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    Der aufbau des interkulturellen dialogs in Antakya und die kulturelle struktur nach dem erdbeben

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    In the era of globalization, urban centers—whether they are still developing or already developed —face the fundamental challenge of multiculturalism. This phenomenon, while also being enriching, also harbors the potential for significant social and cultural conflicts. Antakya (Antioch), with its rich history dating back approximately 2500 years, exemplifies a living mosaic of coexisting cultures. This thesis critically examines how Antakya has not only preserved but also leveraged its multicultural heritage to address contemporary challenges and foster societal growth.The study traces the historical pathways through which various cultural groups in Antakya have interacted, highlighting the strategies that have facilitated peaceful cohabitation and collaboration over centuries. Special attention is given to the recent earthquake on February 6, 2023, which has been marked as one of the most devastating episodes in Antakya's history. This catastrophe has reshaped the cultural landscape significantly, urging an inclusion of disaster response and recovery in the context of cultural preservation and adaptation.Empirically, this research incorporates qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews with community leaders across different cultural groups in Antakya. These narratives are complemented by a comprehensive analysis of media reports and existing interviews, collected especially in areas where direct data collection became untenable post-earthquake. The findings aim to illuminate the ways in which Antakya's community has mobilized its inherent multicultural heritage to rebuild and rejuvenate its social fabric in the aftermath of the disaster.The insights derived from this study underscore the potential benefits of multiculturalism, such as enhanced social resilience, cultural enrichment, and economic revitalization, which can serve as a model for other multicultural urban settings facing similar challenges.Küreselleşmenin bir getirisi olarak günümüzde özellikle gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan şehirlerin karşı karşıya kaldığı en önemli konulardan bir tanesi kuşkusuz çok kültürlülüktür. Çok kültürlülüğün bir zenginlik olduğu kadar aynı zamanda sorunlara sebep olabilecek bir dinamik olduğu göz önünde bulundurulursa kurulduğu tarihten günümüze kadar yaklaşık 2500 yıllık bir tarihe sahip Antakya (Antioch) çok önemli bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, Antakya'nın çeşitli kültür grupları ile etkileşimini, yaşadığısorunları ve bunların üstesinden gelerek çok kültürlü yapısını uzun yıllar boyunca nasıl sürdürebildiğini incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda Antakya'daki çeşitli kültürel grupların, tarih boyunca birbirleriyle girdikleri etkileşimler neticesinde uzun yıllar boyunca barışı ve toplumsal harmoniyi hangi stratejilerle mümkün kıldıkları vurgulanmaktadır. Araştırma sürerken 6 Şubat depreminin yaşanmasıyla Antakya, tarihinin en büyük felaketlerinden birini deneyimlemiştir ve deprem konusunun ayrı bir başlık olarak eklenmesinin gerekliliği görülmüştür. Bu düzlemde Antakya'nın deprem süreci ve özellikle deprem sonrası kültürel yapısı aynı şekilde bu çalışmanın ana konularından birini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Antakya'daki çeşitli kültür gruplarının önde gelenleriyle yapılan röportajlar da dâhil olmak üzere nitel analiz yöntemleri izlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, deprem sonrası muhtelif sebeplerle röportaj yapmanın artık mümkün olmadığı durumlarda ise medya taraması yapılarak hâlihazırda verilmiş röportajlar analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, Antakya topluluğunun, felaketin ardından sosyal dokusunu yeniden inşa etmek ve canlandırmak için tarihinden miras aldığı çok kültürlülüğün baki kalmasını amaçlamaktadır.Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, kültürel zenginlik ve bunun neticesinde elde edilebilecek sosyal ve ekonomik gibi çok kültürlülüğün potansiyel faydalarını vurgulamakta ve benzer zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalan diğer çok kültürlü şehirler için bir modeloluşturmayı hedeflemektedir.In der globalisierten Welt von heute stehen städtische Zentren, egal ob im Aufbau oder bereits etabliert, vor der vielschichtigen Herausforderung des Multikulturalismus. Dieses Phänomen birgt neben seiner Bereicherung auch das Potenzial für signifikante soziale und kulturelle Konflikte. Antakya (Antiochia), mit einer reichen Geschichte, die sich über etwa 2500 Jahre erstreckt, stellt ein dynamisches Mosaik koexistierender Kulturen dar. Diese Masterarbeituntersucht eingehend, wie Antakya sein multikulturelles Erbe bewahrt und nutzt, um zeitgenössischen Herausforderungen zu begegnen und gesellschaftliches Wachstum zu fördern.Die Studie beleuchtet die historischen Interaktionswege verschiedener kultureller Gruppen in Antakya und betont die Strategien, die ein friedliches Zusammenleben und Kooperation über Jahrhunderte ermöglicht haben. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dem verheerenden Erdbeben vom 6. Februar gewidmet, das als eine der schwersten Katastrophen in der Geschichte Antakyas gilt. Diese Tragödie hat die kulturelle Landschaft tiefgreifend verändert und die Notwendigkeit einer Integration von Katastrophenmanagement und Erholungsprozessen im Rahmen der kulturellen Bewahrung und Anpassung hervorgehoben.Empirisch stützt sich diese Forschung auf qualitative Methoden, einschließlich ausführlicher Interviews mit Führungspersönlichkeiten verschiedener kultureller Gruppen in Antakya. Ergänzt werden diese persönlichen Erzählungen durch eine umfassende Analyse von Medienberichten und bereits vorhandenen Interviews, insbesondere aus Regionen, in denen nach dem Erdbeben keine direkte Datenerhebung möglich war. Die Ergebnisse veranschaulichen, wie die Gemeinschaft von Antakya ihre inhärenten multikulturellen Stärkenaktiviert hat, um ihr soziales Gefüge nach der Katastrophe zu erneuern und zu revitalisieren.Die Erkenntnisse dieser Studie unterstreichen die potenziellen Vorteile des Multikulturalismus, wie gesteigerte soziale Resilienz, kulturelle Bereicherung und wirtschaftliche Belebung, und bieten somit ein Vorbild für andere multikulturelle städtische Umgebungen, die ähnlichen Herausforderungen gegenüberstehen

    Annulment of general assembly resolution of a joint stock company

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    Anonim şirketin iki zorunlu organı bulunmaktadır. Bunlar yönetim kurulu ve genel kuruldur. Yönetim kurulu tüzel kişiliğin yönetim ve temsili ile ilgilenen zorunlu organıdır. Genel kurul ise, anonim şirketin karar alma organıdır. Anonim şirket kararlarını, genel kurul toplantıları aracılığıyla alır. Bu toplantıların sağlıklı bir şekilde alınabilmesi için belirli esas ve şekil şartlarına uyulmalıdır. Şartlara aykırılıkların var olması halinde kanun koyucu bu aykırılıklara bazı yaptırımlar bağlamıştır. Bu yaptırımlardan biri iptal edilebilirliktir. Bir genel kurul toplantısı iptal edilebilir nitelikte ise genel kurul kararlarının iptali davasına konu olabilir. Çalışmanın konusu anonim şirket genel kurul kararlarının iptali davasıdır. Bu çalışma iptal davasının detaylıca incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma üç ana bölüm üzerine yazılmıştır. İlk bölümde genel kurul kararları ve geçersizlik halleri incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde genel kurul kararlarının iptali davasındaki yargılama usullerine yer verilmiştir. Son bölümde ise, iptal davasını sonucunda verilen hüküm ve hükmün etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın konusu medeni usul hukuku eksenlidir. Ancak konu bütünlüğü sağlamak ve usuli konulardaki anlatımı güçlendirmek amacıyla maddi hukuka yönelik açıklamalara da yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada öğretide var olan görüş ayrılıklarına ve yargı kararlarına detaylı olarak yer verilmiştir. Aynı zamanda hem maddi hem de usul hukuku bakımından birçok eserden yararlanılmış ve atıflandırılmıştır. Anlatımı kolaylaştırma amacıyla alt başlıklar kullanılmıştır.A joint stock company has two compulsory organs. These are the board of directors and the general assembly. The board of directors is the compulsory body that deals with the management and representation of the legal entity. The general assembly is the decision-making body of the joint stock company. The joint stock company takes its decisions through general assembly meetings. In order for these meetings to be held in a healthy manner, certain essential and formal conditions must be complied with. In case of violations of these conditions, the legislator has imposed certain sanctions on these violations. One of these sanctions is cancelability. If a general assembly meeting is annulable, it may be subject to a lawsuit for annulment of general assembly resolutions. The subject of this study is the action for annulment of general assembly resolutions of joint stock companies. This study aims to examine the annulment action in detail. The study is written on three main sections. In the first part, general assembly resolutions and their invalidity are analyzed. In the second part, the judicial procedures in the action for annulment of the general assembly resolutions are analyzed. The last part focuses on the judgment rendered as a result of the annulment action and the effects of the judgment. The subject of the study is based on civil procedural law. However, in order to ensure the integrity of the subject and to strengthen the narrative on procedural issues, explanations on substantive law are also included. In this study, the differences of opinion in the doctrine and judicial decisions are included in detail. At the same time, many works have been utilized and cited in terms of both substantive and procedural law. Subheadings have been used in order to facilitate the narration

    Computational modeling of intrinsically disordered and phase-separated protein states

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    Intrinsically disordered proteins possess ensembles of conformations and lack stable three-dimensional structures. Phase separation is defined as a phenomenon in which proteins and biomolecules, often including intrinsically disordered proteins, separate from the surrounding solution to form membraneless compartments in the cell. Here, we describe various computational methods and algorithms for studying intrinsically disordered proteins and phase-separated protein states. The methods and algorithms described herein include molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, machine learning with molecular dynamics, coarse-grained simulations, and bioinformatics. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

    Kültür Aktarıcı Kalıp İfadeler üzerine Sosyolenguistik Bir Çalışma

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    Dil ve Kültür birlikte işleyen ve toplumları birbirine bağlayan iki ayrılmaz parçadır. Toplum fenomeni bu iki ögenin birlikte işlemesiyle şekillenir. Kalıp sözler bu ayrılmaz parçanın birlikte işlemesiyle oluşan dilsel birlikler arasındadır. Toplumsal bağlamda yürütülen çalışmalar dil kullanımının sosyal düzeyde nasıl işlediğiyle ilgilenir. Toplumda var olan tüm bireylerin dil kullanımları toplum dilbilimin konusunu oluşturur. Göç gibi olaylar neticesinde farklı bir coğrafyada yaşamını sürdüren Almancı Türkler anadillerinin yanında, yaşadıkları ülkenin dilini de kullanan ve bu doğrultuda sosyal hayatlarını sürdüren bireylerdir. Bu çalışmada Almanya’da yaşayan Türklerin kalıp söz kullanımları incelenmiştir. İncelenen verilerde yer alan kalıp sözler sosyal medya platformu Instagram üzerinden toplanmış olup betimsel bir analiz niteliğindedir. Çalışma, yalnızca bir Instagram paylaşımı üzerinden elde edilmesi çalışmanın genellenebilirliğini sınırlandırmakta olup bir ön çalışma niteliğindedir

    Yurt Dışına Öğrenime Gönderilen Bursiyerlerin (1416’lılar) İki Dillilik Deneyimleri (1923-1950)

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    The Tradition of Sending Students Abroad on Scholarships for Higher Education began during the reign of Sultan Selim III. As one of the most significant educational initiatives of Ottoman modernization, this tradition continued uninterrupted after the establishment of the Republic. In 1929, the “Law No. 1416 on Students to Be Sent to Foreign Countries” was enacted, and this practice, inherited from the Ottoman Empire, has strengthened the country’s social infrastructure by providing it with highly qualified and intellectual human capital. Since its inception in 1929, the law aimed to ensure that students sent abroad on scholarships gain academic expertise in their respective fields while developing a universal perspective through exposure to different cultures. Over the years, this objective achieved such tangible success that the scholars became known by the label “1416’lılar” (1416 Scholars), symbolizing the spark that returned to the country as a flame of intellectual contribution. This goal also facilitated the scholars in becoming bilingual or multilingual individuals, with bilingualism proving to be a key factor in the program’s overall success. Most scholars, who went abroad for higher education without prior knowledge of a foreign language, faced the already challenging process of higher education in the language of the host country, ultimately achieving significant success. Many renowned figures in their respective fields, from Cahit Arf to Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Afet İnan to Remziye Hisar, began their bilingual journeys during these educational experiences and effectively used their bilingualism in their professional achievements. The ability to use two languages equally well played a crucial role in not only blending the culture of the host country with the education they received but also in promoting their own culture abroad. In this study, we aim to explore the bilingual experiences of 25 scholars who went abroad for education—often without knowledge of the host country's language—and later made significant contributions both in Turkey and internationally by becoming experts in their fields. We will concretize these experiences through the accomplishments of prominent figures.Yükseköğrenim görmesi amacıyla burslu olarak yurt dışına öğrenci gönderme geleneği, III. Selim dönemin başlamıştır. Osmanlı Modernleşmesinin eğitim alanındaki en önemli atılımlarından biri olan bu gelenek, Cumhuriyet’in kurulmasıyla birlikte ara verilmeden devam ettirilmiştir. 1929 yılında “1416 Sayılı Ecnebi Memleketlere Gönderilecek Talebe Hakkında Kanun” yürürlüğe girmiş ve Osmanlı Devleti’nden devralınan bu gelenek günümüze kadar ülkemizin toplumsal altyapısını nitelikli ve entelektüel insan gücüyle sağlamlaştırma görevini üstlenmiştir. Yürürlüğe girdiği 1929 yılından günümüze kadar bu kanunla yurt dışına burslu olarak gönderilen öğrencilerin alanlarında akademik uzmanlık kazanmaları ve farklı kültürlerle karşı karşıya kalmak suretiyle evrensel bir bakış açısı edinmeleri amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç -yıllar içerisinde- “1416’lılar” etiketiyle anılacak derecede somut başarıya ulaşmış ve kıvılcım olarak yurt dışına gönderilen değerlerimiz alev olarak ülkemize geri dönmüşlerdir. Söz konusu amaç aynı zamanda bursiyelerin iki ya da çok dilli bir birey olmalarına hizmet etmiş ve iki dilli olmanın avantajı da burs programının başarılı olmasında önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Çoğunlukla ana dillerinden başka bir dil bilmeden yabancı bir ülkede öğrenim görmeye giden bursiyerler, zaten zor olan yükseköğrenimim sürecini gittikleri ülkenin diliyle tamamlayarak oldukça ciddi başarılara imza atmışlardır. Her biri alanlarında ekol sayılabilecek Cahit Arf’ten Sabahattin Eyüboğlu’na, Afet İnan’dan Remziye Hisar’a kadar birçok önemli isim, iki dillilik serüvenlerine söz konusu öğrenim süreçlerinde başlamış ve edindikleri iki dillilik deneyimlerini alanlarında başarıyla kullanmışlardır. “İki dili eşit derecede iyi kullanabilme durumu”, hem gittikleri ülkenin kültürünü aldıkları eğitimle harmanlayarak kendi ülkelerine hem de öğrenim gördükleri ülkede kendi kültürlerini tanıtmalarına oldukça yardımcı olmuştur. Biz bu çalışmada; yurt dışına öğrenim görmeye giden ve genellikle gittiği ülkenin dilini bilmeyen yirmi beş bursiyelerin iki dillilik deneyimlerini, alanında uzmanlaşarak hem ülkemizde hem de yurt dışında son derece önemli çalışmalara imza atmış isimlerle somutlaştırmaya çalışacağız

    Evaluating Sustainable Management of Cultural Heritage using Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP

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    28th International Conference on Knowledge Based and Intelligent information and Engineering Systems, KES 2024 -- 11 November 2022 through 12 November 2022 -- Seville -- 150888Cultural heritage is one of the most important universal values reflected by past societies to the present day. It is essential to establish management strategies in order to carry out many activities such as protection, renovation, maintenance and repair of cultural heritage effectively and efficiently. For this purpose, cultural heritage management strategies should be created in accordance with sustainable development. Existing strategies can be improved or new ones can be structured by measuring the importance levels of sustainability criteria that should be taken into account in these strategies. This study includes an examination of the sustainability criteria in determining the management strategy of cultural heritage in the city of Istanbul. 18 criteria under the main economic, social and environmental criteria are listed with literature review and decision makers' opinions. Decision makers' linguistic responses are converted into interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy number equivalents. The interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy AHP method, which is a fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach, is applied to calculate the weights of the criteria. According to the results of the method, it is revealed that the most important main sustainability criterion is economic (0.5217). Based on the computed results, the most important criteria are ranked as number of foreign tourists visited (0.1223), total income generated (0.0988) and level of economic contribution to local wealth (0.0916), respectively. The aim of this study is to contribute to the determination of qualifications in the creation of cultural heritage management strategies. © 2024 The Authors.Galatasaray Üniversitesi, (FBA-2022-1091); Galatasaray Üniversites

    Cooling load prediction of a double-story terrace house using ensemble learning techniques and genetic programming with SHAP approach (

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    Since the cooling systems used in buildings in hot climates account for a significant portion of the energy consumption, it is very important for both economy and environment to accurately predict the cooling load and consider it in building designs. This study aimed to maximize energy efficiency by appropriately selecting the features of a building that affect its cooling load. To this end, data-driven, accurate, and accessible tools were developed that enable the prediction of the cooling load of a building by practitioners. The study involves simulating the energy consumption of a mid-rise, double-story terrace house in Malaysia using building information modeling (BIM) and estimating the cooling load using ensemble machine learning models and genetic programming. Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Random Forest (RF) models have been developed and made available as an online interactive graphical user interface on the Streamlit platform. Furthermore, the symbolic regression technique has been utilized to obtain a closed-form equation that predicts the cooling load. The dataset used for training the predictive models comprised 94,310 data points with 10 input variables and the cooling load as the output variable. Performance metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to measure the predictive model performances. The results of the machine learning models indicated successful prediction, with the CatBoost model achieving the highest score (R2 = 0.9990) among the four ensemble models and the predictive equation. The SHAP analysis determined the aspect ratio of the building as the most impactful feature of the building

    Expert Opinion on the Utility of Telemedicine in Obesity Care: Recommendations on a Hybrid Multidisciplinary Integrated Care Follow-Up Algorithm

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    Purpose of Review: The proposed expert opinion was prepared by a panel of obesity and law specialists from Turkey to review the utility of telemedicine in obesity care and to provide a guidance document with recommendations on a hybrid multidisciplinary integrated care follow-up algorithm and the legislation governing telemedicine practice to assist obesity specialists in practicing the telemedicine. Recent Findings: The efficacy and feasibility of telemedicine interventions in supporting obesity management programs even during pandemics confirm that obesity is a particularly well-suited field for telemedicine, emphasizing the strong likelihood of continued utilization of telemedicine in obesity management, beyond the pandemic period. Summary: Telemedicine has great potential to address several barriers to ongoing weight-management care, such as challenges of access to specialized care, cost, and time limitations as well as patient adherence to treatment. However, telemedicine practice should complement rather than replace the in-person visits which are unique in building rapport and offering social support. Accordingly, the participating experts recommend the use of a hybrid integrated care model in the management of obesity, with the use of telemedicine, as an adjunct to in-person visits, to enable the provision of suggested intensive obesity management via frequent visits by a multidisciplinary team of obesity specialists. Further research addressing the utility of telemedicine in terms of optimal modality and duration for successful long-term obesity management outcomes is necessary to develop specific guidelines on telemedicine practice. In addition, the legislation governing the norms and protocols on confidentiality, privacy, access, and liability needs to be improved. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.KAPPA Consultancy Training Research Ltd.; Novo Nordisk Turkey; Novo Nordis

    The effect of informal economy on environmental degradation

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    This thesis aims to provide comprehensive research on the lesser-known part of the economy, which is Informal Economy and, in the end, analyze the relationship between informal economy and environmental degradation. Informal Economy has been explained with its history, scope, measurement methods, causes and effects. In addition, the term environmental degradation has been analyzed from different perspectives such as its historical background, measurement methods, economic impact, and market failures. After explaining these necessary concepts, a literature review and empirical analysis has been conducted to understand the effect of informal economy on the level of environmental degradation. According to the results, informal economy constitutes a sizable portion of the economy especially for non-developed countries. The analysis represents a negative relationship between environmental degradation and informal economy, meaning higher informal economy is associated with lower environmental degradation

    Evaluation-focused multidimensional score for Turkish abstractive text summarization

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    Despite the inherent complexity of Abstractive Text Summarization, which is widely acknowledged as one of the most challenging tasks in the field of natural language processing, transformer-based models have emerged as an effective solution capable of delivering highly accurate and coherent summaries. In this study, the effectiveness of transformer-based text summarization models for Turkish language is investigated. For this purpose, we utilize BERTurk, mT5 and mBART as transformer-based encoder-decoder models. Each of the models was trained separately with MLSUM, TR-News, WikiLingua and Fırat_DS datasets. While obtaining experimental results, various optimizations were made in the summary functions of the models. Our study makes an important contribution to the limited Turkish text summarization literature by comparing the performance of different language models on existing Turkish datasets. We first evaluate ROUGE, BERTScore, FastText-based Cosine Similarity and Novelty Rate metrics separately for each model and dataset, then normalize and combine the scores we obtain to obtain a multidimensional score. We validate our innovative approach by comparing the summaries produced with the human evaluation results

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