Vilnius University Press Scholarly Journals
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Neužgesusių Europos žiburių beieškant
No full textOn Teodoras Žukas’s Doctoral Thesis “Explanations of Guilt and Responsibility for the First World War in the 21st Century Western Historiography”, and its DefenseApie Teodoro Žuko disertaciją „Pirmojo pasaulinio karo kaltės ir atsakomybės aiškinimai XXI a. Vakarų istoriografijoje“ ir jos gynim
Kai kurie atkuriamojo teisingumo elementų turintys institutai ir jų įgyvendinimo problemos Lietuvos baudžiamojoje justicijoje
No full textThe article discusses the main criminal legal instruments containing elements of restorative justice and the obstacles to their implementation in the Lithuanian criminal justice system. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the release from criminal liability upon the victim-offender reconciliation and the penal order as an instrument of criminal proceedings. Based on scientific sources and case law, the analysis of the elements of restorative justice is carried out in comparison with the institute of penalty negotiation between the prosecution and defence parties, in the light of Article 39¹ of the Criminal Code. In the context of the purpose of criminal proceedings, the article also discusses the obstacles to the development of mediation. Although certain elements of restorative justice exist in the Lithuanian criminal justice system, in order to achieve the restoration of social peace and the implementation of mediation in criminal cases, not only are amendments to criminal laws necessary, but also increasing awareness of mediation and its advantages.Straipsnyje analizuojami pagrindiniai atkuriamojo teisingumo ir mediacijos kaip jo formos elementų turintys baudžiamieji teisiniai instrumentai ir jų įgyvendinimo kliūtys Lietuvos baudžiamojoje justicijoje. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kaltininkui ir nukentėjusiam asmeniui susitaikius ir baudžiamojo įsakymo kaip baudžiamojo proceso instituto analizei. Atkuriamojo teisingumo elementai analizuojami, juos lyginant su kaltinimo ir gynybos šalių susitarimo (derybų) dėl bausmės institutu Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso 39¹ straipsnio pagrindu. Baudžiamojo proceso tikslų kontekste straipsnyje aptariamos ir mediacijos plėtros kliūtys. Nors Lietuvos baudžiamojoje justicijoje egzistuoja tam tikrų atkuriamojo teisingumo elementų, vis dėlto, siekiant atkurti socialinę taiką ir baudžiamosiose bylose įgyvendinti mediaciją, būtini ne tik baudžiamųjų įstatymų pakeitimai, bet ir žinomumo apie mediaciją ir jos privalumus didinimas
Semantinė-funkcinė lietuvių kalbos mentalinių veiksmažodžių manyti ir suprasti kaita
No full textThe article explores the syntactic and semantic-functional variation of two Lithuanian mental verbs manyti ‘think’ and suprasti ‘understand’ in contemporary Lithuanian by showing how these verbs have been affected by the semantic changes of (inter)subjectification and pragmaticalisation. The aim is to identify which forms of the verbs, specifically 1st, 2nd person singular and plural verb forms, imperative forms or non-agreeing participles, display the traces of these semantic changes. The data were drawn from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language and the database of spoken Lithuanian Kalba Vilnius. The qualificational meaning of the mental verbs under analysis correlates with their complement taking predicate (CTP) usage and shows that CTPs controlling a kad / jog ‘that’ complement clause are undergoing the semantic change of (inter)subjectification. The qualificational meaning of these verbs no longer marks the process of thinking and understanding, as found in their non-qualificational meaning, but rather denotes the evaluation of the proposition in terms of the sources of knowledge or likelihood (epistemicity). The further development of manyti ‘think’ and suprasti ‘understand’ in the process of (inter)subjectification is marked by their qualificational meaning that correlates with their parenthetical CTP use. This development results in the pragmaticalisation of mental verbs, which is evidenced by their adverbial distribution, structural changes and pragmatic meanings. Although the verbs manyti ‘think’ and suprasti ‘understand’ in their qualificational meaning are more prevalent in spoken discourse, the prevalence of their non-qualificational meaning in written discourse confirms that these mental verbs are still in the ongoing process of structural and semantic-functional change.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama dviejų lietuvių kalbos mentalinių veiksmažodžių manyti ir suprasti formų (vienaskaitos ir daugiskaitos 1-ojo ir 2-ojo asmens, imperatyvo ir neveikiamosios rūšies nederinamojo dalyvio formos) semantinė-funkcinė įvairovė rašytiniame ir sakytiniame diskursuose, siejama su (inter)subjektyvizacijos ir pragmatikalizacijos procesais. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad kvalifikuojamoji tiriamųjų mentalinių veiksmažodžių reikšmė, koreliuojanti su komplementinio predikato vartosena, patvirtina mentalinių veiksmažodžių formų poslinkį (inter)subjektyvizacijos procese. Ši reikšmė žymi nebe mąstymo, manymo ar supratimo procesą (nekvalifikuojamoji reikšmė), bet autoriaus vertinimą, kiek kalbama situacija atitinka tikrovę ir kokie žinių šaltiniai pasitelkiami vertinimui, t. y. žymi epistemiškumą. Kvalifikuojamoji mentalinių veiksmažodžių reikšmė, koreliuojanti su parentezinio predikato vartosena, rodo tolesnį mentalinių veiksmažodžių poslinkį (inter)subjektyvizacijos procese, kurio rezultatas yra pragmatikalizacija, pasireiškianti mentalinių veiksmažodžių adverbialine distribucija, pasikeitusiu struktūriniu statusu ir pragmatinėmis reikšmėmis. Vertinant mentalinių veiksmažodžių manyti ir suprasti formų analizės rezultatus rašytiniame ir sakytiniame diskursuose matyti, kad abiejų veiksmažodžių pažangą pragmatikalizacijos ir (inter)subjektyvizacijos procesuose rodo pastarųjų veiksmažodžių parentezinė vartosena sakytiniame diskurse. Vis dėlto dažna mentalinių veiksmažodžių formų vartosena nekvalifikuojamąja reikšme rašytinėje kalboje patvirtina tirtųjų mentalinių veiksmažodžių formų semantinę-funkcinę kaitą kaip dar vykstantį procesą, o ne aptariamų procesų rezultatą
Brexit: A Loaded Narrative Told Through Metaphor Scenarios and Image Schemas
No full textThis paper aims to analyze the discourse on Brexit produced by the pro-leave newspaper The Daily Telegraph in the run-up to the June 23, 2016, referendum, with the goal of understanding how this discourse was articulated, through metaphor scenarios and image schemas, to trigger anti-EU sentiment among its readers. The analysis was conducted across two scenarios: (a) what being part of the EU had meant up to that point, represented through three metaphorical scenarios—EU as a prison, EU as a moving vehicle, and EU as a nanny—all based on the blockage schema; and (b) what Brexit could mean instead, illustrated by the metaphors scenarios—Britain as a leader and Taking back control, both grounded in the enablement schema. Hence, the message communicated—delegitimizing the EU in the first scenario and legitimizing the desire of Great Britain to leave in the second—was further reinforced and naturalized through the coherence between metaphor scenarios and the sensory experience of image schemas
Changing Perceived Life Control: Intergenerational Insights from Lithuania
No full textA substantial body of research underscores that greater perceived control over one’s life not only enhances the individual quality of life but also, at an aggregate level, fosters economic efficiency, social inclusion, and civic participation. Perceived control also plays a crucial role in enhancing resilience during crises. At the individual level, it helps to develop more effective coping mechanisms and mitigate psychological distress, engage in more proactive problem-solving strategies and maintain better health outcomes. At the societal level, it strengthens community cohesion that enhances mutual support, collaborative problem-solving and more coordinated crisis responses.
Thus, effective strategies to maintain or increase perceived control can significantly buffer against the adverse effects of crises. However, social preconditions for the formation of perceived control and its broader societal implications remain insufficiently explored. This study examines the dynamics of perceived control in Lithuanian society through the lens of generational replacement, by utilizing the data from the European Values Survey which has been conducted in the country for almost three decades. The findings reveal notable differences in this attitude across social generations. Yet, a multilevel Age-Period-Cohort (APC) analysis indicates that, while generational shifts contribute to an overall societal increase in perceived control, the primary driver is a profound cultural transformation that cuts across all generations
‘They are not a very Good Social Element even in the Workhouse’: The Vice-Regal Commission on Poor Law Reform in Ireland (1906) and the Workhouse Mother
No full textThis article examines the representation of mothers, particularly unmarried mothers, within the Irish workhouse system during the nineteenth century as framed by the poor law reform efforts of the Vice-Regal Commission (1906). Established under the Irish Poor Law (1838), the workhouse was designed as a site of relief for the destitute, but proved ill-suited to the needs of women and children, whose presence conflicted with the law’s principles. The Commission’s report is analysed to show how the official discourse shaped societal perceptions of poverty and motherhood, despite little legislative change resulting from the report. Class and gender biases are explored through the role of women guardians within the workhouse system. The analysis of the Commission’s findings reveals the deep-rooted social stigmas that marginalised unmarried mothers faced under the Irish Poor Law at the turn of the twentieth century. Ultimately, this article highlights the disparities between those administering relief and those reliant on it, exposing the limitations of the poor law reform in addressing women’s lived experiences
Būti „tikram berniukui“: homoseksualių vyrų vidurinės mokyklos patirtys
No full textThe study examines the identity formation experiences of young men who do not conform to heteronormativity and who identify as homosexual within the context of secondary school. Based on social gender identity construction theories, the research seeks to explore how the ‘appropriate’ masculinity is constructed in the school environment and how it is experienced by those who do not conform to it. The aim of the study is to investigate how social agents in secondary school shape the male identity and how homosexual men experience ‘being different’. The research method is the three-stage mapping method of visual sociology. The interview transcript content analysis was performed by using the MAXQDA software, generating code trees. To ensure anonymity, transcripts and participant-created maps were de-identified. The study revealed that the ‘real boy’ standard at school is shaped by heteronormative expectations. As a result, young homosexual men, who are unable to conform to the established norms, have developed mechanisms of self-preservation. In doing so, they partially integrated into the heteronormative system, while simultaneously resisting it, despite facing pressure or even violence from parents, peers, or teachers.Tyrime nagrinėjama heteronormatyvumo neatitinkančių, save homoseksualiais identifikuojančių vaikinų tapatybės formavimosi patirtis vidurinėje mokykloje. Remiantis socialinės lyties tapatybės konstravimo teorijomis, siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip mokyklos aplinkoje formuojamas „tinkamas“ vyriškumas ir kaip jį išgyvena jo neatitinkantys vaikinai. Nustatyta, kad „tikro berniuko“ standartas mokykloje grindžiamas heteronormatyviais lūkesčiais. Todėl homoseksualūs vaikinai, nepateisindami jiems primetamų normų, iš dalies buvo heteronormatyvios sistemos dalimi, tačiau kartu jai ir priešinosi, nepaisant tėvų, bendraamžių ar mokytojų daromo spaudimo ar net smurto
Писатель-билингв: свой среди чужих?
No full text This article addresses the issue of literary bilingualism. Summarizing the disagreements among linguists regarding the content and boundaries of the concept of bilingualism, the article – focusing in its practical part on Estonian-Russian literary bilingualism – can, in the absence of similar studies, be considered a prolegomenon to the topic. The situation of Estonian-Russian and Russian-Estonian bilingualism as a whole has a specific character due to particular historical conditions. Contemporary Estonian-Russian literary bilingualism is examined through the works of two poets, Jaan Kaplinski (whose native language is Estonian) and Igor Kotjuh (whose native language is Russian), both of whom have repeatedly published literary works in both Estonian and Russian. Also considered is the prose writer Kalle Kasper, who, in 2017, made his literary debut in Russian with the novel Miracle. The following methods were used to achieve the research objectives: stylistic text analysis, interviews with bilingual writers, and analysis of bilingual authors’ texts for traces of substrate influence from Russian and Estonian languages and cultures.Настоящая статья посвящена проблеме литературного билингвизма. Подводя итог разногласиям в среде языковедов относительно содержания и границ понятия билингвизма, статья, спроецированная в практической своей части на эстонско-русское литературное двуязычие, может – при отсутствии работ аналогичной тематики – считаться пролегоменами к данной теме. В вопросе о литературном или художественном аспекте билингвизма, в отличие от расхождений при определении границ и характеристик билингвизма вообще, все ученые единодушны: подразумеваются только те писатели, которые в совершенстве владеют двумя (или более) языками. Современный эстонско-русский литературный билингвизм рассматривается на примере творчества двух поэтов – Яана Каплинского (родной язык – эстонский) и Игоря Котюха (родной язык – русский), уже неоднократно выступавших в литературе на эстонском и русском языках, а также прозаика Калле Каспера, в 2017 г. впервые выступившего на русском языке с художественным произведением – романом «Чудо». Для решения поставленных задач использованы следующие методы: стилистический анализ текста, интервью с писателями-билингвами, анализ текстов писателей-билингвов с точки зрения наличия субстрата русского / эстонского языка и культуры
Вильнюс в русских стихах его поэтов
No full textThis article-essay deals with the image of Vilnius captured in Russian poems by poets who live (or lived) in the city. The material for the essay is drawn from poems published in the book “The Call of Vilna. The Poetic Image of Vilnius”, published in Vilnius in 2017. We focus on a small part of the anthology, specifically, poems from the last decades of the 20th and the initial decades of the 21st centuries. In poetic depictions of the city – travelogues containing recollections of its historical past, ekphrases inspired by old postcards or photographs – abundant intertextual connections can be observed. The image of Vilnius is to a large extent romanticized; sacred motifs occupy an important place in the poetic topos of the city, as do numerous mythological images and legendary plots. Many poems tell of the ‘lost world’ of the city – its destroyed Jewish communities, with the lyrical subject wandering through the Jewish quarters of Vilnius as though moving through a space of memory. Not all the poems collected in the anthology are professional in form, yet almost every poem is imbued with genuine love for the city.В предлагаемой статье-эссе речь идет об образе Вильнюса, запечатленном в русских стихах живущих (или живших) в нем поэтов. Материалом для эссе послужили стихотворения как известных поэтов, так и поэтов-любителей, опубликованные в книге «Зов Вильны. Поэтический облик Вильнюса», изданной в Вильнюсе в 2017 г. В книге собраны стихотворные произведения авторов, начиная с 1821 г. Мы остановились на малой части антологии – на стихотворениях последних десятилетий ХХ-го и первых десятилетия ХХI в.В поэтических описаниях города – в травелогах, содержащих воспоминания об историческом прошлом, в экфрасисах, ориентирующихся на старые открытки или фотографии, – наблюдаются обильные интертекстуальные связи. Образ Вильнюса во многом романтизирован; важное место в поэтическом топосе города занимают сакральные мотивы, а также многочисленные мифологические образы и легендарные сюжеты. Немалое количество стихов повествует об ‘утерянном мире’ города – уничтоженных еврейских общинах, и в еврейских кварталах Вильнюса лирический субъект блуждает как в пространстве памяти.Не все собранные в антологии стихи профессиональны, но практически каждое стихотворение пронизано искренней любовью к городу