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Exploitation : Theory and Empirics
No full textThis paper provides a novel axiomatic analysis of exploitation as the unequal exchange of labour, derives an empirical exploitation index at the individual level, and estimates its distribution in the US in 1975-2022. We show that, among possible definitions of exploitation, only one satisfies a small set of formally weak and normatively salient axioms. From this definition, we derive an individual-level exploitation intensity index which provides a new measure of well-being and inequality, complementary to existing ones and able to jointly take into account the distributions of income and work time. In US data, exploitation intensity provides additional information compared with standard income inequality measures and predicts important well-being and political outcomes. Inequality in exploitation increased more than income inequality since 1975
Generic Indeterminacy of Steady-State Competitive Equilibria in Walras-von Neumann Production Economies
No full textThis paper studies the structure of the set of steady-state competitive equilibria defined in a quite generalized von Neumann economic model. First, it is shown that in any von Neumann production economy, there exists an admissible domain of non-negative interest rates such that for every interest rate within the domain, there exists an associated steady state equilibrium. Second, for almost all interest rates within the domain, the associated steady state equilibrium is indeterminate. Thus, in summary, for any von Neumann production economy, there is a dense subset of the admissible domain over which the set of steady state equilibria consists of a finite number of one-dimensional continuums of those equilibria. This property is observed regardless of whether the underlying economy is regular or not, which contrasts sharply with the finite and discrete properties of the other types of Walrasian equilibria in both static and intertemporal regular economies. These main results suggest, as a new, future research agenda, the need to study an appropriate equilibrium selection mechanism that should be applied prior to market competition
