Vilnius University Press Scholarly Journals
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Naudotojo apsaugos nuo duomenų viliojimo atakų įrankių palyginimas
No full textStraipsnyje siekiama atlikti apsaugos nuo duomenų viliojimo atakų įrankių panaudojamumo analizę ir remiantis gautais rezultatais sukurti projektavimo gaires priemonei, skirtai duomenų išviliojimo prevencijai. Straipsnyje surinkti ir aprašyti įrankiai, skirti apsaugoti naudotoją nuo duomenų viliojimo atakų. Jakobo Nielseno euristikos pritaikytos formuluojant panaudojamumo kriterijus, taip pat suformuluoti diegimo ir techninių sprendimų kriterijai. Remiantis šiais kriterijais atliktas įrankių vertinimas. Identifikuoti esamų įrankių privalumai ir neišnaudotos galimybės. Gautų rezultatų pagrindu, suformuluotos projektavimo gairės priemonei, skirtai apsaugoti naudotoją nuo duomenų viliojimo atakų
Cross-Border Litigation in Environmental and Human Rights Cases in the EU: Legal Strategies for Victims
No full textThis paper examines the legal barriers that impede individuals from pursuing environmental and human rights litigation in various European courts. The first section analyzes restrictions on access to justice, including systemic, legal, and political obstacles. Additionally, it explores challenges inherent to individual legal action, such as limited legal expertise and insufficient resources, and financial constraints. The second section examines the use of reprisal tactics by transnational corporations (TNCs) as a legal barrier to litigation. It highlights how reprisals can occur at various stages of the legal process, beginning with intimidation to discourage legal action and later manifesting in Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) or procedural delays designed to burden plaintiffs and compel them to withdraw their claims. The paper argues that significant deficiencies remain within the EU judicial system, which must be addressed to ensure access to justice and the protection of human rights for all citizens
Demografinių veiksnių įtaka žodžių asociacijoms
No full textWord associations are verbal responses to cues, typically studied using word association tests. This study examines how demographic factors, such as gender, age, settlement size, ethnographic region and education level, influence word associations. Data were collected online using a 30-stimulus research tool, resulting in 11,046 responses from 389 participants. Stereotypy, defined as the tendency for the same response to recur for a given cue word, was analyzed using multiple regression. The findings indicate that the associations provided by younger participants were more stereotypical than those of older participants, and women’s responses exhibited a higher degree of stereotypy compared to men’s. However, other demographic factors did not show a significant impact. The findings suggest that demographic factors help shape word associations, contributing to the growing body of research that highlights the influence of various factors on associative patterns. Additionally, this study provides valuable insights into Lithuanian, an under-researched language in the field of word association studies.Žodžių asociacijos – tai ryšys tarp stimulo ir reakcijos, dažniausiai išgaunamos žodžių asociacijų testu. Žodžių asociacijų testas yra eksperimentinis tyrimo metodas, vykdomas taip: dalyviams pateikiamas žodis–stimulas ir prašoma atsakyti pirmu mintyse kilusiu žodžiu. Dažnai žodžių asociacijų tyrimų rezultatas būna vadinamieji asociacijų normų sąrašai – tai sąrašai, žodynai ar duomenų bazės, kuriose nurodoma, kaip dažnai tam tikri stimulai sukelia vienokias ar kitokias žodžių asociacijas, kurie esą yra tipiški visai kalbinei bendruomenei. Kita vertus, pastaruoju metu pradėtas kelti klausimas, ar tokių normų sąrašų sudarymas yra tikslingas, nes žodžių asociacijos varijuoja. Manoma, kad žodžių asociacijoms įtaką daro stimulas ir eksperimento dalyvis. Šiame tyrime nagrinėjama dalyvių įtaka – tiriama demografinių veiksnių įtaka žodžių asociacijoms. Siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, ar demografiniai veiksniai, tokie kaip lytis, amžius, gyvenamosios vietos dydis, etnografinis regionas ir išsilavinimas, daro įtaką asociacijoms ir, jei daro, kokią. Tikslui pasiekti sudarytas tyrimo įrankis, kurį sudaro 30 abstrakčių stimulų ir sociolingvistinis klausimynas. Eksperimente dalyvavo 389 dalyviai, kurie pateikė 11 046 asociacijas, kurios sudarė tiriamąją medžiagą. Demografinių veiksnių įtaka asociacijoms buvo tiriama kiekybiniu metodu – atlikta regresinė analizė parodė, kad skirtingų demografinių charakteristikų dalyviai pateikė skirtingas asociacijas: jaunesni tyrimo dalyviai dažniau pateikė stereotipiškas asociacijas negu vyresni tyrimo dalyviai, o moterys tokių asociacijų pateikė daugiau negu vyrai. Nustatyta, kad kiti tirtieji demografiniai veiksniai tokios įtakos nedarė. Tokie tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad žodžių asociacijų normų sąrašai galimai neatspindi kalbinės bendruomenės heterogeniškumo ir tyrimuose vertėtų atsižvelgti į demografinių veiksnių įtaką žodžių asociacijoms
Lietuvos Respublikos piliečių vardai ir pavardės su raidėmis x, w ir q: argumentai pro ir contra
No full textUntil 2022, the names and surnames of persons of non-Lithuanian nationality in the passport of a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania were written in Lithuanian characters. The original form, written in Latin characters, including the letters x, w and q, could be retained by citizens of another state. According to a new law adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania in 2022, in certain cases, the names and surnames of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania and their children may be written in Latin characters, including x, w and q, without diacritical marks. There were heated discussions on the so-called issue of the three letters in the media.The study aims to reveal the diversity of views on the Seimas‘ decision and clarify the arguments used to evaluate the law mentioned earlier favourably or unfavourably. The research material is 16 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Respondents are users of social networks, mostly Facebook; all of them are of Lithuanian nationality.A rhetorical communication scheme was used to conduct qualitative content analysis typical of informative argumentative texts. The argumentation research scheme presented by Frans H. van Eemeren and Robert Grootendorst was partly followed, focusing mostly on the main statements and arguments. The work was carried out by identifying logical topic.
The research revealed a fairly broad assessment of the law adopted by the Seimas – from very unfavourable to highly supportive. Most of the arguments of the opposing sides are based on the same logical topic: the alphabet, the ability to read, language norms, relations with Poland, integration and self-integration of national minorities, and individual rights. The argumentation of those who disagree with the Seimas decision, in addition to the already mentioned topics common to both sides, encompass the issue of national identity and criticism of the government (attitudes towards the state language and laws).Both sides rely not only on linguistic but also on legal, social, political, geopolitical, and ideological arguments. Based on the insights of the respondents who evaluated this Seimas decision favourably, we could speak about the emotional arguments, characteristic of the opposing side, which have psychological and traumatic aspects associated with polonophobia.The research was conducted from 2020 to 2023 as part of the “Connective digital memory in borderlands: A mixed-methods study of cultural identity, heritage communication and digital curation on social networks” project.Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis kokybine giluminių pusiau struktūruotų interviu, atliktų 2022 metų rugpjūčio – gruodžio mėnesiais, turinio analize, nagrinėjama, kaip vertinamas 2022 m. sausio 18 d. Seimo priimtas įstatymas, leidžiantis Lietuvos piliečių pavardes rašyti lotyniškais rašmenimis, įskaitant x, w ir q, tik be diakritinių ženklų. Atliekant kokybinę turinio analizę laikytasi retorinės komunikacijos schemos, kuri būdinga informaciniams samprotaujamiesiems tekstams, turintiems įtikinėjimo branduolį. Iš dalies vadovautasi Franc՚o H. van Eemeren՚o ir Rob՚o Grootendorst՚o pateikta argumentavimo tyrimo metodikos schema. Labiausiai susitelkta į pagrindinių tezių ir argumentų analizę. Ji atlikta nustatant loginę topiką. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia požiūrio į Seimo priimtą įstatymą įvairovę ir išgrynina argumentus, kuriais remiamasi palankiai ar nepalankiai vertinant minėtąjį įstatymą. Tyrime pateikiami duomenys, surinkti vykdant mokslinį projektą „Jungiančioji skaitmeninė atmintis paribiuose: kultūrinės tapatybės, paveldo komunikacijos ir skaitmeninės kuratorystės praktikų socialiniuose tinkluose tyrimas“. Projektas finansuotas Europos socialinio fondo lėšomis pagal Lietuvos mokslo tarybos dotacijos sutartį
Multimodality Imaging in a Patient with Erdheim Chester Disease with Cardiovascular Involvement
No full textWe hereby report a 40-year-old woman presenting with chest pain and recurrent pericardial effusion. Cardiac MRI revealed diffuse sheath-like mass involving predominantly the right heart chambers. She also had bony and perirenal involvement. Additionally, she had a pineal gland tumor, a biopsy from which revealed xanthogranulomatous infiltration with foamy histiocytes which were CD 68 positive and CD1a negative, diagnostic of Erdheim Chester disease. Erdheim Chester disease is a rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. We highlight the importance of multimodality imaging for comprehensive assessment of all the organ systems to enable prompt diagnosis of this rare condition
From Fibroadenoma to Phyllodes Tumor: Case Analysis of Borderline and Giant Breast Tumors with Literature Review
No full textBackground: Phyllodes tumors are highly uncommon fibroepithelial neoplasms of the breast, accounting for less than 1% of all breast tumors. Differential diagnosis between phyllodes tumors and fibroadenomas by using imaging techniques such as ultrasound or mammography, as well as histological methods, can be challenging due to overlapping features. Phyllodes tumors are categorized into benign, borderline, and malignant types, each posing a different risk of recurrence and metastasis. Despite many advances in the imaging and biopsy techniques, diagnosing phyllodes tumors remains challenging. The purpose of this study is to review the existing literature on this topic and describe two cases of misdiagnosed phyllodes tumors.Materials and methods. A literature review was conducted by using the Medline (PubMed) database over 10 years. Information concerning the patients was sourced from the Uster Hospital database. After analyzing the cases of women with breast lumps from 2020 to 2023 in the Uster Hospital database, two cases of misdiagnosed phyllodes tumors were identified. These two cases were analyzed retrospectively.Results. A retrospective study of two cases confirms that phyllodes tumors are a rare phenomenon. A 51-year-old premenopausal woman presented with an 8 × 4 × 5 cm mass, initially diagnosed as a fibroadenoma. The final histopathology after surgical excision revealed a borderline phyllodes tumor with features overlapping those of a fibroadenoma. The second case involved a 59-year-old postmenopausal woman with a rapidly growing mass, which reached 11.9 × 11.3 cm and was initially diagnosed as a fibroadenoma but later confirmed as a borderline malignant phyllodes tumor with focal malignant components. Both cases highlight the limitations of imaging and core biopsy in accurately diagnosing phyllodes tumors and emphasize the need for comprehensive histopathological evaluation. The described clinical cases corresponded to the characteristics of phyllodes tumors indicated in the literature: they appeared in women older than 35 years, were hard to distinguish from fibroadenomas, and required surgical treatment.Conclusions. Phyllodes tumors are challenging to distinguish from fibroadenomas based on imaging and the initial biopsy results alone. Accurate diagnosis requires thorough histopathological examination following surgical excision. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimal management. Our cases show the complexity of phyllodes tumor diagnosis and the importance of considering phyllodes tumors in the differential diagnosis of breast masses, especially when clinical and imaging findings suggest a more aggressive pathology
Iatrogenic Obturator Hernia with Ureter as Content – a Case Report
No full textA male in his early 70s presented with complaints of bilateral flank pain for seven months, hematuria for 2 days along with the passage of clots associated with an increased frequency of urination and nocturia. The patient had a history of deep vein thrombosis and was on anticoagulation. On ultrasound, multiple calculi with posterior acoustic shadowing were seen in bilateral kidneys, corroborated by Computed Tomography (CT) urography. Laser lithotripsy with DJ stent placement was conducted. The follow-up CT urography showed an inferiorly displaced DJ stent within the right distal ureter and the DJ stent herniating through the right obturator foramen. The right-sided DJ stent was removed after a month. For obturator hernia, the patient is being kept in the follow-up. This case report reviewed the literature and discussed the diagnosis and complications associated with the obturator hernia with the ureter as the content
Social Anthropology in Lithuania: Challenges, Resilience, and Particularity of the Discipline
No full textThe discipline of sociocultural anthropology has particular connotations in Central and Eastern Europe. German scholarly contributions played a major role in setting the academic agendas for its development in this European region. Herder’s “recognition of the unique spirit of each people, conceived of as a separate organism, developing according to its own specific trajectory” made a synonym of the terms nation and folk (Hann 2007) and laid the ground for ‘studying peoples’, first of all in Germany, defined differently, as just peoples (Völkerkunde) and as those peoples who do belong to a nation as folk (Volkskunde). Such a division had a lasting effect on scholarship in Central and Eastern Europe during the era of nationalist mobilization, which followed the collapse of the region’s empires in the nineteenth century and the Soviet bloc at the end of twentieth century.The aim of this paper is to try to unpack the influence of the dominant discourses and national identity politics on the research and teaching strategies of the discipline of anthropology in Lithuania. It is a participant informed reflection on the development and professional practicing (by teaching and doing research) of this discipline in the course of the ongoing social and institutional changes in the country during the last three decades
Žurnalistų vaidmenys ir saugumas Lietuvos socialiniuose protestuose (2021–2023 m.)
No full textAs global dissatisfaction with the current situation grows, the number of social protests is increasing. These civic initiatives attract not only public attention but also the interest of the media, with journalists becoming one of the main sources of information. Although the primary goal of journalists is to provide accurate and impartial news, this is often hindered by protesters’ reluctance to engage with the media, their aggression, radical rhetoric, or other external factors. Recent protests in Lithuania, directed against pre-pandemic restrictions, were also marked by provocations, mockery, and violence. The object of this study is journalists who worked during the Great Family Defense March in May 2021, the protest near the Lithuanian Parliament in August 2021 that escalated into riots, the January 13th memorial in 2022, which turned into a protest against pandemic restrictions, and the 2023 farmers’ protests against the falling milk prices. The aim of this article is to identify the roles that the Lithuanian journalists assumed while covering these four protests and the challenges they were facing. Through qualitative content analysis, it was found that, due to external factors, journalists covering the protests often did not adhere to a single role. However, it became evident that the most common role they adopted was that of an observer oriented towards the public. The analysis also revealed that, due to role interactions, journalists could be assigned roles such as an observer oriented towards politics, a non-collaborative role, or an adaptive role. Furthermore, the research shows that, during social protests, Lithuanian journalists faced various threats that hindered the implementation of their professional principles.Pasaulyje augant žmonių nepasitenkinimui esama padėtimi, didėja socialinių protestų skaičius. Šios pilietinės iniciatyvos pritraukia ne tik gyventojų, bet ir žiniasklaidos dėmesį – žurnalistai tampa vienu iš pagrindinių informacijos įrankių. Nors pagrindinis žurnalistų tikslas yra teikti tikslias ir nešališkas naujienas, dažnai to padaryti nepavyksta dėl nenoro bendrauti su žiniasklaida, protestuojančiųjų agresijos, radikalios retorikos ar kitų išorinių veiksnių. 2021 m. Lietuvoje vykę protestai prieš pandeminius ribojimus taip pat pasižymėjo provokacijomis, patyčiomis ir smurtu. Šio tyrimo objektas – žurnalistai, dirbę 2021 m. gegužę vykusiame „Didžiajame šeimos gynimo marše“, tų pačių metų rugpjūtį prie Seimo riaušėmis pasibaigusiame proteste, taip pat 2022 m. surengtame Sausio 13-osios minėjime, peraugusiame į protestą prieš pandemijos ribojimus, bei 2023 m. ūkininkų organizuotuose protestuose dėl kritusių pieno kainų. Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti, kokius praktinius vaidmenis prisiėmė Lietuvos žurnalistai, nušviesdami keturis minėtus protestus, ir su kokiais iššūkiais jie susidūrė. Vykdant kokybinę turinio analizę, nustatyta, kad dėl išorinių veiksnių protestuose dalyvavę Lietuvos žurnalistai vieno konkretaus vaidmens dažnai nesilaikė. Vis dėlto paaiškėjo, kad dažniausiai jie prisiėmė stebėtojo, orientuoto į visuomenę, vaidmenį. Taip pat išryškėjo, kad dėl vaidmenų sąveikos jiems galima priskirti ir stebėtojo, orientuoto į politiką, bendradarbiavimo bei prisitaikymo vaidmenų orientacijas. Be to, atliktas tyrimas rodo, kad socialinių protestų metu Lietuvos žurnalistai susidūrė su įvairiomis grėsmėmis, ribojančiomis jų profesinių principų įgyvendinimą