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Savi, bet vis tiek „kiti“: tarpukario Lietuvos miestelių žydai lietuvių atmintyje
No full textThe article explores the place of Jewish communities in the smaller interwar towns in Lithuania in the collective memory of Lithuanians. On the basis of interviews of oral history collected during ethnographic expeditions of Vilnius University students in the 1990s and an oral history project of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the article undertakes to reveal how the Lithuanian generation born in the early decades of the 20th century remembered their coexistence with Jewish people in small towns and whether/how these memories form(ed) the image of shtetl as a small Jewish town in the Lithuanian discourse. The analyzed stories demonstrate that even though Jewish people were in many cases perceived as ‘different’ (due to religious and cultural differences), they were also ‘our people’, part of the everyday life of the small town. Jewish people were mostly residing in small-town centers, they were traders or craftspeople, whereas Lithuanians were mostly involved in agricultural activities, and this formed different social and economic environments. However, in the small(er) towns, Lithuanian and Jewish convivium was inevitable. This was determined by spatially limited environments with shared public zones as well as connections in the trading and services sectors. Relationship among children was usually friendly, whereas contacts between adults were based on hands-on interaction, by working together, neighborhood, or exchange of services. Despite this closeness, certain emotional and cultural distancing were maintained, with special attention to religious differences, involving the practice of Sabbath, food restrictions and synagogues as a Jewish space, as well as festivals and burial rituals. Lithuanians were observing these differences, yet they frequently failed to understand their more profound significance This strengthened the perception of the Jewish community as a peculiar entity, even if the two communities were sharing the same daily life context(s).Stories feature positive, and frequently nostalgic memories, even if they occasionally involve hinting at economic dependence and ‘neighborly envy’. The unpleasant episodes of the interwar years are usually hushed up and ‘brushed under the carpet’, which can be interpreted as conscious or unconscious avoidance of speaking up, along with selectiveness of post-traumatic memory of the Holocaust.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama tarpukario Lietuvos miestelių žydų bendruomenių vieta lietuvių kolektyvinėje atmintyje. Remiantis sakytinės istorijos interviu, surinktais Vilniaus universiteto studentų etnografinėse ekspedicijose 1990-aisiais ir Jungtinių Valstijų Holokausto memorialinio muziejaus sakytinės istorijos projekte, siekiama atskleisti, kaip XX a. pradžioje gimę lietuviai prisimena bendrabūvį su žydais miesteliuose ir kaip (ar) šie prisiminimai formuoja štetlo, kaip žydiškojo miestelio, vaizdinį lietuviškajame diskurse. Analizuojami pasakojimai rodo, kad nors žydai dažnai buvo suvokiami kaip „kitokie“ – dėl religinių ir kultūrinių skirtumų, – jie kartu buvo ir „savi“, miestelio kasdienybės dalis. Dauguma žydų gyveno miestelio centre ir vertėsi prekyba ar amatais, lietuviai buvo labiau susiję su žemės ūkiu – tai formavo skirtingas socialines ir ekonomines nišas. Tačiau miesteliuose bendrabūvis tarp lietuvių ir žydų buvo neišvengiamas – tai lėmė nedidelės erdvės, bendros viešosios zonos, prekybos ir paslaugų ryšiai. Santykiai tarp vaikų dažnai būdavo draugiški, o suaugusiųjų kontaktai buvo grindžiami praktišku bendravimu – per darbą, kaimynystę ar paslaugų mainus. Nepaisant to, buvo išlaikomas tam tikras emocinis ir kultūrinis atstumas, o ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas religiniams skirtumams – šabo laikymuisi, maisto draudimams, sinagogoms kaip žydiškai erdvei, šventėms ir laidotuvių ritualams. Lietuviai šiuos skirtumus stebėjo, bet dažnai nesuprato jų gilesnės reikšmės. Tai stiprino suvokimą apie žydų bendruomenę kaip savitą, net jei gyvenamasis kontekstas buvo bendras. Pasakojimuose dominuoja pozityvūs, neretai nostalgiški prisiminimai, net jei pasitaiko užuominų į ekonominę priklausomybę ar „kaimynišką pavydą“. Nemalonūs tarpukario metų epizodai dažniausiai nutylimi – tai galima interpretuoti kaip sąmoningą ar nesąmoningą vengimą kalbėti, potrauminės atminties po Holokausto selektyvumą
Tarpukario Lietuvos burmistrai: įvairovė, tendencijos, raida
No full textThe article investigates peculiarities of the corpus of town and city burgomasters as an important Lithuanian urban settlement governance institution with regard to personalities, thus highlighting the related trends and their development. Sources allowed identifying 168 individuals who served as city or town burgomasters. Having collected data on them in more detail, the article explored this group regarding their age, nationality, education, professional activity and other features. On these grounds, the article focuses on changes in the trends along with peculiarities of performing the duties of a town burgomaster. This research is relevant for the cognition of the history of Lithuanian cities, towns and small towns, their governance and political life.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos burmistrų, kaip svarbios tarpukario Lietuvos miestų savivaldos institucijos, asmeninės sudėties ypatybės ir su tuo susijusios tendencijos bei jų raida. Pasitelkus šaltinius identifikavus 168 burmistrus ir surinkus detalesnių žinių apie juos, narpliojamos šios asmenų grupės amžiaus, tautybės, išsilavinimo, profesijų ir kitos charakteristikos, kartu ištiriama burmistrų kaitos ir pareigų ėjimo specifika. Tyrimas aktualus Lietuvos savivaldos, politinio gyvenimo bei miestų ir miestelių istorijos pažinimui
Romos studijų instituto ryšiai su Baltijos šalimis (1936–1940)
No full textThis article explores the cultural diplomacy and ideological outreach of the Institute of Roman Studies (Istituto di Studi Romani) toward the Baltic States, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, during the late 1930s. Founded in 1925 in Fascist Italy, the Institute promoted Romanità, or the ideal of Roman cultural continuity, and aimed to make Latin a revived international scholarly language. Using archival documents, the study details how the Institute pursued connections in the Baltics through diplomatic channels, university partnerships, and direct correspondence with local scholars. While geopolitical upheaval and the onset of World War II curtailed these efforts, the article situates them within the broader strategies of Italian soft power and the transnational intellectual history of classical studies. It also suggests that, absent war and occupation, classical philology in the Baltic region might have developed along very different trajectories.Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama Romos studijų instituto (Istituto di Studi Romani) vykdyta kultūrinė diplomatija ir ideologinė sklaida Lietuvoje, Latvijoje ir Estijoje XX a. ketvirtojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje. 1925 m. fašistinėje Italijoje įkurtas institutas propagavo romanità, t. y. romėniškos kultūros tęstinumo idealą, ir siekė atgaivintą lotynų kalbą paversti tarptautine mokslo bendruomenės kalba. Remiantis archyviniais dokumentais, tyrime atskleidžiama, kaip institutas siekė užmegzti ryšius Baltijos regione pasitelkdamas tiek diplomatinius kanalus, tiek universitetų partnerystę, galiausiai – tiesioginį susirašinėjimą su vietos mokslininkais. Nors geopolitiniai sukrėtimai ir Antrojo pasaulinio karo pradžia sutrikdė šias pastangas, straipsnyje jos analizuojamos kaip platesnių Italijos „švelniosios galios“ strategijos ir tarptautinės klasikinių studijų intelektinės istorijos dalis. Straipsnyje taip pat svarstoma, kad jei nebūtų buvę karo ir paskui Baltijos šalių okupacijos, klasikinė filologija šiame regione galėjo vystytis visai kita linkme
An Ileo-ceco-colo-colic Intussusception in a 12-Year-Old Female: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
No full textIntroduction. Intussusception is a leading cause of acute intestinal obstruction in young children, most commonly occurring between 6 months and 2 years of age. However, it becomes increasingly rare in older pediatric populations and often presents with atypical features. Among the uncommon variants, ileo-ceco-colo-colic intussusception – where the terminal ileum, cecum, and segments of the colon invaginate into the distal colon – represents an extremely rare and complex entity. Prompt recognition and timely intervention are essential to prevent complications such as bowel ischemia and necrosis. Case presentation. We present the case of a 12-year-old previously healthy female who arrived at the emergency department with acute onset abdominal pain, bilious vomiting, and rectal bleeding. Abdominal ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT scan revealed a long-segment intussusception involving the terminal ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and extending into the transverse colon. Attempts at non-operative (pneumatic) reduction were unsuccessful. Due to clinical signs of peritonism and suspected bowel ischemia, an emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed. Intraoperative findings confirmed a non-reducible intussusception with segments of non-viable bowel. A right hemicolectomy with primary ileocolic anastomosis was carried out. Histopathological analysis demonstrated hypertrophied Peyer’s patches as a possible lead point, without evidence of malignancy or other pathological lesions. Conclusions. This case illustrates a rare and advanced form of intussusception in an older pediatric patient. Given its atypical presentation and increased likelihood of underlying pathology, older children with suspected intussusception warrant thorough evaluation and early surgical consideration. This report emphasizes the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion, utilizing appropriate imaging modalities, and pursuing timely surgical management when non-operative reduction fails or complications arise
Aspiration and Sclerotherapy with Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate Versus open Hydrocelectomy: An Experience with the Two Modalities of Hydrocele Management
No full textBackground. Hydrocele is the most prevalent cause of painless scrotal swelling. Hydrocelectomy is the gold standard of management for symptomatic hydrocele, but in recent years, aspiration and sclerotherapy have been tried as minimally invasive treatment modalities. Aim of the study. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of percutaneous aspiration and sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) compared to the standard open hydrocelectomy procedure for the treatment of symptomatic hydroceles. Methods. A retrospective analysis of the cases that were treated for symptomatic hydroceles between January 2019 and December 2023 with either open hydrocelectomy or percutaneous aspiration followed by sclerotherapy with a sodium tetradecyl sulfate-based solution was conducted. This study was undertaken after obtaining formal permission from the ethics committee. Primary outcomes included patient satisfaction and procedural success, while secondary outcomes focused on complications and the comparative costs of the procedures. Results. Thirty-seven patients were treated with aspiration and sclerotherapy, and these patients were compared with 34 patients who underwent hydrocelectomy. The mean follow-up for the aspiration and sclerotherapy group was 10.6 months, and for the hydrocelectomy group, it was 18.2 months. The patient satisfaction rate was 76% for aspiration and sclerotherapy and 90% for hydrocelectomy. The overall success rate for aspiration and sclerotherapy was 76%, compared to 86% for hydrocelectomy. The complication rate was significantly lower for aspiration and sclerotherapy (12%) compared to hydrocelectomy (29%). The cost of hydrocelectomy was almost twelve times higher than aspiration and sclerotherapy. Conclusions. Aspiration and sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate provide a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and safe alternative to open hydrocelectomy. Although the success rate is slightly lower than that of hydrocelectomy, its simplicity, lower complication rate, and significantly reduced cost render it a cost-effective and practical first-line approach for managing hydroceles in appropriately selected cases
Multilingualism and Decoloniality in South Africa Education: French as a Gateway Language
No full textThis paper explores South Africa’s linguistic environment, addressing the interplay between promoting indigenous languages, the dominance of English, and the evolving role of foreign languages. The study examines how educational policies, teaching practices, and student perspectives have shaped the positioning of French, a language with a longstanding presence in the country’s schools and universities. The paper comprises three sections: an analysis of historical and policy frameworks influencing multilingual education, an exploration of student-led movements advocating decolonization, and an evaluation of French’s role in contributing to decolonial objectives. The research draws on findings from in-class fieldwork and surveys conducted at the University of Cape Town from 2020 to 2024. The conclusion highlights practical strategies that contribute to reimagining language pedagogy, promoting greater inclusivity and equity in multilingual educational systems
C’est en youtubant que l’on devient youtubeur ! Orthographe et dérivés des noms demédias sociaux dans le corpus général français
No full textThe article deals with spelling and derivatives of the names of the most popular social media in France, namely Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat, as they are used in the general corpus of texts published on the Internet. These names appear in a wide variety of forms, alternating initial uppercase and lowercase letters, inserted letters, hyphens and spaces between their components. In addition, the article analyses the frequency of the words derived from these names, in the same corpus, including particularly the nouns designating the users of these media, the verbs designating on the media, and the adjectives relating to the objects published in the given medium. SketchEngine, an online text analysis tool that allows identifying what is typical and frequent in a language, and the French corpus frTenTen23, made up of texts collected on the Internet, were used for the analysis. The article provides concrete statistics for these forms and derivativesL’article traite de l’orthographe et des dérivés des noms des médias sociaux les plus populairesen France, à savoir Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, TikTok et Snapchat, tels qu’ils sontutilisés dans le corpus général des textes publiés sur Internet. Ces noms apparaissent sous une grande diversité de formes, alternant les majuscules et les minuscules initiales et intercalées, les traits d’union et les espaces entre leurs composants. De plus, l’article analyse la fréquence des dérivés de ces noms dans le même corpus, incluant en particulier les substantifs désignant les usagers de ces médias, les verbes désignant les activités qu’on y mène, et les adjectifs qui ont trait aux objets qui y sont publiés. SketchEngine, outil d’analyse de textes en ligne qui permet d’identifier ce qui est typique et fréquent dans une langue, et le corpus français frTenTen23, constitué de textes collectés sur Internet, ont été utilisés pour l’analyse. L’article propose des statistiques concrètes pour les différentes formes et les différents dérivés
El presente narrativo en la novela lituana Mano vardas — Marytė, de Alvydas Šlepikas, y su traducción al castellano, Bajo la sombra de los lobos
No full textThis paper explores a stylistic feature of the Lithuanian novel Mano vardas - Marytė (translated into English as In the Shadow of Wolves) and its translation into Spanish (Bajo la sombra de los lobos). The use of the present tense in the Lithuanian text imbues the narrative with vitality and dynamism, engaging the reader in the events described. The interplay of the historical present tense with retrospective past tenses provides clarity to the sequence of events and serves as a dramatizing resource for the events narrated in the present. Though the present tense can also be used in Spanish in a similar way, the translator has chosen to transfer the reader to a past tense. A comparison of selected passages from the original text with their translation shows that the translated text establishes more distance from the events narrated, the time sequence becomes less distinct and the narration loses dynamism.Este trabajo aborda un rasgo estilístico de la novela lituana Mano vardas — Marytė y su versión castellana (Bajo la sombra de los lobos, trad. de Margarita Santos Cuesta). El uso del presente narrativo en el texto lituano confiere a la narración viveza y dinamismo, haciendo partícipe al lector del acontecer de los hechos narrados. Además, la combinación del tiempo presente con los pretéritos retrospectivos proporciona claridad a la secuencia temporal y destaca el dramatismo de los hechos narrados en presente. Aunque el tiempo presente español también puede emplearse en la narración, en la traducción se ha optado por tomar el pasado como tiempo de referencia. La comparación de algunos pasajes del texto original con su traducción nos permite observar las diferencias estilísticas: en el texto traducido se establece más distancia con los hechos narrados, al tiempo que se resta claridad a la sucesión temporal y dinamismo a la narración. 
Lietuvos gimnazistų kalbinės elgsenos požymiai ir perspektyva
No full textThe article, based on data from a comprehensive study conducted during the 2023-2024 academic year on the linguistic behaviour of gymnasium students’ in everyday life, discusses the results of language choice in various daily situations from the perspectives of language vitality and communicative adaptation theories. These results reflect current realities and indicate expected changes. The study revealed that young people\u27s linguistic environment is predominantly Lithuanian (the language used at home, in communication with friends, in public spaces, when reading books, and when expressing feelings and emotions). The influence of English is more pronounced in the online sphere and in communication on social media. The interaction between the standard language and dialects shows limited use of dialects in everyday communication, however, it is noteworthy that dialect use remains a significant symbol of connection with one’s native place, language, and tradition. The use of other languages may be determined by internal and external factors - either as a conscious choice to speak another language or as a necessity dictated by circumstances. The results of this study outline two directions of linguistic behaviour: the first indicates a strong and close identity connection with the Lithuanian language, while the second reveals young people’s openness to other languages and cultures.Straipsnyje, remiantis 2023–2024 mokslo metais atlikto išsamaus gimnazijos klasių mokinių kalbinės elgsenos kasdieniame gyvenime vartosenos situacijos tyrimo duomenimis, kalbos gyvybingumo ir komunikacinės adaptacijos teorijos aspektais aptariami kalbos pasirinkimo įvairiose kasdienėse situacijose rezultatai, atspindintys dabartines realijas ir rodantys laukiamus pokyčius. Tyrimas parodė, kad gimnazistų kalbinė aplinka daugiausia yra lietuviška (namų kalba, bendravimas su draugais, viešojoje erdvėje, skaitant knygas, reiškiant jausmus, emocijas), anglų kalbos įtaka ryškesnė internetinėje erdvėje ir bendraujant socialiniuose tinkluose. Bendrinės kalbos ir tarmių sąveika rodo ribotą tarmių vartoseną kasdienėje komunikacijoje, tačiau stebėtina, kad tarmių vartojimas yra itin svarbus ryšio su savąja vieta, kalba, tradicija ženklas. Kitų kalbų vartojimas gali būti nulemtas vidinių ir išorinių aplinkybių, kai sąmoningai renkamasi kalbėti kita kalba arba kai to reikalauja aplinkybės. Šio tyrimo rezultatai brėžia dvi kalbinės elgsenos kryptis: pirmoji kryptis rodo stiprų ir glaudų tapatybinį ryšį su lietuvių kalba, kita kryptis atskleidžia jaunų žmonių atvirumą kitoms kalboms ir kultūrom