning steps are applied to all models. The results from this training are evaluated using test accuracy, which is necessary for analyzing every aspect of the study. To ensure a fair comparison, the same transfer learning steps are applied to all models. The models are trained by dividing the dataset into three sets; training data set, validation data set, and test data set. The comparative study reveals that each CNN architecture exhibits different levels of performance in facial expression recognition tasks. The study provides significant knowledge about the strengths and weaknesses of each CNN architecture in face ex pression recognition. Overall, this comparison study provides clarity on the effectiveness of VGG19, In ceptionV3, ResNet152V2, MobileNetv2, and EfficientNetV2B1 architectures in rec ognizing facial expressions. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers in the fields of computer vision and expression analysisBu tez, yüz ifadesi tanıma görevinde yaygın olarak kullanılan be¸s CNN mimarisinin analizini ve kar¸sıla¸stırmasını sunmaktadır. Amaç, bu zorlu bilgisayarla görme görevi için Keras kütüphanesinde bulunan farklı CNN mimarilerinin performansını deger- ? lendirmektir. Kar¸sıla¸stırma için seçilen CNN mimarileri arasında VGG19, Incepti onV3, ResNet152V2, MobileNetV2 ve EfficientNetV2B1 bulunmaktadır. Bu ara¸stırmada iki farklı türde yüz veri seti kullanılmı¸stır. ?Ilk veri seti, dengesiz ya pısıyla bilinen ve bu alanda yaygın olarak kullanılan Fer2013 veri setidir. ?Ikinci veri seti ise Max-Planck Enstitüsü’nün FACES veri setidir ve dengeli bir yapıya sahip bireylerin pozlanmı¸s görüntülerinden olu¸smaktadır. Bu veri setlerinin her ikisi de eti ketli yüz ifadesi içeren görüntülerdir. Bu görüntülere döndürme, kaydırma, yeniden boyutlandırma ve yeniden ölçeklendirme gibi ön i¸sleme adımları uygulanmı¸stır. Bu bir kar¸sıla¸stırmalı analiz çalı¸sması oldugu için tüm modellere aynı transfer ö ? grenme ? adımları uygulanır. Bu egitimden elde edilen sonuçlar, çalı¸smanın her yönünü ana- ? liz etmek için gerekli olan test dogrulu ? gu kullanılarak de ? gerlendirilir. Adil bir kar¸sı- ? la¸stırma saglamak için tüm modellere aynı transfer ö ? grenme adımları uygulanmı¸stır. ? Modeller, veri seti üç kümeye bölünerek egitilir; e ? gitim veri seti, do ? grulama veri seti ? ve test veri seti. Kar¸sıla¸stırmalı çalı¸sma, her CNN mimarisinin yüz ifadesi tanıma görevlerinde farklı performans seviyeleri sergiledigini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalı¸sma, yüz ifadesi tanımada her bir CNN mimarisinin güçlü ve zayıf yönleri hakkında önemli bilgiler sag-? lamaktadır. Genel olarak, bu kar¸sıla¸stırma çalı¸sması VGG19, InceptionV3, ResNet152V2, Mobi leNetv2 ve EfficientNetV2B1 mimarilerinin yüz ifadelerini tanımadaki etkinligi hak- ? kında netlik saglamaktadır. Bilgisayarla görme ve ifade analizi alanlarındaki ara¸stır- ? macılar için degerli bir kaynak niteli ? gindedi
Mirror activation pattern selection for energy efficient hexagonal QAM aided media-based modulation
No full textIn this article, three mirror activation pattern (MAP) selection techniques are used to improve the performance of energy-efficient hexagonal quadrature amplitude modulation (HQAM) aided media-based modulation (MBM) system called HMBM. These three MAP selection (MS) aided HQAM techniques: (i) capacity-optimized MS-based HMBM (CMS-HMBM) scheme, (ii) MAP correlation (MC) aided MS-based HMBM (MMS-HMBM) scheme, (iii) Euclidean distance (ED) based MS aided HMBM (EMS-HMBM) scheme. MBM technique, one of the newest and most competitive candidates of the index modulation family, increases spectral efficiency linearly and significantly improves error performance. When MS techniques are integrated into telecommunication techniques, they significantly increase the performance of the system. Extensive computer simulations with Monte Carlo for the considered systems are performed on Rayleigh fading channels. The suggested system offers superior error performance than the conventional MBM scheme since it incorporates CMS, MMS, and EMS techniques. Additionally, the suggested new method offers greater energy efficiency than M-QAM constellation schemes since HQAM constellation schemes are by their very nature high energy efficiency. It is shown that the proposed CMS-HMBM, MMS-HMBM, and EMS-HMBM systems provide better error performance than capacity-optimized antenna selection (COAS) aided hexagonal spatial modulation (COAS-HSM), antenna correlation-based AS aided HSM (ACAS-HSM), Euclidean distance optimized AS aided HSM (EDAS-HSM), SM, and MBM systems for the same spectral efficiency. The suggested systems are envisaged for usage in sixth-generation and later wireless networks because of their high performance provided by the CMS, MMS, and EMS methods in the proposed system and the high spectral efficiency provided by the HMBM approach
Solar-hydrogen coupling hybrid systems for green energy
No full textGreen hydrogen production coupled with solar energy became a universal concept to provide more efficient energy caring for the environment within the 2030 sustainable development goals target. The green energy concept provides energy systems without negative impact on the environment, economy, and society. At this point, hydrogen became a suitable energy and energy carrier for the green to green (G2G) concept, which evaluates green resources and green systems together. Producing hydrogen energy using solar radiation lowers greenhouse emissions. It allows people to participate in environmental improvements actively, makes the energy supplied cycles more sustainable, and protects the right to life of future generations. Solar energy is a primer source that can be directly adapted to provide steady power for the G2G system. Nowadays, recent trends on fuel cell, electrolyzer, and photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical technology within solar energy systems as a hybrid combination have a critical approach to realize G2G systems based on hydrogen and solar energy. This chapter focuses on G2G system, the combination of solar energy – hydrogen, fundamentals on electrolysis, photovoltaic panel, fuel cell, and electrolyzer or their hybrid combinations used for green hydrogen production from solar energy; also, thermochemical, photobiological, and photoelectrochemical production methods have been briefly introduced compared and outlined the future remarks