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Immigration detention of vulnerable foreigners in the context of the right to liberty and security
No full textÇocuklar, hamile ve bebek emziren kadınlar, yalnız ebeveynler, zihinsel ya da fiziksel hastalığı olanlar, engelliler, yaşlılar, insan ticareti mağdurları, işkence, tecavüz veya diğer psikolojik, fiziksel veya cinsel şiddet biçimlerine maruz kalan kişiler literatürde hassas durumda olan kişiler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu kişiler sığınma aramak için başvurdukları devlette özgürlükleri kısıtlanarak idari gözetim tedbirine konu olduklarında kişisel kırılganlıkları nedeniyle kişi özgürlüğü ve güvenliği hakkı yanında başka hak ihlallerine de maruz kalmaktadırlar. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi son yıllarda hassas durumda bulunan kişilere ilişkin detaylı bir içtihat oluşturmuştur. Mahkeme, hassasiyeti ihlal eşiğini düşüren bir unsur olarak değerlendirmekte ve hakları ihlal edilen kişilerin hassas durumda olması halinde devletlerin özen ve koruma yükümlülüklerini daha geniş yorumlamaktadır. Kişi özgürlüğü ve güvenliği hakkı kapsamında hassas kişilerin idari gözetimi gereklilik ve orantılılık ilkeleri bağlamında katı bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında AİHM içtihadında kişi özgürlüğü ve güvenliği hakkı ve idari gözetim konusunda genel bilgiler verildikten sonra hassas durumda olma/kırılganlık kavramı incelenecektir. AİHM’in hassas durumda olanların idari gözetiminde oluşturduğu ilkeler belirlenerek, bu kişilere karşı devletlerin arttırılmış pozitif yükümlülükleri değerlendirilecektir. Son bölümde Türkiye uygulaması bağlamında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılarak hassas durumda bulunan kişiler bakımından hukuka uygun idari gözetim uygulaması için öneriler ileri sürülecektir.Children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, single parents, individuals with mental or physical illnesses, people with disabilities, the elderly, victims of human trafficking, and those who have endured torture, rape, or other forms of severe psychological, physical, or sexual violence represent particularly vulnerable groups who are in a more precarious position during migration journeys. When these individuals are subjected to immigration detention measures in the state where they seek asylum, their personal characteristics and circumstances often render them susceptible to violations of not only their right to liberty and security but also other fundamental rights. In recent years, the European Court of Human Rights has established a comprehensive jurisprudence concerning individuals in vulnerable situations. The Court views vulnerability as a factor that lowers the threshold for establishing a violation, leading to a broader interpretation of states’ obligations to exercise care and protection when the rights of such individuals are infringed. In the context of the right to liberty and security, the administrative detention of vulnerable individuals is subjected to rigorous scrutiny, particularly within the framework of the principles of necessity and proportionality. In this study, following an overview of the right to liberty and security, as well as administrative detention in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the concept of vulnerability will be critically examined. The principles articulated by the ECtHR concerning the administrative detention of vulnerable individuals will be identified, and the heightened positive obligations imposed on states in relation to such individuals will be analyzed. In the final section, a comparative analysis will be undertaken in the context of Turkey’s domestic practice, with recommendations proposed for ensuring the legality of administrative detention practices with respect to individuals in vulnerable situations
Opening Doors: The Role of Erasmus+ Youth Exchanges in the Social Cohesion Process of Migrant and Local Youth in Higher Education
No full textErasmus+ Youth Exchanges (E+YE) projects are supported by the European Union with the aim of strengthening the social participation of young people and enabling them to develop various key competencies. Every year, thousands of young people from T & uuml;rkiye participate in both national and international E+YE projects. Especially in recent years, with the rapid increase in the population of migrant students, the social cohesion processes experienced by young people from different cultures have become a focal point. The aim of the study is to reveal the impact of E+YE projects held at Harran University on the social cohesion processes of migrant and local young people with limited opportunities. As such, an attempt was made to determine the perception of limited opportunities among young people, their motivations for participating in projects, as well as their individual gains and personal growth thanks to their completion of the projects. Using a qualitative method, interviews were conducted with 16 young people participating in these projects. The data obtained from the interviews were subjected to descriptive analysis. The findings indicate that E+YE projects lead to significant changes in the lives of young people in terms of social inclusion and personal skills development, and open up new horizons for them. Another important finding of the study is that the experiences of young people intersect at various levels in terms of their motivations for participating in projects and the gains they obtain. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of E+YE projects in strengthening the social cohesion of migrant and local young people and in fostering a culture of living together
Extracting information from the cutting force signal to explain and exploit its discrepancy between up and down slot milling at the same chip thickness
No full textIn milling, different cutting forces can occur at the same undeformed chip thickness depending on process kinematics and feed. To clarify and exploit this phenomenon, which has not been reported in the technical literature, the cutting force was recorded during full-width orthogonal milling. The latter process was chosen as the same undeformed chip thickness is developed at certain tool rotation angles and at different feeds, thus allowing the exploration of the effect of these parameters on the cutting force. Using analytical methods to describe the cutting kinematics, the exact rotation angle of the tool corresponding to its engagement with the workpiece was calculated. In addition, the precise relationship between chip thickness and occurring cutting force in up and down slot milling at various feeds was determined. Herein, for increasing the accuracy, the tool path was considered as trochoidal rather than circular. In addition, analytical methods were developed to calculate the cutting force direction, shear angle and chip compression ratio. The measurements of the deformed chip thickness over the deformed chip length verified the assumptions and correctness of the developed analytical procedures. Additionally, based on a FEM simulation of the developed stress fields during material removal, the stress field depth parameter ds was introduced. Using ds and the calculated direction of the cutting force towards the instantaneous workpiece surface, regions of effective material strengthening or weakening were detected within the developing stress field during up and down milling respectively, which change the cutting force. In this way, the discrepancies between the cutting forces occurring in up and down milling at the same undeformed chip thickness and various feeds were clarified and process conditions were proposed to exploit them to reduce cutting loads and energy requirements
75 years of “Grundgesetz” - conference report on the anniversary of the German constitution
Get PDFOn May 23, 2024, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (“Grundgesetz”) celebrated its 75th birthday. To honor this occasion, the long-term lecturers of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) held a conference at the Faculty of Law of the TurkishGerman University (TDU/TAÜ), moderated by Joachim Kretschmer. After a short introduction summarizing the historical context of the German Constitution and its most important statements, four presentations took place, focusing on constitutional law, civil law, environmental protection and criminal law. These topics included the Lüth judgement (indirect third-party effect of fundamental rights), the Soraya decision (judicial development of the general right of personality), the climate decision (climate protection and intertemporal guarantees of freedom) and the penal system decision (prisoners as holders of fundamental rights)23 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde Alman Anayasası 75. yaş gününü kutladı. Bu vesileyle, Alman Akademik Değişim Servisi’nin (DAAD) uzun dönemli öğretim görevlileri, Joachim Kretschmer'in moderatörlüğünde Türk-Alman Üniversitesi (TAU) Hukuk Fakültesi’nde bir konferans düzenlendi. Anayasa’nın tarihsel bağlamını ve en önemli ifadelerini özetleyen kısa bir girişin ardından, anayasa hukuku, medeni hukuk, çevre koruma ve ceza hukuku konularında dört sunum yapıldı. Bunlar arasında Lüth kararı (temel hakların yatay etkisi), Soraya kararı (genel kişilik hakkının yargısal gelişimi), iklim kararı (iklimin korunması ve özgürlüğün zamanlar arası güvence altına alınması) ve cezaevi kararı (temel hak sahibi olarak mahkûmlar) yer almaktadır
Could size ceilings make the TBTF regime more effective?
No full textThis chapter examines the use of size ceilings for banks as a regulatory tool to enhance the effectiveness of the too big to fail (TBTF) regime. It introduces the concept of systemically important banks (SIBs) and explores the essential features of TBTF regime. The chapter argues that the optimal size of a bank from a business perspective may differ from its socially optimal size. Furthermore, it is argued that due to the challenge posed by a potential bailout, there is a legitimate public interest in the home country of a SIB to prevent the bank from growing beyond a socially acceptable and sustainable size. The chapter also provides a brief discussion of recent events in Switzerland related to the Credit Suisse crisis, where the effectiveness of the TBTF legislation was called into question. © 2023 Peter Lang Group AG, Lausanne. All rights reserved
The principle of legal certainty and the problem of defining the concept of 'Danger in Delay' under the criminal procedure law
No full textCeza muhakemesi işlemleri, ancak kendileri için öngörülen kurallara uygun olarak yapılabilir. “Gecikmesinde sakınca bulunan hâl” kav-ramı, bir işlem için öngörülen kuralın istisnası bağlamında, istisnanın temel şartı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Buna göre bu hâllerde bir işlem istisnai olarak, o işlem için öngörülen şartlardan biri eksik olduğu hâlde yapılabilmektedir. Koruma tedbirlerinde olduğu gibi bu tarz işlemlerde temel hak ve hürriyetlere müdahale söz konusu olabilir. Bu sebeple “gecikmesinde sakınca bulunan hâl” kavramının sınırları belirlenmelidir. Zira kavram belirsiz bir kavramdır. Bu itibarla önce ceza muhakemesinde belirlilik ilkesi ve belirsizliği gidermenin yolları; akabinde ceza muhakemesinde “gecikmesinde sakınca bulunan hâl” kavramının yer aldığı düzenlemeler ele alınacaktır. Bir hukuk terimi olarak mevzuattan hareketle genel bir tanımı oluşturulduktan sonra ceza muhakemesinde “gecikmesinde sakınca bulunan hâl” kavramının tanım ve sınırları üzerinde durulacaktır.Every action in criminal proceedings may only proceed the rules stipulated for that action. In the context of the exception to the prescribed rule, the concept of "danger in delay" is used as the basic condition to that exception. Since the procedures subject to this exception may constitute interference with fundamental rights and freedoms, as in the case of evidence protection measures, it is necessary to determine the limits of the concept of "danger in delay" as a requirement of the prin-ciple of legal certainty. Primarily the principle of legal certainty under criminal procedure and the ways of eliminating uncertainty will be elo-borated upon; subsequently, the regulations that include the concept of "danger in delay" under criminal procedure will be discussed. As a legal term, a general definition will be established based on the legislation, and then the definition and the limits of the concept of "danger in delay" under criminal procedure will be elobarated upo
Apartheid Crimes and Ethnic Discrimination: The Case of Israel
Get PDFIsrael's response to the Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023, which includes practices that could be considered genocide and massacres, has led to serious global debates on the concept of apartheid regime. This article examines the origins of racial discrimination, which forms the backbone of the apartheid crime, considering international conventions. Initially, considering the studies in the field of social psychology, it was understood that ethnic-based groupings are more about maximizing the distinction from other groups rather than maximum benefit. When the findings are examined specifically in the context of the Israel-Palestine issue, it is understood that Israel promotes the identity of the 'accepted Jew' and discriminates against all other ethnic groups outside of this identity. Not only Palestinian Arabs but also Jews of African and Middle Eastern origin have been subjected to ethnic discrimination in Israel. In light of the reports prepared by international institutions and organizations, especially the United Nations, when the discrimination against Palestinians is examined, it is seen that Palestinians are subjected to systematic discrimination enshrined in the Israeli constitution. Palestinians face various levels of apartheid regime in three different spheres of influence: Palestinian citizens living in Israel, Palestinians with permanent residency living in East Jerusalem, and Palestinians struggling to live in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Especially Palestinians living in East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza are subjected to almost all the crimes defined as apartheid crimes in international conventions. Israel's land policy, the dual legal system that can be summarized as Jews and nonJews, and various occupation policies focused on dividing and exiling Palestinians constitute the main backbone of apartheid crimes.İsrail ’in 7 Ekim 2023 tarihinde gerçekleşen Aksa Tufanı Operasyonu’na verdiği karşılık, soykırım suçları kapsamında değerlendirilebilecek uygulamalar ve müsebbibi olduğu katliamlar sonucunda apartheid rejimi kavramı dünya genelinde ciddi bir biçimde tartışılır hale geldi. Bu makalenin amacı uluslararası sözleşmeler ışığında apartheid suçu ve bu suçun temelini oluşturan ırksal ayrımcılığın kökenlerini İsrail örneği üzerinden incelemektir. Öncelikle sosyal psikoloji alanında yapılan çalışmalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda etnik kimliğe dayalı gruplaşmaların özünde maksimum faydadan ziyade diğer grupla maksimum ayrışmanın ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular İsrail-Filistin meselesi özelinde incelendiğinde İsrail’in ‘makbul Yahudi ’ kimliğini teşvik ettiği ve bu kimliğin dışında kalan tüm etnik gruplara ayrımcılık uyguladığı anlaşılmaktadır. İsrail’de uygulanan etnik ayrımcılığa sadece Filistinliler değil, Afrika ve Sefarad Yahudileri de muhatap olmuştur. Başta Birleşmiş Milletler olmak üzere uluslararası kurum ve kuruluşların hazırladığı raporlar ve kararlar ışığında Filistin’e uygulanan ayrımcılık incelendiğinde, Filistinlilerin İsrail anayasasına yerleşmiş sistematik bir ayrımcılığın muhatabı olduğu görülmektedir. Filistinliler, İsrail’de yaşayan İsrail vatandaşları, Doğu Kudüs ’te yaşayan süresiz oturuma sahip Filistinliler ve işgal altında Batı Şeria ve Gazze’de yaşam mücadelesi veren Filistinliler olarak üç farklı nüfuz bölgesinde çeşitli düzeylerde apartheid rejimine muhatap olmaktadırlar. Bilhassa Doğu Kudüs, Batı Şeria ve Gazze’de yaşayan Filistinliler uluslararası sözleşmelerde apartheid suçları olarak tanımlanan suçların neredeyse tamamına maruz kalmaktadırlar. İsrail’in uyguladığı toprak politikası, Yahudiler ve Filistinliler olarak özetlenebilecek iki yapılı hukuk sistemi ve Filistinlileri bölmeye ve sürgün etmeye odaklı çeşitli işgal politikaları apartheid suçlarının ana omurgasını oluşturmaktadır
Twin Transition - Hidden Links between the Green and Digital Transition
No full textIn this article, we analyze the literature on the simultaneous green (or sustainable) and digital transition, or simply the twin transition. We conduct a bibliometric analysis based on a citation network of scientific articles on digitalization and sustainability. Our results show that both research strands have well-established but largely separate research traditions. Only recently, there has been a growing interest in studying them together. An in-depth analysis of the community structure of the citation network reveals that the literature is highly fragmented, with a significant number of hidden links between the two research strands, connecting seemingly unrelated thematic clusters
Semiocide and wasteocene in the making: The case of Adana landfill
Get PDFIn this article, in an attempt to analyze the crisis caused by the images of imported plastic waste, we consider the relationship between waste and its meaning in the case of geographical dislocation and de- and re-contextualization processes. Our analysis is guided by two recent concepts: The Wasteocene and semiocide. While the Wasteocene clarifies the signifying mechanisms of this period, semiocide allows us to understand which signs, under what conditions, are rendered invisible or disregardable. In coining the concept of semiocide, Ivar Puura emphasized two key features of the phenomenon. Following this distinction, which is based on (un) intentionality, semiocide refers either to a fully conscious, perhaps even hostile, attempt to destroy a semiotic configuration, or to a completely nonconscious, unaware process in which the unawareness itself is the source of the destruction. Although a more cultural approach dominates in Puura’s assertion of the concept, the concept is applicable to human classification, interpretation and transformation of nature (Maran, 2013; Tønnessen et al., 2015). Focusing on the case of Adana as a recent example of a global waste crisis, our aim is to provide a (bio)semiotic framework for assessing how and under what conditions plastic materials become arbiters of environmental and political crises. With heaps of plastic garbage with foreign names on them, the discourse of recycling, restricted media coverage, public indignation, the struggles of environmentalist organizations, and the encounter of different spatio-temporalities, our study aims to convey an impoverished narrative of a city in the south of Türkiye
Basit Tıbbi Müdahale ile Giderilebilecek Ölçüde Hafif (BTM’lik) Yaralamalar ile İlgili TCK m. 86/2 Düzenlemesinin Yol Açtığı Sorunlar
No full textTCK m. 86/1’de temel şekli düzenlenen kasten yaralama suçunun daha az cezayı gerektiren bir nitelikli hâli bulun- maktadır. Bu nitelikli hâle göre kasten yaralama fiilinin kişi üzerindeki etkisinin basit bir tıbbi müdahale ile giderile- bilecek ölçüde hafif olması hâlinde faile, suçun temel şekline göre daha az ceza verilmektedir. Suçun neticesi dikkate alınarak ihdas edilmiş olan bu nitelikli hâl düzenlemesi birçok sorunu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu sorunların büyük kısmı, düzenlemenin bir nitelikli hâl olarak ihdas edilmesinden kaynaklanmakta, bir kısmı ise düzenlemede basit tıbbi müdahale kavramının kullanılmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Düzenleme bağlamında ortaya çıkan birçok problem ise düzenlemenin neticesi sebebiyle ağırlaşmış hâller ile olan ilişkisi bağlamında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tüm bu sorunlar, TCK m. 86/2’de yer alan düzenlemenin sorunlu olduğunu göstermiştir. Mevcut hâliyle düzenleme, her- hangi bir tıbbi müdahale gerektirmeyen yaralamaların cezasız kalmasına sebebiyet vermektedir. Ayrıca uygulamada özellikle hafif yaralamalar sonucu ölümlerde yanlış kararların verilmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu sebeple düzenlemenin değiştirilmesi gerekir