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The reflection of Dervish Mehmed Efendi's diplomatic mission to Russia in the contemporary German press and reports of Austrian envoy Esterhazy
No full textIII. Osman’ın tahta cülûsunu Rusya’ya tebliğ vazifesiyle görevlendirilen Osmanlı elçisi Derviş Mehmed Efendi, diplomatik misyonuna dair kaleme aldığı ve günümüze ulaşabilmiş takrîri/sefâretnâmesi bulunduğundan, bilinen ve hakkında çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmış bir elçidir. Bununla birlikte şimdiye kadar ortaya çıkarılmamış hususlardan birisi, elçiliğin mebzul sayıdaki dönemin Alman basınında nasıl yer bulduğudur. XV. yüzyıl ortalarında Almanya’da Mainz şehrinde hareketli parçalar ile yazı baskısını başlatan Johannes Gutenberg’e kadar geri götürülebilen ve XVIII. yüzyıl itibarıyla Almanca konuşan kalabalık nüfustan ötürü yüksek tirajlara sahip Alman basını, Berlin, Viyana, Frankfurt ve Münih gibi şehirler başta olmak üzere birçok büyük şehirde bulunan matbaalarla canlı ve etkili bir haber kaynağı konumundaydı. Kaldı ki Alman basını, ana hedef kitlesi geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılmış olan XVIII. yüzyılın okumuş siyasal insanın (homo politicus) iltifatına sahipti. Ayrıca kuvvetli bilgi toplama ağıyla beslenen Almanca yayınların, kısa bir süre sonra Fransızca, İtalyanca ve İngilizce gibi diğer dillere çevrildiği, dolayısıyla üretilen haberlerin yalnızca Almanca bilen okuyucuyla sınırlı kalmadığı bilinen bir husustur. Bu noktadan hareketle bir Osmanlı elçisinin, Çar Büyük Petro’dan beri Avrupa’nın büyük devletleri arasına girmenin yollarını arayan Rusya’ya gönderilişi, 1755 yılı itibarıyla Avrupa’da olup bitenleri süreli gazete ve dergilerden öğrenmeyi çoktan alışkanlık edinmiş okuyucu kitlesi için yüksek haber değeri taşıyordu. Haberlerin öne çıkardığı konulardan, diğer bir ifadeyle neyin haber yapılıp yapılmadığından, tercih edilen anlatım biçiminden, kısaca elçiliğin Alman kamuoyuna nasıl yansıtıldığından hareketle, Osmanlıların XVIII. yüzyıl ortalarında Avrupa’da nasıl görüldüğüne dair ipuçları bulmak mümkündür. Bu makale geniş bir yelpazede taranan dönemin yayınlarına dayanarak söz konusu diplomatik misyonun, Derviş Mehmed Efendi’nin Mayıs-Temmuz aylarını geçirdiği St. Petersburg günlerinin Alman basınına nasıl yansıdığını ortaya koymak için hazırlanmış bulunmaktadır. Bunun dışında aynı sıralarda St. Petersburg’da bulunan Avusturya elçisi Kont Esterházy’nin raporları da incelenmiş ve Osmanlı elçisi hakkında yazdıkları ele alınmıştırThe Ottoman envoy Dervish Mehmed Efendi, who was assigned to notify Russia of the accession of Osman III, is a known envoy about whom various studies have been carried out, as he has a surviving takrîr/sefâretnâme written about his diplomatic mission. However, one of the questions that has not yet been researched is how the embassy was covered in the abundant contemporary German press. The German press, which can be traced back to Johannes Gutenberg, who started printing with movable parts in Mainz, Germany in the mid-fifteenth-century, and which had high circulations due to the large German-speaking population by the 18th century, was a lively and effective source of news with printing presses located in many major cities, especially in Berlin, Vienna, and Munich. Moreover, the German press had the favor of the homo politicus, in other words, the educated political man of the eighteenth century, whose main target audience was spread over a wide geography. In addition, it is a well-known fact that German publications, which were fed by a strong information-gathering network, were soon translated into other languages such as French, Italian, and English, thus the news produced was not limited to German-speaking readers. From this point of view, the dispatch of an Ottoman ambassador to Russia, which had been looking for ways to become one of the great states of Europe since the reign of Tsar Peter the Great, was of high news value for the readership, which by 1755 was already in the habit of learning what was happening in Europe from periodicals and journals. It is possible to find clues about how the Ottomans were perceived in Europe in the mid-eighteenth-century by analyzing the topics highlighted in the news, in other words, what was and what was not reported, the preferred narrative style, in short, how the embassy was reflected the German public. Based on a wide range of contemporary publications, this article aims to reveal the way this diplomatic mission, Dervish Mehmed Efendi's May-July St. Petersburg days, was reflected in the German press. In addition, the reports of the Austrian envoy Count Esterházy, who was in St. Petersburg at the same time, were also analysed and his writings about the Ottoman envoy were addressed
Analyzing the influence of the investment casting process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of open-pore Al–7Si foams
No full textAluminum alloy foams with high specific compressive strength and good energy absorption capacity are widely used as structural materials and shock absorbers. The investment casting process offers an interesting opportunity for the production of open-pore aluminum foams. However, foam casting differs from casting of solid parts, and there is a lack of practical knowledge about the microstructure tuning of the ultra-thin cast struts. Our study focuses on the influences of the casting conditions such as mold temperature on the microstructure and consequently on the mechanical properties of aluminum-silicon alloy foams. We investigated microstructural features using various metallography techniques and defined mechanical properties under uniaxial compression test. Here, we observed improvements in the strut microstructure together with decrease of the mold filling by reduction of the mold temperature. Microstructure improvements involve transformation of a single dendritic aluminum grain in each strut to globular grains along with a more homogeneous distribution of the silicon particles across the strut cross-section. These changes bring higher ductility and energy absorption efficiency to the foams, which are evident from the smoother plateau of the stress-strain curves. Decline of the mold filling, on the other hand, has negative effect on the overall mechanical properties
Siber saldırı sonucunda talep edilen fidye parasının (ransom) siber risk sigortası kapsamında sigortalanabilirliği ve ödenen fidye bedelinin sigorta ettirenin zararı önleme ve azaltma yükümlülüğü kapsamında tazmini
Get PDFHer alanda giderek bilişim teknolojileri sistemine bağımlı hâle gelinmesi, siber risklerin neden olabileceği zararların boyutunu ve miktarını da arttırmaktadır. Siber risk sigortalarıyla, bu tür rizikolardan doğabilecek zararlara karşı güvence sağlanmaktadır. Siber saldırılar, bilgisayar korsanlarınca kural olarak maddî kazanç sağlamak için gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda fidyeleme saldırıları ve talep edilen fidye bedelleri giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sigorta sözleşmesi kapsamında bilgisayar korsanlarına ödenecek fidye bedellerinin teminat altına alınmasının sigorta hukukunda daha sınırlı bir uygulama alanı bulan sözleşme serbestisi ilkesi kapsamında mümkün olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca siber risk sigortasında ödenecek fidye bedellerinin teminat altına alınmadığı durumlarda, siber saldırının sonlandırılması için yapılan fidye ödemelerinin sigorta ettirenin koruma ve kurtarma yükümlülüğü kapsamında yapılan bir gider olarak değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceği hususu ve ödenen fidye bedelinin bu kapsamda yapılan makul bir gider olarak kabulü için gerekli şartlar incelenmiştir.Increasing dependency on information technology systems in every field increases damages that may be caused by cyber risks. Cyber risk insurance provides assurance against damages that may arise from such risks. Generally cyber-attacks are carried out by hackers for financial gain. In this context, ransom attacks and demanded ransoms are in creasing. In this study, it has been evaluated whether it is possible to insure the ransom amount to be paid to hackers within the scope of in surance contract considering that the principle of freedom of contract has a more limited application in insurance law. In addition, in cases where the ransom fees to be paid are not covered in the cyber risk insurance, whether the ransom payments made for the termination of the cyber-attack can be considered as an expense made within the scope of the protection and recovery obligation of the insured, and the necessary conditions for accepting the paid ransom as a reasonable expense within this scope have been examined
The Role of Consumers in Business Model Innovations for a Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy
No full textOver the last decade, various governments and supranational bodies have promoted the development of a circular bioeconomy (CBE) as a response to sustainability challenges. The transition towards a CBE requires the collaboration of different actors in the innovation (eco)system. With this conceptual paper, we apply a circular business model lens to address the research question: What are the archetypical roles of consumers in business model innovations for a sustainable CBE? We use a combination of complementary theories from the circular economy and bioeconomy literature, evolutionary innovation economics, sustainability transitions research, the business model literature, and the work on active consumers. Considering consumers' agency as a continuum between the manufacturer-active paradigm and the consumer-active paradigm, we propose: (i) consumers in the manufacturer-active paradigm can actively influence circular business models with their purchase decision; (ii) consumers can act as lobbyists and influencers for circular business model innovation; (iii) in their different roles as customer, user, repairer, and reseller, consumers can incentivize organizations to adapt their business models to their needs; (iv) consumers can become key partners in the process of defining the normative orientation of the innovation paradigm for a CBE; (v) consumers can actively co-create value by means of co-ownership (e.g., through platform cooperatives).Horizon Europe project BIOLOCThis research was supported by funding from the following funders: S.L. received funding from the Horizon Europe project BIOLOC, grant number 101060558; M.M. received funding from the BMWi, project V4InnovatE, grant number 03EI5206B; M.P.S. received funding from the BMBF, junior research group BioKum, grant number 031B0751, and from a visiting professor fellowship from the University of Insubria, Department of Economics. The APC was funded by the Department of Innovation Economics at the University of Hohenheim
Evaluation of the legal bases of vat collected in sales in terms of termination of the tender and related problems
No full textCebrî satışlarda icra dairesi arttırma şartnamesini ve satış ilânını özenli biçimde, tüm araştırmaları titizce yaparak ve doğru biçimde hazırlamalı; kamu hukukundan doğan borçları doğru tespit etmelidir. Bu kapsamda kamu hukukundan doğan Katma Değer Vergisi (KDV) de doğru şekilde tespit etmelidir. Zira KDV’nin doğru tespit edilmesi, ihaleye olan katılımı doğrudan etkiler. İhale alıcısı, katma değer vergisine (KDV) ilişkin sebep dışında başka sebep ya da sebepler ileri sürmek şartıyla ihalenin feshi yoluna başvurarak haksız yere ödemek zorunda kalmış olduğu KDV tutarının iadesini talep edebilir. Ayrıca ihale alıcısının durumundan farklı olarak, ihale alıcısı dışındaki ilgililer sadece KDV oranının yanlış gösterilmesi nedenine dayanarak ihalenin feshini talep edebilir. Arttırma şartnamesinde ihale alıcısının sorumlu olacağı KDV oranının doğru olarak gösterilmemesi, açık arttırmaya katılımı, rekabeti ve ilgiyi olumsuz etkileyeceğinden, ihalenin feshi sebebi teşkil eder. Ancak son dönemde Yargıtay’ın bu konuda farklı yönde kararları mevcuttur. Uygulamada istikrarın, yeknesaklığın ve hukuka en uygun yaklaşımın sağlanması gerekir. Bu çalışmada cebrî icra yoluyla yapılan satışlar kapsamında tahsil edilen KDV’ye ilişkin olarak KDV’nin kanunî dayanakları, KDV’nin yükümlüsü, KDV’yi doğuran olay, KDV’nin tahsili ve KDV’den kaynaklanan ihalenin feshi durumları incelenmiştir.In the case of compulsory sales, the enforcement office should carefully prepare the specification and sales announcement, with meticulous and accurately, and correctly identify the debts arising from public law. In this context, the Value Added Tax (VAT) arising from public law should also be determined correctly as it possesses a direct effect on the participation in the tender. The tenderer may request the refund of the VAT amount he/she has been unjustly obliged to pay by applying for the termination of the tender, provided that he/she puts forward other reason or reasons other than the reason related to the value added tax (VAT). Moreover, unlike the case of the tenderer, interested parties other than the tenderer may only request the of the tender based on the reason for the incorrect display of the VAT rate. Failure to accurately indicate the VAT rate to which the tenderer will be responsible in the auction specification will adversely affect participation in the auction, competition and interest, thus constituting the reason for the termination of the tender. However, recently, the Court of Cassation has made different decisions in this regard. Elements of stability, uniformity and the most appropriate approach to the law must be ensured in practice. In this study, the legal basis of VAT, the obligated, the event that gave rise to VAT, the collection of VAT and the termination of the tender due VAT, were examined in relation to the VAT collected within the scope of sales made through forced execution
Effect of Viscous Damping Coefficient on Suppression of Structural Earthquake-Induced Vibrations with Tuned Liquid Column Dampers
No full text7th International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Smart Technologies, ISAS 2023 -- 23 November 2023 through 25 November 2023 -- Istanbul -- 196776In this study, the effect of viscous damping coefficient of the liquid in Tuned Liquid Column Damper (TLCD) & structural systems under harmonic excitation was numerically investigated. The system under consideration is a TLCD-equipped structural system being manufactured for research purposes at Sakarya University's SARGEM research center for shaking tests. The parameters of this system were used as a reference in the numerical solution of the mathematical model using the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method, and the accuracy of the solution was verified with the MATLAB - SIMULINK toolbox. Subsequently, structural damping was addressed through dimensionless parameters commonly used in the study of TLCD-equipped structural systems: mass ratio, length ratio, and dimensionless excitation frequency. Two other dimensionless parameters related to displacement were derived as an evaluation criteria. The variation on these two parameters depending on the TLCD design was examined using the numerical solution code. The optimum design conditions of the TLCD are evaluated for an effective damping. © 2023 IEEE.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK, (221M148
Explainable ensemble learning data-driven modeling of mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced rubberized recycled aggregate concrete
No full textColossal amounts of construction and demolition waste (C&D) and waste tires have become a considerable global environmental concern. To alleviate this issue, it is proposed to use crumb rubber (CR) derived from waste tires and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) from C&D as a replacement for natural aggregates in new construction materials. However, the wide variability in the mechanical properties of recycled concrete and the lack of reliable predictive tools in the literature make the wide-scale adoption of these new materials a challenging task. Robust methodologies for predicting the mechanical properties of these materials are needed to advance them as viable alternatives to natural aggregates. Hence, this study compiled a comprehensive experimental database comprising 451, 151, and 102 samples from the literature, including compressive, tensile, and flexural strength values of fiber-reinforced rubberized recycled aggregate concrete (FRRAC). Based on these experimental results, seven data-driven machine learning models were developed. A total of 16 input variables were considered in developing these machine-learning models. It was demonstrated that the CatBoost model performed best for predicting the compressive and tensile strengths, whereas for flexural strength, Random Forest models provided better performance. According to SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values, the age of concrete, fineness modulus of the natural fine aggregate and the replacement percentage of the RCA were the most impactful input features in the prediction of the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the usage of fiber reinforcement increased the impact of the w/c ratio. Based on the results, it is suggested to limit the replacement level of RCA and CR to 30% and 15%, respectively. Finally, this study highlights the importance of data-driven models in optimizing the mechanical properties of FRRAC, offering a useful tool for industry-scale developments
Designing robust capability-based distributed machine layouts with random machine availability and fuzzy demand/process flow information
No full textThus far in the available literature, capability-based distributed layout (CBDL) design approaches were only developed under certain environments. Indeed, uncertainties embedded in the machine unavailability (or random machine breakdowns), product demands, and process flow data were not considered by the previous studies to achieve a robust CBDL design. However, many real-life facility layout design applications may involve different types of uncertainties simultaneously, like fuzziness and stochasticity. Based on this motivation, for the first time in the literature, this paper introduces a novel robust capability-based distributed layout (R-CBDL) design problem under a mixed fuzzy-stochastic environment. First, a new fuzzy-stochastic optimization model of the R-CBDL design problem is developed by considering the random machine breakdowns and fuzzy demand/process flow data. Then, a hybrid solution approach based on a chance-constrained stochastic programming technique with a well-known interactive fuzzy resolution method is proposed. Thus, the random machine breakdowns and fuzzy part flow rates among different machining capabilities could be easily handled via the proposed approach. Fortunately, the proposed approach can also generate various risky and risk-free robust layout design alternatives under different probabilistic scenarios and uncertainty levels (a-cuts) according to the facility designer’s risk attitude. To show the validity and applicability of the proposed R-CBDL problem and hybrid solution approach, an extensive computational study with comparative analysis is first presented based on an illustrative numerical example under different machine capability overlap cases and probability distributions. Then, the performance of the proposed approach is also tested on a real-life cellular manufacturing system of a company. The computational experiments have shown that the proposed approach can accomplish more efficient robust layout design alternatives with on average 24.5% better total expected layout score when compared to the existing cellular layout of the manufacturing company
A methodological perspective to the process of judgement-making in criminal procedure
No full textCeza muhakemesinde hüküm, hükmü veren makam açısından yapılacak her şeyin yapıldığını gösteren nihai karardır. Hükmün beraat ve mahkûmiyet başta olmak üzere bazı türleri bulunmaktadır. Hüküm iki farklı şeyin karşılaştırılarak bir sonuca varılmasını ifade eder. Ceza muhakemesinde hüküm verme sürecini hâkimin hukuku olaya uyguladığı süreç olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. Bu süreçte hâkim, bir ya da daha fazla soyut kanuni normu somut olaya uygulamak suretiyle bir hukuki sonuç elde etmeyi hedefler. Hüküm verme süreci, metodolojik olarak mantıki kıyas formatında yapılan üç kıyasın yapılması şeklinde ilerler. Bu üç kıyasın tamamlanması ile hüküm verme süreci de nihayete ermektedir. Bu kıyaslardan ilki tasımlama, ikincisi altlama ve sonuncusu da hukuki kıyas adını alır. Tasımlamanın sonuç önermesi altlamanın küçük önermesini, altlamanın sonuç önermesi ise hukuki kıyasın küçük önermesini oluşturmaktadır. Tasımlamada maddi gerçek bulunurken altlamada hukuki gerçek de bulunur ve maddi gerçeğe uygulanır. Hukuki kıyasın büyük önermesinin oluşturulması ile geriye sadece uygulanacak hukuki sonucun ne olacağının belirlenmesi kalır. Bu ise hükümden başkası değildir.In criminal proceedings, the judgement is the final decision that shows that everything to be done has been done. There are some types of judgement, especially acquittal and conviction. Judgement refers to the comparison of two different things and reaching a conclusion. It is possible to define the process of judgement-making in criminal procedure as the process by which the judge applies the law to the case. In this process, the judge aims to obtain a legal result by applying abstract legal norms to the concrete case. The sentencing process proceeds methodologically in the form of three syllogisms. With the completion of these three syllogisms, the process of judgement is finalised. The first of these syllogisms is called syllogism, the second one is called subsumption, and the last one is called legal syllogism. With the establishment of the major proposition of the legal syllogism, only the determination of the legal result to be applied remains. This is none other than the judgement
Fact-finding n international investment law
No full textA trustworthy legal system is a prerequisite for foreign investors besides of political and economic assurances. The investors desire that the potential disputes with the host state are to be settled by an independent and impartial institution and that the award of this institution will be enforced by the host state. Otherwise, it cannot be said that a trustworthy legal climate exists for foreign investments. October 14, 1966, the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), headquartered in Washington, was established within the framework of the “Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States”. The Center was established with the idea as an arbitration institution for the settlement of investment disputes, but afterwards it has been made also possible to apply for other alternative dispute resolution methods within the framework of October Additional Facility Rules. “Fact-finding”, which was one of the institutions of ICSID Additional Facility, has been amended as standalone rules. In this study, we examine fact-finding in international investment law within the frame of ICSID Rules.Yatırımcıların vatandaşı oldukları ülke haricindeki devletlerde yatırım yapabilmesi ekonomik, siyasi güvencelerin yanı sıra güvenli bir hukuk ikliminin varlığını gerektirir. Yatırımcılar, ev sahibi devlet ile aralarında ortaya çıkabilecek ihtilafların bağımsız ve tarafsız bir kurum nezdinde çözülmesini ve bu kurum tarafından verilecek karara da ev sahibi devlet tarafından riayet edilmesini arzu ederler. Aksi takdirde yatırımlar için hukuki bir güven ikliminin oluşturulduğundan söz edilemez. Bu ihtiyaca cevap vermek üzere, 14 Ekim 1966 yılında yürürlüğe giren “Devletler ile diğer Devlet vatandaşları arasındaki Uyuşmazlıkların Çözümüne ilişkin Sözleşme” (Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States) çerçevesinde merkezi Washington’da bulunan Yatırım Uyuşmazlıklarının Halline İlişkin Uluslararası Merkez (International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes / ICSID) kurulmuştur. Merkez, yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözümü için esasen bir tahkim kurumu niteliğinde olmakla birlikte, Ek Mekanizma Kuralları (Additional Facility Rules) çerçevesinde diğer alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarına başvuru da mümkün kılınmıştır. Ek Mekanizma kurumlarından biri olan “vakıa tespiti” (fact-finding), ICSID 2022 değişiklikleri çerçevesinde Ek Mekanizma kurallarından ayrı düzenlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda uluslararası yatırım hukukunda vakıa tespiti ICSID Kuralları çerçevesinde incelenecektir