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The cultural institutes as an instrument of public diplomacy of republic of Türkiye and the federal republic of Germany : the example of the Goethe Institute and Yunus Emre Institute
No full textDoğu ve batı her zaman bir rekabet, savaş ve zıtlık içinde gibi gözüksede her zaman birbirinden destek alarak ilerlemiş ve günümüze gelmiştir. Bu ilerleme ise karşılıklı kültürlerarası iletişim ve alışveriş ile sağlanmıştır. İlk zamanlardan günümüze kadar toplumlar ve devletler birbirleriyle iletişim içerisinde olmuşlardır. Toplumların kültürel etkileşimler ve iletişim sayesinde gelişmeler yaşadığını birçok alanda gözlemlenebilmektedir. Bu bakımdan farklı kültürleri tanımak büyük önem taşımaktadır. Günümüzde gelişen teknoloji ve iletişim araçları sayesinde ilişkiler başka boyutlara taşınarak evrilmiş ve gelişmiştir. Diplomasi de zaman içerisinde değişen kavramlardan olmuştur. Gelişmelerle birlikte günüzümün önemli kavramları haline gelen kamu diplomasisi ve kamu diplomasisinin enstrümanlarından olan kültür enstitüleri bu çalışmada incelenmiştir. Kamu diplomasisi birçok kavramı içerisinde barındırmaktdır. Kültür, sanat, iletişim gibi değerlerin birleşimi olan bir diplomasi türüdür. Uygulamada devlet dışı aktörler ile toplumların büyük rol alması ise geleneksel diplomasıden farkını ve çeşitliliğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada kamu diplomasisi kavramı ve kültür enstitülerini anlamak için diplomasi kavramından başlayarak ve bu kavramlardan destek alarak Türk ve Alman kamu diplomasisi enstrümanları olarak kültür enstitüleri (Goethe Enstitüsü ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü) incelenmiştir. v Almanya ve Türkiye her zaman gerek tarihsel gerek stratejik olarak birbirleri için önemli partnerler olmuşlardır. Bu yüzden iki ülke birbirlerine her alanda önem vermektedirler. İki ülkenin yönetimlerinin ve toplumlarının birbirlerini iyi tanıması sayesinde her alanda başarı yakalanabilir. Kültürlerarası yönetim ve iletişim bu bakımdan önemlidir. Farklı kültürleri bilmek ve tanımak çok kültürlü bir alanda başarı getirir. Tanıma ve tanıtma kamu diplomasisi için vazgeçilmez unsurlardır. Her iki devlette tezlerini karşı ülkelerin halkları nezdinde anlatmak ve kendilerini tanıtmak için kamu diplomasisini kullanabilir. Bu yüzden kamu diplomasisi iki ülkenin önem verdiği alanlardan birisidir. Bu ilişkinin günümüzde hangi enstrümanlarla ve nasıl sağlandığı bu çalışmada incelenmiştir.Der Orient und der Okzident scheinen immer miteinander in Konkurrenz, im Krieg und in Opposition zu stehen, aber sie haben sich immer gegenseitig unterstützt und sind bis zum heutigen Tag fortgeschritten. Dieser Fortschritt wurde durch gegenseitige interkulturelle Kommunikation und Austausch erreicht. Seit den frühesten Zeiten bis heute stehen die Gesellschaften und Staaten in Kommunikation miteinander. Die Entwicklung von Gesellschaften durch kulturelle Interaktionen und Kommunikation ist in vielen Bereichen zu beobachten. In diesem Zusammenhang spielt die Erkennung der verschiedenen Kulturen eine wichtige Rolle. Heutzutage haben sich die Beziehungen in allen Bereichen durch die Entwicklung der Technologie und der Kommunikationsmittel weiterentwickelt und sind in andere Dimensionen gewandert. Auch die Diplomatie ist eines der Begriffe, die sich im Laufe der Zeit verändert haben. In dieser Arbeit werden die öffentliche Diplomatie, die durch die Entwicklungen zu einem der wichtigsten Konzepte der heutigen Zeit geworden ist, und die Kulturinstitute, die eines der Instrumente der öffentlichen Diplomatie sind, untersucht. Die öffentliche Diplomatie umfasst viele Begriffe. Sie ist eine Form der Diplomatie, die Werte wie Kultur, Kunst, Kommunikation und Diplomatie miteinander verbindet. Der Unterschied zwischen der traditionellen Diplomatie und der öffentlichen Diplomatie ist, dass nichtstaatliche Akteure und Gesellschaften eine wichtige Rolle bei der Durchführung der öffentlichen Diplomatie spielen. Um das Konzept der öffentlichen Diplomatie und der Kulturinstitute zu verstehen, werden in dieser Arbeit, die vom Begriff der Diplomatie ausgeht und durch diesen unterstützt wird, die Kulturinstitute (Goethe-Institut und Yunus-Emre-Institut) als türkische und deutsche Instrumente der öffentlichen Diplomatie untersucht. Deutschland und die Türkei sind seit immer historisch und strategisch wichtige Partner füreinander. Daher haben beide Länder in allen Bereichen eine wichtige Bedeutung füreinander. Die Erfolge können in allen Bereichen durch das gegenseitige Kennenlernen der Regierungen und Gesellschaften der beiden Länder erzielt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang sind interkulturelles Management und Kommunikation wichtig. Das Kennen und Verstehen der verschiedenen Kulturen bringt Erfolg in einem interkulturellen Umfeld. Die Erkennung und Bekanntmachung sind unverzichtbare Elemente der öffentlichen Diplomatie. Beide Staaten können die öffentliche Diplomatie zur Erläuterung ihrer Thesen gegenüber den Völkern der anderen Staaten und zur Bekanntmachung nutzen. Deswegen ist die öffentliche Diplomatie einer der Bereiche, die für beide Länder wichtig sind. In dieser Arbeit wird analysiert, mit welchen Instrumenten und wie diese Beziehung heutzutage gestaltet wird.The Orient and the Occident seem to have always been in competition, at war and in opposition, but they have always supported each other and have progressed to the present day. This progress has been achieved through mutual intercultural communication and exchange. From the earliest times to the present, societies and states have been communicating with each other. The development of societies through cultural interaction and communication can be observed in many areas. In this context, the recognition of different cultures plays an important role. Nowadays, relationships in all fields have evolved and moved to other dimensions due to the development of technology and communication tools. The concept of diplomacy is also one of the concepts that has been changing over time. Public diplomacy, which has become one of the most important concepts of modern times due to the developments, and cultural institutes, which are one of the instruments of public diplomacy, are researched in this thesis. The term of public diplomacy covers a lot of concepts. It is a form of diplomacy that combines values such as culture, art, communication and diplomacy. The difference between traditional diplomacy and public diplomacy is that non-state actors and societies play an important role in the implementation of public diplomacy. In order to understand the concept of public diplomacy and cultural institutes, this thesis, which is based on and supported by the concept of diplomacy, researches the cultural institutes (Goethe Institute and Yunus Emre Institute) as Turkish and German instruments of public diplomacy. Germany and Türkiye have always been historically and strategically important partners for each other. For this reason, the two countries are of great importance to each other in all areas. Success in all areas can be achieved through mutual understanding between the governments and societies of both countries. In this regard, intercultural management and communication are important. Knowledge and understanding of different cultures bring success in an intercultural environment. Recognition and publicity are essential elements of public diplomacy. Both states can use public diplomacy to explain and publicize their theses to the people of other states. Therefore, public diplomacy is one of the areas that are important for both countries. This thesis analyzes which instruments and how this relationship is designed toda
Key genes and pathways in the molecular landscape of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A bioinformatics and machine learning study
No full textPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is recognized for its aggressive nature, dismal prognosis, and a notably low five-year survival rate, underscoring the critical need for early detection methods and more effective therapeutic approaches. This research rigorously investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying PDAC, with a focus on the identification of pivotal genes and pathways that may hold therapeutic relevance and prognostic value. Through the construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the examination of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the study uncovers key hub genes such as CDK1, KIF11, and BUB1, demonstrating their substantial role in the pathogenesis of PDAC. Notably, the dysregulation of these genes is consistent across a spectrum of cancers, positing them as potential targets for wide-ranging cancer therapeutics. This study also brings to the fore significant genes encoding intrinsically disordered proteins, in particular GPRC5A and KRT7, unveiling promising new pathways for therapeutic intervention. Advanced machine learning techniques were harnessed to classify PDAC patients with high accuracy, utilizing the key genetic markers as a dataset. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) model leveraged the hub genes to achieve a sensitivity of 91 % and a specificity of 85 %, while the RandomForest model notched a sensitivity of 91 % and specificity of 92.5 %. Crucially, when the identified genes were cross-referenced with TCGA-PAAD clinical datasets, a tangible correlation with patient survival rates was discovered, reinforcing the potential of these genes as prognostic biomarkers and their viability as targets for therapeutic intervention. This study's findings serve as a potent testament to the value of molecular analysis in enhancing the understanding of PDAC and in advancing the pursuit for more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies
A comprehensive framework for electric vehicle charging station siting along highways using weighted sum method
No full textThe proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to an increased demand for strategically located EV charging stations (EVCSs) to ensure a balanced and accessible charging network. The siting of EVCS involves a multifaceted process that includes technological, economic, social, geographical, and environmental factors. An EVCS network should deliver high-quality service, alleviate drivers' range anxiety, and be compatible with renewable energy system integration, while also accounting for technical infrastructure and future expansion expectations. Resting areas along highways, equipped with amenities and grid connections, emerge as potential sites for EVCS installation. Accordingly, this study presents an EVCS siting framework along highways, integrating expert opinions from diverse disciplines. The proposed method employs expert opinions to weigh site selection criteria and then uses a clustering-based approach to identify suitable locations for EVCS siting, utilizing the weighted sum method. According to the experts, the most important criterion is determined as the service level of the candidate point with a weight of 0.375, followed by traffic density (0.218), and proximity to connection roads (0.215). The method is tested both on a test highway and the Edirne-Ankara highway, which is the most heavily used in Türkiye. The results demonstrate that the test highway identifies 13 out of 18 optimal locations using the clustering strategy. Similarly, the siting method identifies 18 out of 31 optimal EVCS locations along the Edirne-Ankara highway ensuring the distance constraints. This approach is scalable and adaptable for application on highways in various countries where EVCS infrastructure is still developing
Neural Network Predictive Models for Alkali-Activated Concrete Carbon Emission Using Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms
No full textDue to environmental impacts and the need for energy efficiency, the cement industry aims to make more durable and sustainable materials with less energy requirements without compromising mechanical properties based on UN Sustainable Development Goals 9 and 11. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into the atmosphere is mostly the result of human-induced activities and causes dangerous environmental impacts by increasing the average temperature of the earth. Since the production of ordinary Portland cement (PC) is a major contributor to CO2 emissions, this study proposes alkali-activated binders as an alternative to reduce the environmental impact of ordinary Portland cement production. The dataset required for the training processes of these algorithms was created using Mendeley as a data-gathering instrument. Some of the most efficient state-of-the-art meta-heuristic optimization algorithms were applied to obtain the optimal neural network architecture with the highest performance. These neural network models were applied in the prediction of carbon emissions. The accuracy of these models was measured using statistical measures such as the mean squared error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The results show that carbon emissions associated with the production of alkali-activated concrete can be predicted with high accuracy using state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. In this study, in which the binders produced by the alkali activation method were evaluated for their usability as a binder material to replace Portland cement, it is concluded that the most successful hyperparameter optimization algorithm for this study is the genetic algorithm (GA) with accurate mean squared error (MSE = 161.17) and coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.90) values in the datasets
The legal status of the Turkish Natural Catestrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) and current developments arising from the Kahramanmaraş earthquake
No full text6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş’ın Pazarcık ilçesinde meydana gelen ve resmî açıklamalara göre 13 milyon kişiyi doğrudan etkileyen deprem felaketi, Doğal Afet Sigortaları Kurumu’nun (DASK) hukuki niteliği ve Zorunlu Deprem Sigortası’nda sigorta bedelinin tespitine ilişkin bazı tartışmaların doğmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada; Zorunlu Deprem Sigortası’nda uygulanacak hükümler çerçevesinde DASK’ın teşekkülü, hukuki durumu ve yapısı ile zorunlu deprem sigortasında diğer sigorta sözleşmelerinde olduğu gibi bilgilendirme yükümlülüğünün olup olmadığı incelenecektir.On February 6, 2023, the earthquake disaster that occurred in the Pazarcık district of Kahramanmaraş, affecting directly around 13 million people according to official statements, has led to some discussions regarding the legal nature of the Turkish Natural Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) and the determination of the insurance amount in Mandatory Earthquake Insurance. In this study, within the framework of the provisions to be applied to Mandatory Earthquake Insurance, the establishment, the legal status, and the structure of TCIP, as well as whether there is an obligation to inform in Mandatory Earthquake Insurance as in other insurance contracts, will be examined
Regulating AI Against Discrimination: From Data Protection Legislation to AI-Specific Measures
No full textVarious legislation regarding data protection acknowledges the right to protection of personal data as fundamental human right and introduces certain legal obligations to people who have access to personal data to prevent this data to be used without data subject’s knowledge and even in some cases their consent. Processing personal data by automated decision-making (ADM) systems bears the risk of discrimination. Especially, when these ADM systems use Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies, natural persons’ data may be fed into the system to train the model. Hence, natural persons’ personal data constitutes a basis for ADM systems’ decisions. Data protection legislation includes certain general principles and measures to prevent misjudgments and discrimination. In the scope of these principles and measures, data processing activity shall be adequate, relevant, and limited in relation to the intended purposes, “privacy by design” and “privacy by default” principles and objection mechanisms regarding negative decisions taken exclusively by ADM systems shall be implemented, accountability and risk-based approach shall be considered. On the other hand, data protection legislation may not be sufficient to eliminate all the risks and threats of AI. Hence, specific regulations, guidelines, and recommendations addressing AI are being drafted. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2024
Die auswanderung von Türkeistammigen aus Deutschland in die Türkei
No full textBu tez, Türk kökenli insanların Almanya'dan Türkiye'ye göçünü ele almaktadır. Tezin amacı, Türk kökenli insanların Almanya'dan Türkiye'ye göç etmelerinin nedenlerini ve Türkiye'deki yaşamlarının nasıl olduğunu göstermektir. Bu amaçla, Almanya'dan Türkiye'ye göç eden ikinci ve üçüncü kuşaktan on Türk kökenli kişiyle uzman röportajları içeren bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Röportajlar tamamlandıktan sonra, akabinde nitel içerik analizi kullanılarak değerlendirilebilmeleri için yazıya dökülmüştür. Araştırmanın sonuçları, ikinci ve üçüncü kuşak Türk kökenli insanların Almanya'dan Türkiye'ye göç etmelerinin en yaygın nedenlerinin üniversite eğitimi, yaşam tarzı, aile veya eş ile vatan veya aidiyet duygusu olduğunu göstermekte ve duygusal nedenlerin ekonomik nedenlerden daha önemli olduğunu açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Almanya'dan göç eden ikinci ve üçüncü kuşak Türk kökenli insanlar Türkiye'de iyi iş olanaklarına, yüksek yaşam standardına ve yüksek itibara sahip olsalar da Türkiye'de yaşamanın birçok dezavantajları vardır, örneğin kültürel farklılıklar nedeniyle Türkiye'deki insanlarla anlaşmanın zorluğu gibi. Son olarak, göç edenlerin Türkiye'den tekrar Almanya'ya olası geri dönüşü bu tezde ele alınmamıştır ve hâlâ araştırılması gereken bir konudur.Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Auswanderung von Türkeistämmigen aus Deutschland in die Türkei. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, darzustellen, was die Gründe für die Auswanderung von Türkeistämmigen aus Deutschland in die Türkei sind und wie ihr Leben in der Türkei ist. Dafür wurde eine Untersuchung durchgeführt, welche Experteninterviews mit zehn türkeistämmigen Personen der zweiten sowie dritten Generation, die aus Deutschland in die Türkei ausgewandert sind, beinhaltet. Nachdem die Interviews geführt worden sind, wurden sie transkribiert, damit sie anschließend anhand der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet werden konnten. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass die häufigsten Gründe für die Auswanderung von Türkeistämmigen der zweiten sowie dritten Generation aus Deutschland in die Türkei das Studium, der Lebensstil, die Familie beziehungsweise der Partner, sowie das Heimat- beziehungsweise Zugehörigkeitsgefühl sind, und verdeutlichen, dass emotionale Gründe relevanter sind als wirtschaftliche Gründe. Auch wenn türkeistämmige Auswanderer der zweiten sowie dritten Generation aus Deutschland in der Türkei insgesamt gute Arbeitsmarktchancen haben, einen hohen Lebensstandard sowie ein hohes Ansehen besitzen, gibt es dennoch viele Nachteile am Leben in der Türkei, wie zum Beispiel die Herausforderung, sich mit den Menschen in der Türkei zu verstehen angesichts der kulturellen Unterschiede. Schließlich wurde die mögliche Rückkehr der Auswanderer aus der Türkei wieder nach Deutschland in dieser Arbeit nicht untersucht, was ein Thema ist, das noch Forschungsbedarf hat.This thesis deals with the emigration of people of Turkish origin from Germany to Turkey. The aim of the thesis is to present what the reasons for the emigration of people of Turkish origin from Germany to Turkey are and how their life in Turkey is. For this purpose, a study was conducted that includes expert interviews with ten second and third generation persons of Turkish origin who have emigrated from Germany to Turkey. After the interviews were conducted, they were transcribed so that they could then be evaluated on the basis of qualitative content analysis. The results of the study show that the most frequent reasons for the emigration of second and third generation people of Turkish origin from Germany to Turkey are studies, lifestyle, family or partner, as well as a sense of home or belonging, and illustrate that emotional reasons are more relevant than economic reasons. Even though second and third generation emigrants of Turkish origin from Germany have overall good job market opportunities, possess a high standard of living as well as a high reputation, there are nevertheless many disadvantages of life in Turkey, such as the challenge of getting along with people in Turkey given the cultural differences. Finally, the possible return of emigrants from Turkey back to Germany was not investigated in this thesis, which is a topic that still needs research
Predicting ground reaction forces during normal gait by solving tracking optimization problem
No full textGround Reaction Force (GRF) is a central biomechanical parameter in gaitanalysis, critical for understanding human locomotion mechanics. Traditional methods for GRF data acquisition, though precise, are often constrained by their resource-intensive nature. In response to these limitations, recent research has explored alternative approaches using musculoskeletal models and machine learning algorithms for GRF prediction. This thesis contributes to these efforts by presenting an approach that employs a tracking optimization problem frame work to predict GRF in human gait analysis. This study, grounded in biome chanics, leverages computational tools to analyze gait data from 10 healthy individuals aged between 14 and 54. Opensim, a state-of-the-art biomechanics simulation software, was utilized for modeling and simulation tasks. This pro cess involved biomechanically scaling individual-specific musculoskeletal models based on static pose marker data and employing inverse kinematics for determin ing joint angle trajectories. These kinematic trajectories were then inputted into a tracking optimization algorithm, designed to predict GRF. The biomechanical effectiveness of this approach was validated through its strong correlation with normative kinetic data, achieving an average Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) of 0.88 and a Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) of 0.12 . The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this integrated method in biome chanical gait analysis and suggest potential applicability in clinical settings for patient rehabilitation and care. However, to fully ascertain this method’s biome chanical accuracy and clinical utility, further validation in a broader population is necessary. This study represents an effort to blend biomechanical knowledge with advanced computational techniques, aiming to improve the practicality and accessibility of gait analysis in healthcare and research environments.Yer Tepki Kuvveti (YTK), insan hareket mekani?gi anlayı¸sında merkezi bir biy omekanik parametre olarak yer alır ve insan y¨ur¨uy¨u¸s mekani?gini anlamak i¸cin hayati bir ¨oneme sahiptir. Ancak geleneksel YTK veri elde etme y¨ontemleri, has sas olmalarına ra?gmen yo?gun masraf gereklilikleri nedeniyle birtakım kısıtlamaları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu sınırlamalara ¸c¨oz¨um olarak ge¸cti?gimiz yıllarda ara¸stırmacılar YTK tahmini i¸cin kas-iskelet modelleri ve makine ¨o?grenme algo ritmaları gibi alternatif yakla¸sımları incelemi¸stir. Bu tez, insan y¨ur¨uy¨u¸s analizi i¸cin YTK kestirimi yapmak amacıyla y¨ur¨ume sırasında elde edilen kinematik veriyi bir optimizasyon problemi ¸cer¸cevesinde kullanarak bu ¸cabalara bir katkı sunmaktadır. Bu ¸calı¸smada, biyomekanik temellere dayalı olarak 14 ile 54 ya¸sları arasındaki 10 sa?glıklı bireyin y¨ur¨uy¨u¸s verilerini analiz etmek i¸cin hesapla malı ara¸clar kullanılmı¸stır. Modelleme ve sim¨ulasyon i¸slemleri i¸cin, biyomekanik sim¨ulasyon yazılımı olan Opensim tercih edilmi¸stir. Kas-iskelet modelleri statik pozdaki i¸saretleyici verilerine dayalı olarak g¨on¨ull¨ulerin tamamı i¸cin ayrı ayrı ¨ol¸ceklendirilmi¸s ve bireylerin hareketleri sırasındaki eklem a¸cıları mevzubahis i¸saretleyicilerin y¨ur¨uy¨u¸s sırasındaki konum verilerinin ters kinematik i¸sleminde kullanılması ile elde edilmi¸stir. Bahsi ge¸cen eklem a¸cıları daha sonra YTK tahmini yapmak i¸cin tasarlanmı¸s bir optimizasyon problemine beslenm¸sitir. Bu yakla¸sımın biyomekanik etkinli?gi, normatif kinetik verilerle g¨u¸cl¨u bir ko relasyon g¨ostererek do?grulanmı¸s ve ortalama bir Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı (PCC) 0.88 ve Normalle¸stirilmi¸s K¨ok Ortalama Kare Hatası (NRMSE) 0.12 elde edilmi¸stir. Sonu¸clar, bu entegre y¨ontemin biyomekanik y¨ur¨uy¨u¸s anal izindeki etkinli?gini g¨ostermekte ve hasta rehabilitasyonu i¸cin klinik ortamlarda potansiyel uygulanabilirli?gini ¨onermektedir. Ancak, bu y¨ontemin biyomekanik do?grulu?gunu ve klinik yararını tam olarak belirlemek i¸cin daha geni¸s bir kitlede daha fazla do?grulama gerekmektedir. Bu ¸calı¸sma, biyomekanik bilgiyi geli¸smi¸s hesaplamalı tekniklerle harmanlama ¸cabası olarak, sağlık ve ara¸stırma ortamlarında y¨ur¨uy¨u¸s analizinin pratikli?gini ve eri¸silebilirli?gini artırmayı ama¸clamaktadır
The jurisdiction of juvenile delinquents in Germany and Turkey
Full text linkThis study is dedicated to comparing German and Turkish juvenile criminal law based on selected aspects. In Germany, the “Youth Courts Act” (Jugendgerichtsgesetz/ JGG) forms the basis of the juvenile justice system. The law has an extensive historical background and is grounded in the principle of the “educational concept” (Erziehungsgedanke). The “Turkish Child Protection Law No. 5395” (Çocuk Koruma Kanunu) represents a special law in the Turkish legal system for “children who have been drawn into crime”. It aims to protect the rights of children in criminal proceedings. Although both laws in the legal systems under examination provide for a separate judicial mechanism for children and juveniles, there are significant differences regarding the criteria for applicability, measures and sanctions, diversion options, and practical implementation. The aim of this study is to gain an insight into German and Turkish child and juvenile criminal proceedings and to highlight and contrast the main differences between the two legal systems. Additionally, the study aims is to pinpoint potential challenges within the examined aspects and to formulate recommendations for solutions. Another objective of the study is to discuss and contribute to proposals for the improvement and development of the Turkish Juvenile Protection Law to ensure a minimum standard for juvenile criminal proceedings in case of Turkey's possible EU accession.Bu çalışmanın hedefR, Alman ve Türk çocuk ceza hukukunu seçRlen konular temelRnde karşılaştırmaktır. Almanya'da, “GençlRk MuhakemelerR Kanunu” (Jugendger2chtsgesetz/ JGG), gençler RçRn yargılamanın temelRnR oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu yasa, uzun bRr tarRhsel geçmRşR olup, “eğRtRm konseptR” (Erz2ehungsgedanke) RlkesRnR baz almaktadır. 5395 sayılı Türk Çocuk Koruma Kanunu, Türk hukuk sRstemRnde “suça sürüklenen çocuklara” yönelRk özel bRr kanun olarak, ceza yargılamasında çocukların haklarını korumayı amaçlamaktadır. İncelenen her RkR hukuk sRstemR, çocuklar ve gençler RçRn ayrı bRr adalet (yargılama) mekanRzması öngörse de, uygulama kapsamı, tedbRrler, yaptırımlar ve dRversRyon (ceza adalet sRstemRnRn dışına çıkarılması) seçeneklerR kapsamında önemlR farklılıklar göstermektedRr. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Alman ve Türk çocuk ve gençlRk ceza yargılamaları hakkında bRr fRkRr edRnebRlmek, RkR hukuk sRstemR arasındakR temel farklılıkları tespRt etmek ve karşılaştırmaktır. Aynı zamanda, Rncelenen konularda olası zorlukları tespRt ederek, çözüm önerRlerR gelRştRrmektRr. Çalışmanın bRr dRğer hedefR Rse, TürkRye’nRn olası AB üyelRğR durumunda çocuk ceza yargılamaları RçRn asgarR standardı sağlamak amacıyla, Türk Çocuk Koruma Kanunu'nun gelRştRrRlmesR ve genRşletRlmesRne yönelRk önerRlerR tartışmak ve katkıda bulunmaktır.Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Gegenüberstellung des deutschen sowie des türkischen Jugendstrafrechts anhand ausgewählter Aspekte. Das Jugendgerichtsgesetz (JGG) bildet in Deutschland die Grundlage der Gerichtsbarkeit für Jugendliche und Heranwachsende. Das Sondergesetz für Jugendliche basiert auf einer langen Entwicklung und Ausarbeitung des Jugendstrafrechts und folgt insbesondere dem Leitbild des „Erziehungsgedankens“. Das türkische Kinderschutzgesetz (Çocuk Koruma Kanunu) mit der Gesetzesnummer 5395, stellt im türkischen Rechtssystem ein Sondergesetz für „Kinder, die in die Kriminalität hineingezogen wurden“ dar. Es verfolgt das Ziel, die Rechte von Kindern im Strafverfahren zu schützen. Auch wenn beide Gesetze der zu untersuchenden Rechtssysteme die Einrichtung eines getrennten Justizmechanismus für Kinder und Jugendliche vorsehen, zeigen sich im Hinblick auf die Kriterien des Anwendungsbereichs, der Maßnahmen und Sanktionen, der Diversionsmöglichkeiten sowie der praktischen Umsetzung signifikante Unterschiede. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, einen Einblick in das deutsche und türkische Kinder- und Jugendstrafverfahren zu gewinnen und die wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen beiden Rechtssystemen herauszuarbeiten und gegenüberzustellen. Dabei werden bei den untersuchten Aspekten potenzielle Schwierigkeiten aufgezeigt und Lösungsvorschläge entwickelt. Weiterhin werden insbesondere Vorschläge für die Ausarbeitung und Erweiterung des türkischen Kinderschutzgesetzes erörtert, um im Falle eines möglichen EU-Beitritts den europäischen Mindeststandard für das Jugendstrafverfahren zu gewährleisten
Sigorta tahkim komisyonu itiraz hakem heyeti kararlarında direnme ve kanun yararına temyiz sorunu
No full textSigortacılıkta tahkimi düzenleyen 5684 sayılı Sigortacılık Kanunu m. 30’da, Sigorta Tahkim Komisyonu nezdinde sigorta hakemleri eliyle gerçekleştirilen yargılama neticesinde verilen kararın devlet yargısı tarafından kontrolünün temyiz incelemesi yoluyla gerçekleşeceği ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca aynı maddenin 12. fıkrasında, Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu (HMK)’nun temyize ilişkin hükümlerinin sigorta hakem kararlarının denetiminde de geçerli olacağı kabul edilmiştir. Çalışmamızda, itiraz hakem heyetlerinin Yargıtay’ın bozma kararına karşı direnme kararı verip veremeyeceği ve itiraz hakem heyeti kararları için kanun yararına temyiz yoluna başvurup başvurulamayacağı incelenecektir. Konunun anlaşılması ve sorunun çözümü bakımından Sigortacılık Kanunu (SK) m. 30/12. fıkrasının ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesi gerekmektedir