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A Survey of English Learning Achievement and Activity Satisfaction in 6 Years of COIL Activities: A Case Study of Activities between University of Shizuoka and University of North Carolina, Charlotte.
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Pyruvate–GPR31 axis induces LysoDC dendrite protrusion to M-cell pockets for effective immune responses
Get PDFapplication/pdfPeyer’s patches (PPs) are sites of antigen entry and immunoinduction in the small intestine. In PPs, pathogens are transferred through microfold (M) cells; however, the mechanisms of antigen capture by mononuclear phagocytes beneath M cells remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that bacterial metabolite pyruvate acted on lysozyme-expressing dendritic cells (LysoDCs), a monocyte-derived phagocyte subset, and induced protrusion of dendrites particularly with “balloon” shapes into basolateral M-cell pockets via its receptor, G-protein coupled receptor 31 (GPR31). Pyruvate administration in wild-type but not Gpr31b-deficient mice increased LysoDC uptake of orally infected Listeria monocytogenes. GPR31 signaling boosted antigen processing and altered gene expression. It also increased LysoDC migration to the interfollicular region, thereby promoting production of pathogen- specific Th1 cells as well as cytotoxic T cells, and effector T cell migration to the lamina propria. Furthermore, oral pyruvate administration conferred high resistance to a virulent L. monocytogenes strain in a GPR31-dependent manner. Collectively, the pyruvate – GPR31 axis plays critical roles in orchestrating intestinal protective immunity.journal articl
Acceptance History of Editorial 'Dastu-A-Ron' and the Term 'Dastu-A-Nyuo'
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Monitoring of Crustal Activity and Tsunami for Disaster Resilience from Oceanfloor Network System
No full textapplication/pdfIn Japan, occurrence of future huge earthquakes is one of issues to be prepared, and Nankai trough earthquake is its candidate. In particular, Japan Meteorological Agency presents special information about the Nankai trough earthquake if activities around the Nankai trough area are observed. The local governments and the residents along the Nankai trough area stand ready for the occurrence. We regard that they have to prepare their issues considering the local characters of the disaster prevention. Here, we propose how to stand for it and it is monitoring crustal activities and tsunami using ocean-floor observation network system for earthquakes and tsunamis. In addition, risks of the earthquakes and tsunamis is also introduced on the mapping for the monitoring. Then, we carried out training for sending appropriate instructions for fields from the disaster headquarter using the monitoring system.conference pape