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The Criminal Punishment System and the Treatment of Long-term Prisoners in China
No full text葛野尋之先生 名誉教授称号授与記念China has been trying to improve its criminal punishment system since a criminal policy called “Balancing Leniency and Severity of Criminal Punishment” was adopted in 2004. Such improvements include limiting the number of death penalty sentences and executions of death row inmates, introducing life imprisonment to some official criminals who are guilty of seeking or accepting huge bribes, and granting more paroles or reductions of sentences to short-term prisoners. As a result of those improvements, prisons have recently seen a rise and expansion in the "“Polarization”" of criminal punishment. That is, on the one hand, the shorter the term of a prisoner’s sentence, the higher the possibility that a reduction of sentence or parole will be granted ; on the other hand, the longer the term of a prisoner’s sentence, the lower the possibility that a reduction of sentence or parole will be granted. Long-term prisoners（such as those serving 10 or more years imprisonment, unfixed imprisonment, or life imprisonment）have become the main and constant population in prisons. China now faces the serious problem of how to treat the long-term prisoners.本論文は「新自由刑と無期受刑者処遇に関する綜合的研究：日本型行刑における拘禁刑の社会化」（基盤研究（B）、研究課題番号：23K25460、研究代表：石塚伸一）の研究成果の一部であ
A Study of Intellectual Property Related to Merchandising License for Scale Models
No full text論説This paper discusses intellectual property related to the merchandising license for “scale models”, which are reproductions of real object at a certain scale. Starting from the question of what a model is in the first place, the paper reviews the development of models and changes in the environment surrounding them, and examines several intellectual property laws related to the merchandising license for scale models, with reference to the characteristics of each category in scale models and recent discussions on the protection of intellectual property in virtual spaces. Based on the results of this review, we discuss which intellectual property could be the basis for the merchandising license for scale models and the significance of the merchandising license contract
Die Sorgfaltspflicht bei der Beaufsichtigung durch den Sorgeberechtigten
No full text論説In der Arbeit wird die Sorgfaltspflicht der vom Sorgeberechtigten durchgeführten Aufsicht gemäß dem japanischen Zivilgesetz untersucht. Angesichts der jüngsten Änderungen besteht nach einer solcher Untersuchung ein zunehmender Bedarf. Zu diesem Zweck befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit den Schadensersatzansprüchen eines Kindes gegen einen Elternteil. Unter Bezugnahme auf die Diskussion über die Aufsichtspflicht im deutschen Recht（§1631 Abs. 1 BGB）und die Schadensersatzansprüche nach §1664 Abs. 1 BGB stellt der Artikel die Faktoren dar, die bei der Bestimmung des Inhalts der Sorgfaltspflicht des Sorgeberechtigten zu berücksichtigen sind. Dabei wird untersucht, wie weit eine Sorgfaltspflicht gehen darf, die den Sorgeberechtigten nicht übermäßig belastent, wobei auch die Intentionen der Artikel des japanischen Zivilgesetzes und das Verhältnis zur Aufsichtspflicht nach Art. 714 des japanischen Zivilgesetzes berücksichtigt werden
Case Note on the Judgment of the Supreme Court of Japan on December 5, 2022
No full text判例研究日本学術振興会24KJ1134両立可能論に基づく刑事責任論の構想本評釈は、JSPS 科研費24KJ1134 の助成を受けたものである
Materiality and Sustainability Reporting in Disclosure Regulations
No full textThis paper examines the concept of materiality as a criterion for defining the scope of mandatory sustainability disclosures according to the International Sustainability Standards Board and the legislative landscapes of Japan, the United States, and the European Union. It provides insights into the potential impact of the diversification of sustainable finance strategies on materiality. There are two main approaches to the concept of materiality : single and double materiality. Under the former approach, information regarding an invested companyʼs risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to influence the decisions of primary users of general-purpose financial reports is considered “material” and subject to disclosure requirements. In contrast, under the latter approach, “materiality” is also determined based on potential impacts on society and the environment while considering the possible uses of the information by a wide range of corporate stakeholders. However, as this paper illustrates, the distinction between the two approaches is not clear-cut, given the emergence of sustainable finance investment strategies that are made based on social and environmental impacts. This paper therefore explores the need to review investorsʼ diverse demands for sustainability information.日本学術振興会23K01162環境・社会価値の考慮を組み込んだ会社経営を支える法的制度の検討本稿は、科学研究費補助金（課題番号23K01162）の研究助成による成果の一部である
Le droit constitutionnel, le bloc de constitutionnalité et les sources du droit constitutionnel
No full textHistoriquement, la Constitution a été considérée comme le droit d’organiser les pouvoirs publics, ce qui donnait au droit constitutionnel une orientation politique marquée en France. Depuis 1971, le Conseil constitutionnel s’est transformé en une institution garante des droits de l’homme, et a établi neuf catégories de normes constitutionnelles. Dans le monde doctrinal, celles-ci sont désignées sous le nom de « bloc de constitutionnalité », un terme introduit par Louis Favoreu. Toutefois, le contenu du bloc de constitutionnalité a évolué en quatre phases, suscitant diverses critiques. La plus sévère porte sur la confusion entre la Constitution et les normes constitutionnelles, que soutient la théorie des sources du droit constitutionnel. L’article met ainsi en évidence la nécessité de dissocier la Constitution des normes constitutionnelles, en se basant sur la cette théorie des sources du droit constitutionnel.本研究は、公益財団法人小原白梅育英基金の助成を受けたものである
Reversal of the BoJ's Balance Sheet Policy and Liquidity Dependence
No full textThis study empirically examines liquidity dependence in the Japanese banking system. Acharya and Rajan (2024) and Acharya et al. (2024) pointed out the phenomenon of liquidity dependence, which was observed during the U.S. quantitative easing and tightening policies and is regarded as a possible factor in liquidity crises in September 2019 and March 2023 crises in the U.S. Since quantitative easing was introduced in March 2001, the Japanese economy has experienced a more than 20-year period of quantitative easing, longer than that encountered in the U.S. Our macro and micro analysis employs more than 20 years of macroeconomic and bank-level accounting data and reveals that the same liquidity dependence phenomenon is observed in the Japanese economy. The Japanese broad deposit insurance system is superior to that in the United States, so an incident like the Silicon Valley Bank bankruptcy is unlikely to occur in Japan. However, partly with the rise of digital banking, we suggest that the Japanese economy needs to prepare for the impending major quantitative tightening—the so-called exit from the long-term quantitative easing policy.August 5, 2024, Revised September 1, 2025This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Number 22K01549
