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Išsamus vadovas po latvių mitologijos pasaulį
No full textSandis Laime, Latviešu teiku tipu un motīvu rādītājs: Raganas = Latvian Legend Type and Motif Index: Witches, Rīga: LU Literatūras, folkloras un mākslas institūts, 2024, 688 p., ISBN 978-9984-893-79-
Calculation of Integral Indicators of the Metabolic Status and Filtration Function of Kidneys in Patients with a Combat Mine-Explosive Injury who Lost Significant Body Weight due to Limb Amputation
No full textBackground: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the possibility of optimizing the calculation of integral indicators of the metabolic status and filtration function of the kidneys in patients with combat mine-explosive injuries who have lost significant body weight due to limb amputation.Methods: Data from 81 servicemen (all males) with combat mine-explosive limb injuries, including those with isolated severe limb injuries (Group 1, n=34) or traumatic amputations (Group 2, n=47), were analyzed. We assessed demographic indicators and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), calculated according to the generally accepted formulas with correction for lost body parts in the amputees.Results: The proportion of amputees with obesity as measured by the body mass index in Group 2 without correction for the lost body parts was significantly lower than that in Group 1 and Group 2 adjusted for the lost body parts (2.12% versus 17.65% and 21.28%, respectively, p<0.05 and p<0.01), but it was similar in Group 1 and Group 2 after body weight adjustment for the lost body parts of the amputees (p>0.05). The mean level of serum creatinine in the patients in Group 2 was significantly lower than that in Group 1 (75.19±11.62 vs. 90.93±37.12 μmol/L, respectively, p=0.0206). The estimated GFR according to the Cockcroft and Gault formula (CGF) with adjusted for the lost body part body weight was significantly greater in Group 2 than that in Group 1 (143.63±42.58 and 123.92±26.34 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively, p=0.0379) as well as GRF according to CGF corrected for the body surface area (BSA) (131.59±39.94 and 106.17±21.88 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively, p=0.0040). Only a few individuals had a moderate decrease in GFR according to CGF or CGF adjusted for BSA, but glomerular hyperfiltration was suspected in a significant number of patients, specifically, 23.53% and 17.65% of the patients in Group 1, respectively, and in 29.79% and 36.17% of the patients in Group 2, respectively (even 51.6% according to CGF corrected for BSA in Group 2 adjusted for the lost body parts).Conclusions: In amputees, it is necessary to calculate their body weight considering the lost body part for an adequate assessment of their metabolic status. To calculate GFR, it is advisable to use CGF considering the lost body parts with or without adjustment for BSA to avoid the possibility of underestimating GFR calculated by other formulas. Special control is necessary for patients with hyperfiltration suspected by CGF, since this sign can be a predictor of future metabolic disorders
Paskutinė Mikalojaus Konstantino Čiurlionio kūrybos mecenatė: nauji potėpiai Bronisławos Wolman portretui
No full textThe Wolman family played an important role in Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis’s intellectual growth and his artistic self-realisation. From the end of 1904 until 1907, Bronisława Wolman took care of the artist’s livelihood and encouraged his creative aspirations. The literary salons held in the Wolmans’ apartment were important for the development of Čiurlionis’s worldview. With the support of this family, the artist visited the Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Beskids, and saw art collections in five Central European cities. Bronisława Wolman encouraged Čiurlionis to experiment and try himself in new areas, such as literature and photography. The artist expressed his gratitude for the support and encouragement through dedications. The artefacts and letters preserved by the Wolmans have enriched the artist’s oeuvre and his documentary legacy. The article provides additional information about Bronisława Wolman and her family, introduces new details of Čiurlionis’s biography, and delves into the specific circumstances in which democratic patronage took place. The publication is the result of research carried out in five archives outside of Lithuania. It summarizes primary sources using historical reconstruction and interpretive approaches.Wolmanų šeima svariai prisidėjo prie Mikalojaus Konstantino Čiurlionio intelektualinio augimo ir jo, kaip dailininko, savirealizacijos. Nuo 1904 m. pabaigos iki 1907 m. Bronisława Wolman rūpinosi menininko pragyvenimu ir skatino jo kūrybines aspiracijas. Wolmanų bute vykę salonai turėjo reikšmės Čiurlionio pasaulėžiūros raidai. Šios šeimos remiamas menininkas pamatė Krymą, Kaukazą, Beskidus, meno kolekcijas penkiuose Vidurio Europos miestuose. Wolman skatino jo kūrybinius eksperimentus, domėjimąsi naujomis veiklomis (literatūriniais, fotografijos bandymais). Čiurlionio dėkingumą už palaikymą ir paramą liudija jo dedikacijos. Wolmanų išsaugoti artefaktai ir laiškai reikšmingai papildė menininko darbų ir dokumentų rinkinį. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiama naujų žinių apie Wolman ir jos šeimą, Čiurlionio biografijos detalių, gilinamasi į konkrečias demokratiškos mecenatystės aplinkybes. Publikacija parengta atlikus penkių naujų archyvų, esančių už Lietuvos ribų, tyrimą, pirminius šaltinius susisteminus ir pritaikius istorinį rekonstrukcinį bei interpretacinį metodus
Ką atveria šimtametis mokyklinis lietuvių literatūros kanonas?
No full textViktorija Šeina, Aistė Kučinskienė 2024. Mokyklinis lietuvių literatūros kanonas: šimtmečio raidos rekonstrukcija, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 614 p. ISBN 978-609-425-399-
Radvilos Našlaitėlio knyga „Kelionė į Jeruzalę“: Branevo (1601) ir Antverpeno (1614) laidos knygos meno aspektu
No full textThis article examines two Latin editions of Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł the Orphan’s book Journey to Jerusalem (Ierosolymitana peregrinatio) – the Braniewo (1601) and Antwerp (1614) editions. It compares the illustrations, the book format, the title pages, and typographical elements of both editions. The comparison of these two book variants from the perspective of book art was made possible by the surviving and newly published correspondence between the patron, Jesuit Jan Aland, the publisher Balthasar Moretus, and Duke Radziwiłł’s trusted agent in Paris, Ottho van der Palen (Otto à Palen).
A question is raised in the article why the Plantin-Moretus printing house was selected for the book’s publication when descriptions of the journey had already been printed in Latin, Polish, and German. This article also brings up and discusses more broadly the questions of book art and printing of that time, by comparing the production of local presses with one of the most renowned European printing houses at the time, namely, Plantin-Moretus. Straipsnyje tiriamos dvi lotyniškos Mikalojaus Kristupo Radvilos Našlaitėlio knygos Kelionė į Jeruzalę laidos – Branevo (1601) ir Antverpeno (1614). Lyginamos abiejų laidų iliustracijos, knygos formatas, antraštiniai lapai ir knygų tipografikos elementai. Palyginti du knygos variantus knygos meno aspektais įgalino išlikę ir naujai publikuoti susirašinėjimo laiškai tarp užsakovo jėzuito Jano Alando, leidėjo Baltazaro Moreto ir kunigaikščio Radvilos reikalų patikėtinio Paryžiuje Oto Paleno (Ottho van der Palen; Otto à Palen). Keliamas klausimas, kodėl knygos leidybai buvo pasirinkta Plantino-Moretų spaustuvė, kai jau buvo išspausdintas Kelionės aprašymas lotynų, lenkų ir vokiečių kalbomis? Straipsnyje keliami ir plačiau nagrinėjami to laiko knygos meno ir spaudos klausimai, lyginant vietinės ir vienos labiausiai Europoje žinomos Plantino-Moretų spaustuvių produkciją
Lietuvos integracija į Europą: alternatyvos ir pasirinkimai
No full textIn the beginning of the article, the author postulates: "Lithuania\u27s belonging to Europe is unquestionable". Thus, the main prospects for satisfying the national interests - namely, national security, economic welfare of the citizens, and maintenance of national identity - of Lithuania are tightly bound with the appertainance and further integration into the aforementioned area. However, G. Vitkus notifies, that in spite of the expressed wish of Lithuania saying that the country seeks entrance into European political, economic, and security organisations, in 1997, and particularly in summer 1997 in Madrid and in December in Luxembourg, it has finally become apparent that the delineated goals are not to be implemented easily. Nevertheless, the author claims that such a make-up of events is not to be viewed as a defeat. He says: "Postponement of the EU perspective, on the one hand, and ambiguity of the NATO perspective, on the other, have not only provided us with a chance to re-contemplate the vitality of our strategic choice, but has made us alert that Lithuania\u27s integration into Europe cannot limit and confine itself to integration into these two structures. <...> Moreover, NATO and the EU membership ought to be taken not so much as goals but as a means in order to achieve higher goals - the implementation of Lithuania\u27s national interests." The author argues that Lithuania, which pursues the goals of deepening integration with Europe, intensifying its security, and managing the economic welfare of the citizens, must take advantage of "all the remaining" opportunities the contemporary situation sets forth. Thus, in this article, Gediminas Vitkus analyses these opportunities in detail.
In the first section, "The integration of Lithuania into Europe and the national security," the author aims at discussing the alternative opportunities for attesting Lithuania\u27s national security. With respect to NATO, the main possible guarantor of security, the author enumerates three main obstacles which vex this "hardly believable" - however strategic - entrance into NATO. According to G. Vitkus, the main of these is the geopolitical location of Lithuania. Further on, by reason of these obstacles, the author propounds five alternative opportunities to NATO. The most viable of these are the first three: first, further participation in the Partnership for Peace with NATO and the non-NATO states; second, membership in the EU; and third, regional co-operation with the Nordic and the Baltic States. The remaining two, Polish and Lithuanian strategic partnership and the lobby activities in Russia, in the author\u27s opinion, can contend with neither membership in NATO nor participation in the North-Baltic security community. G. Vitkus emphasises that both intense and intimate partnership and co-operation with Poland and a lobby in Russia ought not to be abandoned and, especially Poland, should be viewed as a possible precious factor in intensifying Lithuania\u27s security. Having discussed the character of these five propositions, the author proceeds, "as to remember," the nature of Lithuania\u27s relations with Russia and the other CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries. The author argues "that it is Russia\u27s instability and the possible emergence of the revanchist power groups in the government which serve the role of the chief threat to Lithuania\u27s and the region\u27s security". In brief, G. Vitkus concludes the following: "as we may have seen, in the contemporary international situation, in Lithuania and on the regional level, there appear quite a number of tendencies which seem positive to Lithuania\u27s overall security."
The next section deals with an aspect of economic integration and the economic welfare of the state. The author claims that "the integration of Lithuania into the European economic realm is primarily related with its membership in the European Union". However, according to the author, these wishes were overturned by the European Commission in July 1997. Although the opinion of the European Commission deliberating whether to start negotiations with the applicant countries could be influenced by political considerations and the internal problems of the EU, it nevertheless can be stated that the opinion of the Commission concerning the rank of Lithuanian economy is fundamental enough. Therefore, with respect to membership in the EU, the author discusses the problem of economic costs and the benefits of this membership. Before proceeding to the table where arguments "pro" and "contra" of economic integration are enumerated, the author discusses the pillars and goals of intra-EU economic integration and common politics (e.g., agricultural, structural policy) which have been attained by the EU member-states so far.
In conclusion, the author postulates that "the fact that Lithuanian government \u27thirsts\u27 for the membership in the EU not so much due to economic, but political, reasons, is very detrimental. At the first sight, it may seem that several Lithuanian politicians have not yet understood the full complexity of the problem. But this is what the author points with respect to Lithuanian political realities. In general, from security and economic perspective, there are no alternatives to Lithuania\u27s membership in the EU, membership which would not only correspond to demands for guaranteeing the national security. From the standpoint of long-term economic development and state modernisation, this would be a progressive step as well. At last, the author advises: "Before passing the decision, it is essential to first identify and, from the economic standpoint, analyse different pre-access strategies and alternative tactics. Only this would help avoid the above-mentioned tendencies when the pre-access preparation was nearly becoming a technic-bureaucratic demand, but would first of all reflect the demands of the national economic development."Straipsnyje nagrinėjami svarbiausi Lietuvos integracijos į Europą aspektai - saugumas ir ekonominė gerovė. Šalies narystė NATO pripažįstama pačia parankiausiu saugumo problemos sprendimo galimybe, tačiau drauge pabrėžiama, kad jos įgyvendinimas kol kas atrodo mažai tikėtinas. Nepaisant to, dabartinėje situacijoje ir Lietuvoje, ir aplink ją reiškiasi nemažai palankių bendros saugumo situacijos tendencijų, kurios ir dabar teikia pakankamai daug galimybių racionaliai saugumo politikai.Tuo tarpu neigiama Komisijos nuomonė dėl lietuvos paraiškų stoti į ES skatina dar kartą atsigręžti į narystės ES ekonominės naudos ir kaštų problemą. Atlikta analizė rodo, kad stojimo į ES/EB naudos ir kaštų balansas nėra vienareikšmis. Įsijungimas į Europos bendrąją rinką atneštų neabejotinus prisitaikymo kaštus, bet ir atvertų daug didesnių galimybių. Todėl nors ir galima sutikti su teiginiu, kad nėra alternatyvų Lietuvos narystei ES, tačiau prieš priimant sprendimus turėtų būti identifikuotos ir išanalizuotos įvairios stojimo į ES strategijos
Permąstant mentalinę kalbą: Toono fikcionalizmas irjo filosofinės ištakos
No full textBook Review: Mind as Metaphor: A Defence of Mental Fictionalism. Adam Toon. Oxford University Press, 20 April 2023. (https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198879626.001.0001, 160 pp. ISBN: 9780198879626)Book Review: Mind as Metaphor: A Defence of Mental Fictionalism. Adam Toon. Oxford University Press, 20 April 2023. (https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198879626.001.0001, 160 pp. ISBN: 9780198879626
H.-G. Gadameris: kalbos užmaršties problema ir jos įveika hermeneutiniame prasmės supratime
No full textThe aim of the article is to show how Hans-Georg Gadamer formulates the problem of the ‘Oblivion of language’ in Antiquity and how, in his search for the inner unity of word and thing, he sought to overcome this oblivion by using the scholastic treatment of verbum interius. Gadamer integrated the ‘inner word’ into his hermeneutic theory in order to overcome the ‘oblivion of language’ in antiquity. The article also shows how the Augustinian distinction between actus signatus and actus exercitus for Gadamer, discussed by Heidegger, opened up a hermeneutic approach to the ‘inner word’ that differs from the apophantics. The article argues that, in analyzing the ‘inner word’ and linguistic understanding, Gadamer emphasized two distinct but complementary aspects: on the one hand, the identity of thinking and its linguistic expression is emphasized, and the ‘inner word’ and its ‘external’ expression are inseparable; on the other hand, it is emphasized that we cannot, in verbal language (logos prophorikos), achieve full expression (logos endiathetos) of what we would like or be required to say in order to be adequately understood. Gadamer linked the lack of semantic fullness of the ‘external word’ to the experience of the Unvordenklichkeit. In order to explain the correlation between the inner and the outer word, the article interpretatively uses Husserl’s phenomenological attitude, which describes the way we know the meaning of some ‘thing’ as ‘thing in itself’ through different ‘profiles’. The ‘inner word’, mentioned by Gadamer in the phenomenological sense as ‘an object in itself’, is always given only in the expression of the ‘outer word’ as a partial profile and is incomplete in this respect. It is in no other way directly detectable, but only in the external expressions in which it opens. External expressions are not a defect of the full ‘inner word’, but are the only possible way or form of it, though not always perfect, and which may be expanded in the future. The different expressions of the external word referring to the partial meaning of the subject matter do not in any way provide for the relativization of the expressions themselves, because they all arise from the same ‘inner word’. But this identity of the ‘inner word’ is detected only in the difference of external expressions.Straipsnyje siekiama parodyti, kaip Hansas-Georgas Gadameris suprato „kalbos užmaršties“ problemą Antikoje ir kaip, ieškodamas vidinės žodžio ir daikto vienovės, jis šią užmarštį siekė įveikti pasitelkdamas scholastinio „vidinio žodžio“ (verbum interius) traktuotę. Straipsnyje rodoma, kaip M. Heideggerio aptarta augustiniškoji skirtis tarp actus signatus ir actus exercitus Gadameriui atvėrė nuo apofantinės besiskiriančią hermeneutinę prieigą prie „vidinio žodžio“ traktuotės. Tvirtinama, kad analizuodamas „vidinį žodį“ ir kalbišką supratimą Gadameris pabrėžė du skirtingus, bet vienas kitą papildančius aspektus: viena vertus, yra akcentuojamas mąstymo ir jo kalbinės išraiškos tapatumas – „vidinis žodis“ bei jo „išorinė“ išraiška yra neatsiejami; kita vertus, pabrėžiama, kad žodžiais išreikštoje kalboje (logos prophorikos) negalime pasiekti visavertės išraiškos (logos endiathetos) to, ką norėtume pasakyti, kad būtume adekvačiai suprasti. „Išoriniam žodžiui“ būdingą prasminio išbaigtumo stygių Gadameris susiejo su Unvordenklichkeit patirtimi. „Vidinio“ ir „išorinio“ žodžio koreliacijai paaiškinti straipsnyje interpretatyviai pasitelkiama E. Husserlio fenomenologijos nuostata, nusakanti būdą, kaip mes pažįstame kokio nors „dalyko“ kaip „daikto savaime“ prasmę skirtinguose „profiliuose“. Tvirtinama, kad Gadamerio minimas „vidinis žodis“ fenomenologine prasme kaip „daiktas savaime“ visuomet yra duotas tik „išorinio žodžio“ raiškoje kaip daliniame profilyje ir šiuo požiūriu yra neišbaigtas. Jis niekaip kitaip neaptinkamas tiesiogiai, tik išorinėse išraiškose, kuriose atsiveria. Jos netraktuotinos kaip išbaigto „vidinio žodžio“ defektas, bet yra jo vienintelis galimas raiškos būdas ar forma, kuri nors ir ne visada tobula, gali būti plečiama ateityje. Skirtingos išorinio žodžio išraiškos, nurodančios į suprantamojo dalyko dalinę prasmę, nereiškia pačių išraiškų reliatyvizacijos, nes visos jos kyla iš vieno ir to paties „vidinio žodžio“, t. y. mąstymo, mąstančio dalyką. Bet šis „vidinio žodžio“ tapatumas aptinkamas tik išorinių išraiškų skirtyje
Archeologijos objektų tyrimai gręžimo metodu
No full textWe represent the results of archaeological works by using the drilling method. Such works were carried out in the Medzhybizh and Bar castles, as well as in Palaeolithic field explorations. Our drilling research in castles focused on the inspection of courtyards and fortification of castles. Drilling made it possible to see the thickness of cultural layers up to 8 meters of thick. Based on the obtained data, reconstructions of the daytime surface of castle courtyards and the sequence of changes in their relief were carried out. Drilling during the search for Palaeolithic sites was carried out on turfed areas and different soil types. The high efficiency of exploratory drilling operations has been determined. The equipment was adapted, and the optimal drilling technique worked out during archaeological explorations.Straipsnyje pristatomi archeologinių tyrimų Medžybižo ir Baro pilyse bei paleolito laikotarpio radimvietėse taikant gręžimo metodą rezultatai. Gręžinių pilyse tikslas – pilių kiemų ir įtvirtinimų tyrimai. Gręžimo metodu nustatytas iki 8 metrų storio kultūrinis sluoksnis. Remiantis gautais duomenimis, buvo atliktos pilyse buvusios kiemų dangos rekonstrukcijos ir nustatyta jų reljefo istorinė raida. Paleolito objektų paieška vykdyta taikant gręžimo metodus durpingose teritorijose ir įvairiuose dirvožemių tipuose. Nustatyta, kad gręžimas yra itin efektyvus paieškų metodas. Archeologinių tyrinėjimų metu įranga buvo pritaikyta ir nustatyta optimali gręžimo technika
Why does the Media Disregard Internal Fact-Checking? The Fact-Checking Logic Determination in the Case of Ukrainian Media
No full textIn this article, fact-checking logic is introduced as part of general media logic. This system is responsible for news editors’ decisions on whether to believe a fact or check it before publishing the news. Through the qualitative research applying semi-structured interviews with seven news editors of the leading Ukrainian online media, we have revealed that their fact-checking logic is built on the efforts for reconciliation between accuracy and other factors like speed, social media algorithms, audience metrics, virality, and the management style of editors-in-chief. We have discovered that publishing news without 100% confidence is common. The participants justified the absence of fact-checking with the publishing pressure, bad mood, the author’s or boss’s assurance, and many other excuses. They confess that news publications often appear to be inaccurate or even fake. We discuss incentives, drivers, and decision-making processes for fact-checking in the Ukrainian media and observe that mostly the inaccurate information published by the Ukrainian media can be attributed to cases when news editors were not completely confident in their decision to publish some fact, but not to the situations when they wrongly have 100% confidence. We suggest a way to solve this problem through the public declaration of fact-checking media logic principles