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Assesment of Knowledge and Practice of Adult Intensive Care Unit Nureses and Their Barriers on Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management in Selected Public Hospitals
No full textBackground: Pressure ulcer is localized tissue necrosis that commonly develops on a bony
prominence areas when soft tissue compressed for prolonged period of time. Critically ill
patients are considered to be at greatest risk for pressure ulcer development. So that, nurses are
the first line health professionals to provide adequate care.
Objectives: To assess knowledge and practice of Adult Intensive care Unit nurses and their
barriers towards pressure ulcer prevention and management in selected public Hospital, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia 2017.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among (N=128) Adult Intensive
care Unit nurses in six selected public Hospitals. Simple random Sampling techniques was used
to select sample hospitals in order to find research participants. In addition standardized
questionnaire was used to collect data.
Result: The study findings showed that the level of nurses’ knowledge regarding pressure ulcer
prevention and management was good (Mean=18.52, SD+2.686), while the level of nurses’
practice was poor (Mean=12.39, SD+4.70924).Shortage of pressure relieving devices,
inadequate training and education and presence of other priorities other than pressure ulcers were
majorly cited barriers to carry out PrU care efficiently. The nurses’ knowledge has association
(AOR= 2.499, p value = 0.028) with training but not with their practice and barriers. In addition
nurses’ practice has significant association with barriers.
Conclusions: In general, the study results indicates that nurses have good knowledge of PrU
prevention and management but accounts poor practice. As a result the study recommends for
the provision of in service training and fulfillment of proper equipments for AICU nurses and
unit. The study finding implies the need for further researches and it will be used as point of
reference
Ethnobotany of Traditional Medicinal Plants in Hawa Gelan District, Kelem Wollega Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia
No full textAn ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants were conducted to identify and document
medicinal plant species used by the community to treat both human and livestock diseaese in
Hawa Gelan District, Kellem Wollega Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia between December
2016 and August 2017. A total of 100 informants were selected who represent the community of
the study area.The ethnobotanical data collection method in this study were semi-structured
interview, group discussion, field observation , market survey and others. A total of 102
medicinal plant species which distributed across 47 families were identified.Of these 63 plant
species were wild and the remaining 39 were from homegarden.The most abundant growth forms
of plants were herbs which account 38.23%(39) followed by shrubs which account 27.45%(28)
,the third life forms were trees which account 24.50%(25) and the rests were climbers ,which is
only 9.80%(10). Of all the 102 medicinal plants of the study area 73 of them were used to treat
human , 15 species were used to treat livestock and 14 species were used to treat both of them.
The most abundants families were Fabaceae (10 species) followed by Solanaceae (9 species),
Asteraceae ( 8) and Lamiaceae (6) and others were also observed in study area.The highly
utilized parts of plants were leaves then followed by root.The majority of condition of of
prepation was from fresh materials followed by dried and mixture of both. About 58 health
problems were reported in the district out of these 45 were of human ,5 health problem were of
livestock only and 9 were of both human and livestock disease identified in study area. The
highest mode of preparation were squeezing and pounding which have equal percentage of
preparation and the next was crushing mode. The most commonly used route of admistration
was oral followed by dermal application methods.The results indicate that rular community of
Ethiopia are still knowledgeable about traditional medicinal plants despite the impact of land
use land cover in the area,as it happens in other parts of the country. The major threatening
factor to medicinal plants was agricultural expansion. The fragmented forest left in the study
area shuold be protected from anthropogenic factor and concervation action on medicinal plants
should be encouraged
Familial Correlates of Adolescence Obesity among Primary School Adolescents in Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia: School Based Case Control Study
No full textBackground: Obesity epidemic and its consequences are now rapidly spreading in the
developing countries including Ethiopia, especially in the affluent urban population. Obesity
significantly elevates the risk of CVD, diabetes, insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders.
There is a research gap on association between family based factors and obesity among primary
school adolescents in Ethiopia.
Objective: the main objective of the study was to assess familial correlates with obesity among
primary school adolescent in Hawassa town.
Methods: Institution based case control study was conducted from August, 2016 to November
2017 among 300 primary school adolescents aged 12–15 years in Hawassa town, southern
Ethiopia. Study participants were selected using stratified multistage sampling from the schools
by ownership as public and private primary schools. Parents were approached through their
children. Body mass index was assessed to identify the cases (obeses) and controls (non obeses)
using standardized techniques and WHO 2007 BMI-for-age classification. Interviewer
administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the respondent‟s exposure to several
familial risk factors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted by
using STATA version 14 statistical software. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was
calculated to assess the strength of associations.
Results: A total of 100 cases and 200 controls were included in the analysis. After adjusting for
potential confounders, children from overweight parents were about 13 times more likely to be
obese compared to children with normal weight parents[AOR of 13.27, 95%CI (3.67-47.9)] and
children from obese parents were about 32.4 times more likely to be obese compared to children
with normal weight parents [AOR of 32.4, CI (8.1-130.4)]. In addition, income with
corresponding AOR of 3.48, 95%CI (1.39 – 8.74), fathers‟ age (AOR of 0.14, 95%CI (0.03 –
0.79), mothers‟ education (AOR of 0.22, 95%CI (0.08 – 0.61), home availability of vegetables
[AOR of 4.45, CI (1.67 – 11.89)], family meals frequency [AOR of 4.09 CI (1.64-10.2)], number
of TV in the home[AOR of 22.34, CI (7.75 – 64.43], child feeding responsibility and monitoring
level of the parents‟ were independently associated with childhood obesity.
Conclusion: The current study findings showed that parental obesity history, parent child
feeding practices, family home environment and parental role modeling behaviour are the most
important determinants for adolescent obesity in this population. In the schools and family basedhealth education program to increase awareness on these risk factors, parents should be taught
about what a healthy weight is and a right body image for their children and correct use of
growth charts or any valid charts helping monitoring child weight status in schools and different
settings should be encouraged in order to reduce the future burden of obesity-associated chronic
diseases
Assessement of Traditional Medicine Utilization for Children and Associated Factors among Parents in Tole Woreda, Southwest Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2017
No full textIn many culture, traditional medicine used as one of primary health care refined over hundreds or even thousands of years. Historians from all around the world have produced evidence to show that apparently all primitive peoples used traditional medicine often in sophisticated way. In Ethiopia up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine due to the cultural acceptability of healers and local pharmacopeias, the relatively low cost of traditional medicine and difficult access to modern health facilities.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess traditional medicine utilization and its determinants among parents of children, in Tole Wareda, South West of Oromia, Ethiopia, 2017.
Method: A community based quantitative cross sectional study was employed among all parents who have children up to 18 years old. Data were collected using pre-tested structured interviewer administered questionnaire. The study was conducted among 267 households selected by systematic random sampling technique after pre assessment and numbering of <18 years children in the house hold. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the data. Finally, odds ratio, binary and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables.
Results: It was found that 85.9% of parents had used TM for their children. Herbal medicine, massage and religious/prayer therapy were (34.4%), 55 (25.9%) and 25 (11.8%) used major therapies respectively. Monthly income found medium (500-850) [AOR: 0.25(0.08, 0.78)], cultural belief [AOR: 3.01(1.16, 7.83)], religious belief [AOR= 3.17(1.26, 7.93)] and duration of illness [AOR=3.11(1.07, 9.02)] were associated with parental traditional medicine use for their children in this study.
Conclusion and recommendations: Traditional medicine use is highly prevalent in the study area 85.9%. Therefore, the integration of traditional medicine as part of modern medicine should be strengthened. Community education and further research on efficacy and safety of TM should also be done
Infant Feeding Practice and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Mothers Attending Art Service in Governmental Health Institutions of Bahir Dar Town, 2017
No full textBackground: Infant feeding practice is the important modifiable factor influencing the health of children born from HIV-positive mothers. While breastfeeding carries significant health benefits to infants and young children, HIV can be transmitted during breastfeeding from an HIV-infected mother to her infant. Breastfeeding may thus be responsible for 1/3 -1/2 of HIV infections in infants in African settings.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess infant feeding practice and associated factor among HIV positive mothers attending ART service in governmental health institutions of Bahir dar city.
Methods: Institution based cross- sectional study was conducted in 4 health institutions which provides ART service in Bahir dar town from October to June, 2017. A total of 230 mother-infant pairs attending ART clinics were selected by systematic random sampling. The data were coded, entered and stored in to the computer using Epi Data version 3.1, then cleaned and analyzed by SPSS software version 20. Bivariate and multivariate models were run to assess any relationship between independent variable and outcome variable.
Result: The majority 173(75.2%) practiced exclusive breast feeding up to six months of age. 13.9% and 10.9% of mothers practiced exclusive replacement feeding and mixed feeding, respectively. In multivariable logistic regressions, mothers counseled about the recommended infant feeding options during delivery (AOR (95%CI):3.699(1.00-13.41), ever given any food or fluid before first breast milk (AOR (95%CI):0.015(0.001-0.188) and knowledge on PMTCT and the recommended infant feeding options (AOR (95%CI):0.189(0.042-0.855) were significantly associated with infant feeding practice.
Conclusion and Recommendation: The study revealed that majority mothers experienced exclusive breast feeding (75.2%). Mothers ever given any food/fluid before first breast milk, counseled the recommended feeding options during delivery and knowledge on PMTCT and the recommended infant feeding options were independent predictors of infant feeding practice. Adequate information should be provided to HIV positive mothers to select the best feeding options for their child
Extraction, Characterization and Evaluation of Reinforcing Nanocellulose in Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
No full textIncorporating nanocellulose into different materials have become an attractive research
topics for production of nanocomposite materials. The objective of this study was to extract
nanocellulose from the bagasse and apply as reinforcement in the PVA polymer, and evaluate
the effectiveness of the reinforcement. The extraction of nanocellulose was performed by
acid hydrolysis with 50 % wt. H2SO4 at 45°C for 45 minutes and 40 % yield was obtained.
The particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed the mean particle size
found was 348.6 nm, confirming the product was nanocellulose. The Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the effectiveness of pretreatment in removing lignin
and hemicellulose. The nanocellulose was reinforced in PVA polymer by solvent casting
process. The water absorption results revealed that reduction in percentage of water
absorption from 82 % for neat PVA to 59 % PVA/ 7 %NC. This results were confirmed by
increment in tensile strength from 33 MPa for neat PVA to 53 MPa for PVA/ 5 %NC and
reduction in elongation at break about 2.4 folds with respect to neat PVA. The SEM
micrograph showed uniform distribution and formation of network structure through
hydrogen bonding. The comparative and cluster analysis showed the nanocellulose
reinforced PVA films exhibited highest tensile strength, lower elongation at break and lower
water absorption with respect to bagasse and cellulose reinforced PVA as well as with neat
PVA film
Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Program (EFETP) Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology
No full textEthiopia has been giving special attention to the control of epidemic prone diseases, of
international concern and diseases on eradication and elimination programs, through surveillance
activities. The role of public health practitioners include ensuring effective health promotion,
disease prevention and control activities, conducting surveillance on emerging public health
threats and providing relevant information to policy makers and public health officials.
From October, 2015 to end of April, 2017 I have stayed in Field Epidemiology Training
Program, School of Public Health-AAU and Oromia Regional Health Bureau field base.
We carried out two outbreak investigations, one surveillance data analysis, one evaluation of
public health surveillance system, one woreda health profile description, two abstracts for
scientific conference, one Maher assessment, one research proposal and other activities as
additional outputs.
Chapter I: We conducted epidemiological investigations of two outbreaks. We used descriptive
and analytic epidemiology during investigations. We identified several factors that contributed to
AWD outbreak in Limmu Woreda and found that lack of knowledge about the disease and lack
of purifying water they used were attributed for the outbreak. We recommended awareness
creation and use of treated water to stop outbreak in the community. We also confirmed measles
outbreak in Limmu Seka Woreda. Being unvaccinated and having poor awareness on the mode
of transmission for measles infection were found to be risk factors for developing the disease.
We recommended improved routine and campaign measles immunization targeting less than 15
years, and also health education on means of transmissions, treatment and prevention of measles
infection has to be enhanced.
Chapter II: We did measles surveillance data analysis of five years (2011-2015 G.C) of Guji
Zone to describe by person, place and time. Approximately equal numbers of cases were
reported by gender and the most and the least affected age groups were 1-4 and ≥15 years
respectively. Majority of cases were either not vaccinated or their vaccination status were
unknown. Enhancing routine and campaign measles immunization targeting less than 15 years of
age would prevent future risk.Chapter III: We conducted evaluation of surveillance system in South West Shoa Zone from
February 7-22, 2017. The overall surveillance system of the zone was weak. Regular monitoring
of program specific supportive supervision and continuous feedback system should be
strengthened for more improvement of the completeness and timeliness and/or surveillance
system as whole.
Chapter IV: We did health profile description, health and health related data, of Tiyo Woreda
during 01/28/2016- 02/08/2016 G.C. Acute febrile illness was a top leading cause of outpatient
morbidity in the woreda. Acute upper respiratory infection, Typhoid fever, whereas Pneumonia
are among top ten diseases that cause outpatient morbidity in adult and Pneumonia, Non-bloody
diarrhea, Dysentery and Diarrhea with dehydration were the commonest diseases that cause
morbidity in under-five children in the woreda. Typhoid fever, Malaria all cases, Urinary tract
infection and Non-bloody diarrhea were among top ten diseases that cause inpatient admission.
Chapter V: We did scientific manuscript for peer reviewed journals on Measles outbreak in
Limmu Seka, Jimma Zone.
Chapter VI: We prepared two abstracts for submission to scientific conference during residency
time. These are;
Five years (2011-2015)-Measles surveillance data analysis, Guji Zone Oromia Region,
Ethiopia, 2016.
Measles Outbreak-Limmu Seka Woreda, Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2017.
Chapter VII: We conducted Meher assessment (Narrative summary of disaster situation) in
Oromia Region to identify humanitarian needs in drought affected areas from November 20 to
December 14, 2016 in selected woredas of Guji, Borena and West Guji Zones. Cholera outbreaks
were occurred in all three zones. Malaria, cholera and measles are the most anticipated risk in the
zones. Malnutrition was a major problem in all visited woredas.
Chapter VIII: We prepared one epidemiological research project proposal on assessment of
prevalence and determinant factors associated with childhood measles vaccination status in
Limmu Seka Woreda, Jimma Zone, Oromia Region. Descriptive cross-sectional study will be
used for the study. A total of 865 mothers/caretakers with 12-23 months age child will be
selected by systematic random sampling from randomly selected five kebeles of the woreda.
Socio-demographic status of mothers/caretakers, knowledge of mothers/caretakers onimmunization service, place of delivery will be assessed using questionnaire adopted from
EDHS and different similar studies.
Chapter IX: I participated on post malaria epidemic need assessment and supporting mitigation
activities conducted in Abaya Woreda, Borena Zone, Oromia Region during May/2016.
Objective of the assessment were verifying reported data, identify potential risk factors and
support mitigation activities in the woreda. About 7,762 malaria cases were reported from the
woreda though there were data discrepancies at some health posts. Health posts reported 46% of
cases. Guangua HC reported 30% of cases and Odo Mique HP reported 7% of cases during the
epidemic period. Malaria cases reached peak during WHO week 17 in the woreda. Presence of
different ponds, intermittent water and false banana for mosquito breeding sites and
accumulation of malnutrition in the woreda identified as risks. Distribution of LLINs, Mass fever
treatment, conducting spray and source reduction were major activities performed to control the
epidemic.
I participated on different trainings and review meetings given by ORHB and partners. Topics:
Cholera epidemic prevention and control and case management protocol, Training on Maternal
death surveillance and response (MDSR), PHEM review meeting six months and ten months
activities report and performance evaluation, Vulnerability Risk Assessment and Mapping
(VRAM) given by EPHI.
I participated on cholera epidemic prevention and control activities in Sebeta, Burayu, Sululta,
Laga Tafo and Bishoftu Towns and other four zones (support by distribution of Medicals
supplies, receive report and give feedback).
I prepared weekly bulletin on PHEM report of Oromia Regional Health Bureau for WHO
Epidemiologic week 34 of 2016. The health facilities report completeness for that week was 87%
and above the expected national level (80%). Suspected measles cases, confirmed malaria cases
and cholera cases were kept increasing and SAM were decreasing during week 34 of 2016
A Heap Leach Feasibility Study for Mimbula Refractory Copper Ore of Nchanga Mine
No full textStudies done on Mimbula ore have been on agitation leaching, high temperature and pressure leaching and treatment of refractory ore (TORCO) process. However these methods attracted significantly high capital investment leaving heap leaching as a more economically attractive method to be investigated.
This research was aimed at assessing the amenability of Mimbula refractory ore to heap leaching and to understand the conditions under which copper dissolution can be enhanced. The specific objectives were to determine the optimum conditions for agglomeration, the optimum bed height that gave the best leaching efficiency and to establish the relationship between bed height and leaching efficiency.
Ore characterisation was done to establish the chemical and mineralogical compostion of the ore. Agglomeration and column leaching experiments were carried out in agglomeration drum and PVC pipes respectively. In order to validate the experiments, each experiment was repeated three times. The soak test, agglomerate size distribution and visual inspection were used as the tools for evaluating the agglomerates quality. For all the column leaching experiments, a chemical and mineralogical composition analyses of feed (ore) and leach residues was carried out in order to measure the extent of copper dissolution.
The optimized agglomeration parameters were 600 gpt binder dosage, 14 % moisture content of ore, 20 rpm agglomeration speed and 3 min residence time. Agglomeration greatly improved the leach efficiency and kinetics. The highest leach efficiency of 60 % was obtained with agglomerated ore in 12 days compared to 32 % for unagglomerated ore in 94 days. The mineralogical analysis showed that about 90 % of the cupriferous mica dissolved into solution whilst chrysocolla and pseudomalachite completely dissolved in solution. However, sulphides, especially chalcopyrite were difficult to leach under the conditions employed. It was concluded that Mimbula refractory copper ore is amenable to heap leaching. Further studies to improve dissolution of sulphide minerals using acidified ferric sulphate and/or bioleaching were recommended
The Legal Regime on Recovery of Misappropriated Public Property in Ethiopia
No full textI have developed an interest over issues pertaining to recovery of misappropriated property ever
since I took a job as a prosecutor. In my early first two years in the profession, I came to sense
something unsound and unjust in the asset recovery realm which I later realized it to be the
absence of a non-conviction based civil asset forfeiture laws. This fortunately became the central
tenet of this research. Save the exceptions, normally asset recovery is a post-conviction based
process that comes after the accused is convicted. Hence, for a criminal confiscation to take
effect a case has to pass through the cumbersome criminal procedure. Even if such rigorous
criminal procedure is just and quite from the point of view of protection of human liberty, it is
not without downsides from the perspective of the misappropriated property. This is because,
despite the presence of an evidence which implicate the commission of crime a suspect or an
accused that has succeeded in casting doubt in the case can avoid prosecution or conviction and
the attendant confiscation of the fruit of crime.
Similarly, factors like death before investigation, prosecution and conviction, absence (unless
trial in absentia is allowed) and immunity are barriers which prevent conviction and
confiscation of the ill-gained property. To remedy these deficiencies, states have seriously
expressed the need for a new approach to fight crime and recover proceeds of crime by adopting
a new non-conviction based civil confiscation system.
Civil confiscation is a hybrid asset forfeiture system that shares the characteristics of both civil
and criminal law. This system particularly targets the embezzled property by using a lesser
standard of evidence regardless of the conviction of the accused. As an actor in the international
arena, the Ethiopia legal system has belatedly introduced civil forfeiture laws in piece meal in
the Prevention and Suppression of Money Laundering and Financing Terrorism Proclamation
No. 718/2013 and in the Revised Anti-Corruption Special Procedure and Rules of Evidence
Proclamation No. 882/2015. The main objective of this Thesis is appraising these civil forfeiture
laws and the practice on the ground by employing both doctrinal and non-doctrinal methods.
Accordingly the research has found out that the recently introduced civil forfeiture laws fail to
exploit hindsight advantage and still manifest limitations content and scope wise. Similarly due
to dearth of awareness the civil forfeiture laws are almost neglected and the asset recovery is
still fettered with the conviction based confiscation mentality. Another major finding is the
vagueness and absence of a clear procedure law that befits the hybrid nature of civil forfeiture
laws.
Based on these findings, the Thesis has suggested the need for an amendment of the civil
forfeiture law so as to mend its deficiencies, the enactment of a self-standing civil forfeiture law
and a procedural law that can accommodate its peculiar features. The Thesis has also
underscored the potential susceptibility of civil forfeiture law to abuse and the need to enforce it
with the highest ethical standard
The Relationship between Rewards in Practice and Motivation of Employees in the Moderating Effect of Reward Management in Ethiopian Airlines
No full textNowadays, organizations are striving to establish an equitable balance between the employee’s contribution to the organization and the organization’s contribution to the employee. Among other things, establishing balanced provision of rewards and reward management systems in an organization is one of the basic factors that optimizes employees’ motivation. Research has proven that employees who achieve balanced rewarding categories, that is, extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards, individual versus group rewarding…etc. with fair procedures of reward distribution tend to be more motivated and perform optimally. The purpose of the current study is to assess the relationship among rewards in practice, reward management systems and motivation in Ethiopian Airlines and investigate the effect of rewards in practice and motivation of employees in the presence of reward management system as a moderating factor. A two-stage mixed data collection method paired with convenience technique of sampling using Semi-Standardized Interview and Self-Administered Questionnaires produced data of 152 respondents. Results of the qualitative analysis showed that extrinsic, intrinsic, and individual based rewarding systems are available in the organization. The quantitative data outcomes on the relationships between rewards in practice and motivation of employees in the existence of reward management systems as moderating factor indicated that rewards in practice and reward management systems have strong relationship with motivation contributing around 50% of employees’ motivation. In addition, the hierarchical regression analysis indicated that reward management has an enhancing power on rewards in practice and motivation of employees with R2-change rate of 1.9% with statistical significance of F (1, 148) = 4.8127 of p= 0.03.Nonetheless, the insights derived from the current research, results need to be interpreted with caution since a convenience sample was used and insufficient sample size acquired the generalizability is only restricted to the current population