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Rüzgar enerji santrali yerleşim yeri seçimi : Türkiye'den bir vaka analizi
No full textDer Konsum hat aufgrund des Anstiegs der Weltbevölkerung und des Wirtschaftswachstums rapide zugenommen. Der Anstieg des Verbrauchs hat zu einem Anstieg des Energiebedarfs geführt. Man geht davon aus, dass diese Situation durch Lösungen wie mehr Energieproduktion und effizientere Energienutzung bewältigt werden kann. Allerdings sollten bei der Entwicklung dieser Lösungen auch die Nachhaltigkeit und Umweltauswirkungen des Energiesektors berücksichtigt werden. In diese Richtung nimmt die Nutzung der Windenergie weltweit zu. Die Türkei gehört aufgrund seiner Lage zu den am besten geeigneten Ländern des Windenergiepotenzials. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, eine mögliche Standortbestimmung für Windkraftanlagen in Tekirdağ auf der Grundlage von multikriteriellen Entscheidungskriterien unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Situation von Windkraftanlagen in der Türkei vorzuschlagen. Zu diesem Zweck wird die Standortbestimmung der geplanten Windkraftanlage in Tekirdağ, einer der Provinzen mit dem höchsten Potenzial in der Türkei, mit multikriteriellen Entscheidungsunterstützungs (MCDM)-Ansätzen diskutiert. Die zehn Faktoren, die bei der Windparkinstallation bewertet werden können, wurden durch Literaturrecherche und Feedback von Experten ermittelt und die Gewichte dieser Faktoren mit der AHP berechnet. Mithilfe von Gewichten und TOPSIS werden zehn Standorte in Tekirdağ im Hinblick auf die Anwendbarkeit von Windparks aufgelistet. Infolgedessen wurde der Standort 22 km vom Bezirk Şarköy entfernt als am besten geeigneter Punkt ermittelt. Ziel ist es, dass die Studie in Zukunft zu Studien zur nachhaltigen Energiebewertung beitragen wirdDünya nüfusunun artması ve ekonomik büyümeye bağlı olarak tüketim hızla artmıştır. Tüketimin artması enerji ihtiyacının da artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu durumun, daha fazla enerji üretimi ve daha verimli enerji kullanımı gibi çözümler ile yönetilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Ancak bu çözümlerin geliştirilmesinde, enerji sektörünün sürdürülebilirliği ve çevresel etkileri de göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Rüzgâr enerjisinin kullanımı da bu doğrultuda tüm dünyada artmaktadır. Türkiye konumu itibariyle rüzgar enerjisi potansiyeli bakımından en uygun ülkeler arasındadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye‘deki rüzgar türbinlerinin mevcut durumu dikkate alınarak çok kriterli karar kriterlerine dayalı olarak Tekirdağ‘daki rüzgar türbinlerinin olası yerleşimini önermektir. Bu amaçla Türkiye’deki potansiyeli en yüksek illerden biri olan Tekirdağ ilinde kurulması planlanan rüzgar enerji santralinin lokasyonunun çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yaklaşımları ile belirlenmesi ele alınmıştır. Rüzgâr santrali kurulumunda değerlendirilebilecek 10 faktör, literatür taraması ve uzmanlardan gelen geri dönüşlerle belirlenmiş, AHP yöntemiyle bu faktörlerin ağırlıkları hesaplanmıştır. Tekirdağ‘da önceden belirlenmiş 10 farklı lokasyon hesaplanan ağırlıklar ve TOPSIS yöntemi yardımı ile rüzgar santrallerinin uygulanabilirliği açısından sıralanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçta, Şarköy ilçesine 22 km uzaklıkta bulunan lokasyon en uygun nokta olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın gelecekte yapılacak sürdürülebilir enerji değerlendirme çalışmalarına katkıda bulunması amaçlanmaktadır
Electrochemical sensors
No full textOver the past few years, electroanalytical techniques have become increasingly widespread in the analysis of various component applications. They are noticeable by their distinctive attributes, such as sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response, minimal solution volume requirements, and user-friendliness. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are mentioned in this chapter. Polymers received specific attention and a critical role in the advancement and design of electrochemical sensors. Conducting polymers’ (CPs) polymer backbone chain is characterized by alternating single and double bond configurations, which allow CPs to conduct electricity up to a certain limit, allowing them to possess attractive intrinsic features advantageous in electronic applications. Molecular imprinting, a method that forms specific recognition sites in polymer matrices, is currently extensively utilized in the development of robust sensors in various fields such as industries, diagnostics, and environmental analysis. This chapter describes recent applications and some examples of CPs and molecularly imprinted polymers based sensors. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
AL2O3 takviyeli aluminyum matrisli kompozitlerde Y2O3 arayüzey kaplamasının ıslatma özelliklerine etkileri
No full textUsage of Aluminium metal matrix komposites have been increased in automotive and areospace industry due to physical and mechanical properties of these. Requested properties have been obtained depends on particle’s different particle size and amount is added into matris. In this study, 5-10-15 and 20 % Al2O3 particle has been used as reinforcement. The wettability of Al2O3 is weak by molten aluminium. Weak bond force between aluminium and Al2O3 effects final properties of composite and decrease mechanical properties of it. In order to cope with this problem, Al2O3 powder was coated by Y2O3 and then it was added into aluminium. The aim of this study is the improvement of wettability using by Y2O3 coated Al2O3 particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites produced by squeze casting method so that mechanical properties will be enhanced. Produced composite’s density, hardness and wear behaviour is examined and analysed SEM microstructle. It was aware that during increasing reinforced volume, hardness of MMC was increased,coefficient of friction was decreased so wear resistance was improved.Alüminyum metal matrisli kompozit (MMK)’lerin fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinden dolayı otomotiv ve uçak endüstrisinde kullanımları artmaktadır. Matris yapısına ilave edilen farklı takviye boyutu, miktarı gibi faktörlere bağlı olarak da istenilen özellikler elde edilebilir. Bu çalışma da takviye elemanı olarak % 5-%10- %15 ve %20 oranlarında Al2O3 kullanılmıştır. Al2O3’ün sıvı alüminyumla ıslatabilirliği zayıftır. Aminyum ile Al2O3 arasındaki zayıf bağ kuvveti kompozitin son özelliklerini etkileyerek mekanik özelliklerde düşüşe neden olur. Bu sorunun üstesinden gelmek amacıyla Al2O3 tozları Y2O3 ile kaplanarak alüminyuma ilave edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sıkıştırma döküm yöntemi ile üretilen alüminyum alaşımı kompozitlerde Al2O3 takviye elemanın Y2O3 ile kaplayarak ıslatabilirliğin dolayısıyla mekanik özelliklerin iyileştirilmesidir. Üretilen kompozit malzemeler yoğunluk, sertlik, aşınma davranışları incelenmiş, SEM görüntü analizleri yapılmıştır. İlave edilen partikül hacim oranının artmasıyla beraber MMK sertlik değerinin arttığı, sürtünme katsayısnın düştüğü ve aşınma direncinin iyileştiği görülmüştür
A novel ensemble artificial intelligence approach for coronary artery disease prediction
No full textPurposeCoronary artery disease is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders in the world, and it can be deadly. Traditional diagnostic approaches are based on angiography, which is an interventional procedure having side effects such as contrast nephropathy or radio exposure as well as significant expenses. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel artificial intelligence (AI) approach for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease as an effective alternative to traditional diagnostic methods.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a novel ensemble AI approach based on optimization and classification is proposed. The proposed ensemble structure consists of three stages: feature selection, classification and combining. In the first stage, important features for each classification method are identified using the binary particle swarm optimization algorithm (BPSO). In the second stage, individual classification methods are used. In the final stage, the prediction results obtained from the individual methods are combined in an optimized way using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to achieve better predictions.FindingsThe proposed method has been tested using an up-to-date real dataset collected at Basaksehir & Ccedil;am and Sakura City Hospital. The data of disease prediction are unbalanced. Hence, the proposed ensemble approach improves majorly the F-measure and ROC area which are more prominent measures in case of unbalanced classification. The comparison shows that the proposed approach improves the F-measure and ROC area results of the individual classification methods around 14.5% in average and diagnoses with an accuracy rate of 96%.Originality/valueThis study presents a low-cost and low-risk AI-based approach for diagnosing heart disease compared to traditional diagnostic methods. Most of the existing research studies focus on base classification methods. In this study, we mainly investigate an effective ensemble method that uses optimization approaches for feature selection and combining stages for the medical diagnostic domain. Furthermore, the approaches in the literature are commonly tested on open-access dataset in heart disease diagnoses, whereas we apply our approach on a real and up-to-date dataset
Corporates' responsibility to respect human right
Get PDFWhen binding legal norms and penalties are analyzed, it is observed that states are still the primary actors in international law. However, as a result of neoliberal economic policies, particularly after 1970, multinational corporations that have rapidly grown and expanded transnationally have long been economically capable of competing with many countries, and it can be said that this competition is also socially significant today. Due to the need to determine the responsibilities of companies that threaten human rights within the scope of their power, a series of guidelines have been published by international organizations to outline the framework of the relationship between business and human rights. These international instruments are remarkable as they introduce new concepts such as conducting human rights due diligence processes and using leverage to prevent or mitigate adverse impacts on human rights within the scope of corporations’ duty of care. However, it should be noted that, as soft law rules, they will be insufficient on their own to prevent and remedy human rights violations caused by companies. The recent industrial and environmental disasters, which have led to severe consequences, global economic and health crises, and their impacts, have shown that corporations' ethical and social responsibilities based on voluntarism are ineffective in reducing human rights violations. Recognizing this, many countries have adopted regulations that require companies to address human rights issues within their supply chains. In the European Union, many member states have amended their legislation in this direction, and according to a very recent EU directive, all member states will be required to adopt binding rules on corporate accountability in the coming period. Undoubtedly, these regulations will have an impact not only in the country where they are enforced but also in all countries where commercial relations exist. This study addresses the responsibilities of corporations on human rights, which are attempted to be shifted from the social sphere and be grounded on a legal basis.Bağlayıcı hukuk normları ve yaptırımları incelendiğinde uluslararası hukukun birincil aktörünün halen devletler olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte özellikle 1970 sonrası neoliberal ekonomik politikalar sonucu hızla büyüyerek ulus ötesi yayılım sergileyen çok uluslu şirketler uzun zamandır ekonomik bakımdan birçok ülke ile rekabet edebilecek güçtedir ve günümüzde bu rekabetin toplumsal olarak da önem arz ettiği söylenebilecektir. Sahip olduğu güç kapsamında insan haklarını tehdit eden şirketlerin bu konuya ilişkin sorumluluklarının belirlenmesi ihtiyacından dolayı uluslararası örgütler tarafından bir dizi kılavuzlar yayınlanarak iş dünyası ve insan hakları ilişkisinin çerçevesi çizilmiştir. Bu uluslararası belgeler, şirketlerin özen yükümlülüğü kapsamında insan hakları durum tespiti süreci yürütülmesi ve olumsuz etkilerin önlemesi veya azaltması amacıyla etki gücü kullanılması gibi yeni kavramlara yer vermesi bakımından önem arz etmektedir ancak nihayetinde birer yumuşak hukuk kuralı olarak şirketlerin sebep olduğu insan hakları ihlallerinin önlenmesi ve telafisi konusunda tek başlarına yetersiz kalacaklarını belirtmek isteriz. Yakın geçmişte meydana gelen endüstriyel ve çevresel felaketler ile küresel ekonomik ve sağlık krizlerinin ortaya çıkardığı tablo şirketlerin gönüllülük esasına dayanan davranışlarının insan hakları ihlallerini azaltmakta etkili olamadığını ortaya koymuştur. Bunun farkına varan ülkeler, şirketlerin tedarik zincirinde yer alan insan hakları meselelerini ele almasını zorunlu kılacak düzenlemeleri kabul etmişlerdir. Avrupa Birliği’nde birçok üye devlet mevzuatında bu yönde değişiklikler gerçekleştirmiş olup çok yakın tarihli direktif uyarınca önümüzdeki dönemde tüm üye devletlerin şirketlerin hesap verebilirliğine yönelik bağlayıcı kuralları yasalaştırması gerekmektedir. Hiç şüphesiz bu yasalar yalnızca yürürlükte olduğu ülkeyi değil ticari ilişkilerin bulunduğu tüm ülkeleri etkileyecektir. İşbu çalışmada, sosyal alandan sıyrılarak hukuki bir zemine oturtulmaya çalışılan şirketlerin insan hakları alanındaki sorumlulukları ele alınmıştır
Innovation Amidst Turmoil: A SenseMaker Study of Managerial Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis in Germany
No full textWe present the results of an exploratory study of transformation processes in wicked problem situations, faced by 623 German managers due to the COVID-19 crisis during summer 2021. Our study draws on a fruitful combination of sustainability transitions research, complexity theory, cognition in economics, meme theory, and sensemaking by using the SenseMaker (R) software platform as a data collection and analysis tool on patterns of meaning in managerial self-signification and interpretation of their own decisions. We contribute to current interdisciplinary debates by presenting an empirical study on sensemaking during the COVID-19 pandemic that uncovers the narrative patterns of managers during uncertain decision situations. Our results suggest that while new habits have emerged and human ingenuity and creativity is acknowledged, participants of our study appear to lack a strong vision of a sustainable future beyond green growth and the dominant technoeconomic paradigm
The issue of whether the special lien is transferred to the assignee in case of the assignment of the claim secured by the special lien
Get PDFKarayolları Trafik Kanunu’nun 97. maddesine göre, zarar gören, zorunlu malî sorumluluk sigortasında öngörülen sınırlar içinde ilgili sigorta kuruluşuna doğrudan dava açabilir. Zarar gören üçüncü kişi her ne kadar sigorta sözleşmesinin tarafı olmasa da Kanun’un kendisine tanıdığı hakkı kullanarak doğrudan sigortacıya başvurmak suretiyle zararının tazminini talep edebilir. Zarar gören üçüncü kişiye sigortacıya doğrudan dava açma hakkının tanınmış olması, üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşme olarak nitelendirilemez. Burada üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmenin şartları mevcut değildir. Sözleşmede belirlenmiş olan bir “lehtar” söz konusu olmayıp, kimin zarar göreceği belirsizdir. Bu nedenle zarar görme ihtimali olan her kişiyi potansiyel olarak üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmenin lehtarı olarak kabul etmek kanunen mümkün olmadığı gibi, aynı zamanda bunu gerektiren herhangi bir haklı gerekçe mevcut değildir. Üçüncü kişinin doğrudan dava hakkı kanundan doğan bir hak olup, sözleşmenin nispîliği ilkesinin de istisnasıdır. Bu hakkın kabul edilmesinin sebebi, zarar gören kişinin daha etkin biçimde korunması düşüncesidir. Böylece, riziko gerçekleştiği takdirde, zarar veren sigortalı ile (sigorta bedeli kadar) sigortacının müteselsil sorumluluğu ortaya çıkmış olur. Zarar gören üçüncü kişinin sigortacıya karşı gerek devlet yargısında gerek Sigorta Tahkim Komisyonu’nda dava açabilmesi için öncelikle sigortacıya yazılı bir başvuru yapmış olması gerekir (KTK m. 97). Söz konusu yazılı başvurunun niteliğinin belirlenmesi gerekir. Ayrıca bu yazılı başvurunun arabuluculuk bağlamında da değerlendirilmesi önemlidir. Özellikle arabuluculuğa başvurulması hâlinde, yazılı başvuru şartının yerine getirilmiş sayılıp sayılmayacağının ortaya konulması gerekir. Bu çalışmada sigortacıya doğrudan dava açılması hakkının ve sigortacıya yazılı başvuruda bulunulmasının hukukî niteliği, medenî usûl hukuku bakımından özellikle dava hakkı, dava şartları ve arabuluculuk bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Konuyla ilgili doktrindeki görüşlerin yanı sıra uygulamaya ilişkin güncel yargı kararları da ele alınarak, bu kararlarda benimsenen görüşler değerlendirilmiştir.Per Article 97 of the Highway Traffic Code, the injured party may file a lawsuit directly against the insurance company within the limits outlined in their compulsory financial liability insurance. Although not being a party to the insurance agreement, the aggrieved third party may exercise the legal right bestowed upon them to directly petition the insurer for damages compensation. The fact that the aggrieved third party is granted the right to sue the insurer directly not constitute a contract for the benefit of the third party. In this case, the conditions for a contract in the third party’s benefit are absent. There is no “beneficiary” designated in the contract, and it is unclear who will suffer damages. Hence, it is not only legally unfeasible but also without justification to regard all individuals who are potentially harmed as beneficiaries of the contract for the third party. The third party’s right to file a lawsuit is a legally generated right and an exception to the principle of relativity of contracts. The rationale behind the acceptance of this right is to enhance the efficacy of protection for the injured individual. Thus, if a risk occurs, the joint liability of the insured causing the damage (up to the insurance cost) and the insurer shall be generated. The aggrieved third party must first submit a written application to the insurer prior to filing a case against the insurer, whether in the state jurisdiction or with the Insurance Arbitration Committee (Highway Traffic Code art. 97). The nature of this written application must be specified. Furthermore, it is important that this written application be evaluated within the framework of mediation. Whether the written application requirement has been fulfilled must be specified in detail, particularly in cases where mediation is being pursued. The This study discusses the legal nature of the right to sue the insurer directly and to submit a written application to the insurer in terms of civil procedure law, with a particular focus on litigation, procedural obligations, and mediation. In addition to the views in the doctrine on the subject, the current judicial decisions pertaining to this practice, along with an assessment of the opinions supported in these decisions, have been discusse
Bewertung der sterbehilfe im türkischen und deutschen recht : definitionen des sterbehilfe-begriffs, ländervergleich und auswertung einiger juristischer debatten und urteile
Get PDFThe initial section of the study presents general information, including definitions and requirements pertaining to assisted dying, and endeavours to establish a conceptual framework. As much as people are interested in their life, they are also interested in their death for various reasons. This situation is not exclusive to the present day; thus, a historical overview has also been presented in this work. In this section, an attempt was made to present and explain the development of the view of euthanasia, that is to say, the right to die, in a chronological manner. The second part of the study analyses the legal framework governing euthanasia in Turkey. Firstly, the extant regulations in Turkish law are interpreted in accordance with the typology of euthanasia. Subsequently, the subject is examined in the context of the right to life and autonomy. In the third part, the legal-historical perspective of euthanasia in the National Socialist era is discussed initially. Subsequently, an interpretation of the German legal section, comprising statutory regulations, is presented. The following section comprises a discussion of the legal issues and selected judgments pertaining to this topic. The last part is aimed at comparing Turkish and German law regarding euthanasia.Im ersten Teil der Studie erfolgt eine Darlegung allgemeiner Informationen, welche Definitionen und Voraussetzungen im Kontext der Sterbehilfe umfassen. Zudem wird der Versuch unternommen, einen konzeptionellen Rahmen zu schaffen. So sehr sich die Menschen für ihr Leben interessieren, so sehr interessieren sie sich aus verschiedenen Gründen auch für ihren Tod. Dies gilt nicht nur für die Gegenwart, weshalb diese Arbeit auch einen historischen Überblick zum Thema gibt. Zudem wurde der Versuch unternommen, die Entwicklung der Sichtweise auf die Sterbehilfe, d. h. das Recht zu sterben, in chronologischer Abfolge darzustellen und zu erläutern. Im zweiten Teil erfolgt eine Analyse der Sterbehilfe im türkischen Recht. Zunächst werden die bestehenden Regelungen im türkischen Recht nach den Arten der Sterbehilfe interpretiert. In der Folge wird das Thema diskutiert und im Hinblick auf das Recht auf Leben und Autonomie analysiert. Im dritten Teil wird zunächst auf die rechtshistorische Perspektive der Euthanasie in der NS-Zeit eingegangen. Anschließend werden die deutschen rechtlichen Regelungen interpretiert. Es wird auf die juristische Diskussion eingegangen und ausgewählte Urteile werden aufgegriffen. Ziel des letzten Teils ist ein Vergleich zwischen dem türkischen und dem deutschen Recht im Bereich der Sterbehilfe darzulegen
Imaging of cylindrical inhomogeneites in a parallel plate waveguide with reverse time migration method
No full textWhile reverse time migration (RTM) algorithm is commonly used in geophysical explorations, this paper addresses the RTM imaging procedure for reconstructing of lossy dielectric discontinuities in a planar waveguide using electromagnetic waves at a single frequency. The direct problem of the related configuration is solved via method of moments (MoM) to produce the synthetic scattered data to be used in RTM. The achievements of the method are examined and verified by including different numerical examples. It is shown that the RTM approach can be used as an alternative imaging methodology in parallel plate waveguide problems
Fatigue and corrosion-fatigue behavior of the ?-metastableTi-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy processed by laser powder bedfusion
No full textWe performed rotating bending tests and axial (tension-compression) loadincrease and constant amplitude high-cycle fatigue tests in air and Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) on the ?-metastable titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V3Cr, processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF-M), solution-treated and aged, and shot-peened. Rotating bending loading in air revealed a strong influence of process-induced flaws on fatigue endurance. Especially in the highcycle fatigue range and the transition region, the stochastic distribution of the flaws and flaw sizes led to a high scatter of the number of cycles to failure. The axial load-increase tests yielded a good fatigue life estimation, with a negligible difference between air and HBSS. The cyclic deformation behavior in HBSS was also strongly influenced by the local microstructure and defect distribution, and, thus, by crack formation and propagation. Plastic deformation and microcrack growth interact, and their relative amount resulted in different progressions of the plastic strain amplitude over the number of cycles for different specimens. Changes in the free corrosion potential and the corrosion current were highly sensitive indicators for fatigue-induced damage on the rough surfaces, which was correlated to the microscopic examination, fracture surface features, and the fatigue crack development