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Large outbreak of typhoid fever on a river cruise ship used as accommodation for asylum seekers, the Netherlands, 2022.
No full textOn 6 April 2022, the Public Health Service of Kennemerland, the Netherlands, was notified about an outbreak of fever and abdominal complaints on a retired river cruise ship, used as shelter for asylum seekers. The diagnosis typhoid fever was confirmed on 7 April. An extensive outbreak investigation was performed. Within 47 days, 72 typhoid fever cases were identified among asylum seekers (n = 52) and staff (n = 20), of which 25 were hospitalised. All recovered after treatment. Consumption of food and tap water on the ship was associated with developing typhoid fever. The freshwater and wastewater tanks shared a common wall with severe corrosion and perforations, enabling wastewater to leak into the freshwater tank at high filling levels. Salmonella Typhi was cultured from the wastewater tank, matching the patient isolates. In the freshwater tank, Salmonella species DNA was detected by PCR, suggesting the presence of the bacterium and supporting the conclusion of contaminated freshwater as the probable source of the outbreak. Outbreaks of uncommon infections may occur if persons from endemic countries are accommodated in crowded conditions. Especially when accommodating migrants on ships, strict supervision on water quality and technical installations are indispensable to guarantee the health and safety of the residents
Investigating sources of non-response bias in a population-based seroprevalence study of vaccine-preventable diseases in the Netherlands.
No full textSports and physical activity data infrastructure: availability of figures and preferred data sources for 164 indicators
No full textVerschillende organisaties willen weten hoe het gaat met sporten en bewegen in Nederland. Daar is al veel informatie over beschikbaar, maar het is vaak lastig om bijvoorbeeld resultaten uit verschillende onderzoeken te vergelijken. Dat kan komen doordat onderzoeken op verschillende manieren worden opgezet. Ook zijn niet over alle gewenste onderwerpen informatiebronnen beschikbaar of zijn deze moeilijk te vinden. Het RIVM is daarom een traject begonnen om een overzicht te maken van bestaande data over sport en bewegen, voor nu en in de toekomst. Het doet dat samen met het Netwerk Kernindicatoren Sport en Bewegen en veel andere experts. In de (tweede) fase van dit traject heeft het RIVM op een rij gezet welke landelijke cijfers structureel worden gemeten. Hiervoor is ook informatie verzameld over de databronnen en meetmethoden. Bij de databronnen is gekeken naar de kwaliteit en of ze langere tijd beschikbaar blijven. Verder is het belangrijk dat de cijfers de doelgroepen in heel Nederland vertegenwoordigen. Het overzicht staat zowel in het rapport als op de website www.sportenbewegenincijfers.nl/methode.De beschikbaarheid van cijfers is uitgezocht voor 164 indicatoren. Deze indicatoren geven inzicht in het sport- en beweeggedrag in Nederland en alles wat daar bij komt kijken, zoals sportfaciliteiten, werkgelegenheid en onderwijs. Indicatoren zijn bijvoorbeeld het percentage mensen dat sport, het aantal uren gym op school en een score of de leefomgeving beweegvriendelijk is. Voor 75 indicatoren is er structureel representatieve informatie beschikbaar. Voor 35 indicatoren is een onderwerp één keer onderzocht en voor 20 indicatoren wordt al wel informatie verzameld, maar is deze nog niet geanalyseerd. Voor 34 indicatoren is geen informatie beschikbaar. Het overzicht geeft aan welke gegevens in januari 2024 beschikbaar zijn. Het is belangrijk deze informatie actueel te houden. De betrokken partijen worden aangemoedigd om transparant te blijven over de gebruikte methode en data van hoge kwaliteit te verzamelen.In the Netherlands, there are multiple organisations that are interested in knowledge and figures related to sports and physical activity. A great deal of data is already available, but it is often difficult to compare these figures. This is partly due to a difference in methods for data collection and data handling. In addition, there are no information sources available for various relevant topics, or they are hard to find. RIVM has therefore started a project to compile an overview of the availability of data on sports and physical activity, for both now and in the future. This project is carried out in partnership with the Key Indicators Network for Sports and Physical Activity and many other experts. In the recently completed (second) phase, RIVM compiled an overview of the availability of systematically measured figures for the Netherlands. For figures which were systematically available, it also collected information about data sources and methods for data collection and handling. In addition, RIVM considered the quality and long-term availability of the data sources. It is also important that the figures are representative for the Netherlands. The overview is available in both the report and on the website www.sportenbewegenincijfers.nl/methode. RIVM examined the availability of figures for 164 indicators. These indicators provide insights into sports and physical activity behaviour in the Netherlands and everything related to this, such as sports facilities, employment and education. Examples of indicators include the percentage of people engaging in physical activity, the number of hours of physical education in schools, and an assessment of whether the living environment is conducive to physical activity. The results show that representative information was systematically available for 75 indicators. For 35 indicators, the topic had been investigated once, and for 20 indicators, data collection already exists, but figures are not available yet. No information was available for 34 indicators. The overview indicates which data are available as of January 2024. It is important to keep this information up to date. The parties involved are encouraged to remain transparent about the methods used and to collect high-quality data
Methodiek om de uitstoot te berekenen van stoffen bij het gebruik van producten voor consumenten, bouw en diensten
No full textNederland rapporteert elk jaar nationaal en internationaal welke verontreinigende stoffen in de lucht terechtkomen door het gebruik van producten. Het gaat bijvoorbeeld om oplosmiddelen uit cosmetica, luchtverfrissers, spuitbussen, verf, en stoffen die vrijkomen bij het stoken van hout en het afsteken van vuurwerk. Het gaat om alle stoffen die in de Emissieregistratie voorkomen en voor deze sector moeten worden gerapporteerd. De Emissieregistratie berekent op basis van internationale richtlijnen voor de relevante stoffen hoeveel ervan in de lucht vrijkomt. Het RIVM heeft de methoden die de Nederlandse Emissieregistratie gebruikt, geactualiseerd en beschreven. De methoden worden elk jaar bijgesteld volgens de meest actuele wetenschappelijke inzichten. De emissiegegevens zijn openbaar via de website emissieregistratie.nl. De gegevens worden gebruikt voor de rapportages die vanwege internationale verdragen verplicht zijn, zoals het verdrag van Parijs, de EU-Emissieplafonds (NEC-Directive) en de Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Deze rapportage vormt ook de basis voor de (internationale) reviewers die de Nederlandse rapportages aan de EU en VN valideren.Every year, the Netherlands reports, both nationally and internationally, on the pollutants that are released into the air due to the use of products. These pollutants include solvents from cosmetics, air fresheners, aerosols, paints and the substances released when wood is burned and fireworks set off. This entails all the substances that are listed in the Netherlands Pollutant Emission Register and must be reported for these sectors. For the Emission Inventory, emissions from product use are estimated based on the international guidelines. RIVM has updated and described the methods used by the Netherlands Pollutant Emission Register. These methods are adjusted every year according to the most recent scientific insights. The emission data is available to the public via the website emissieregistratie.nl. It is used for reports that are mandatory under international treaties such as the Paris Agreement, the EU Emission ceilings (NEC Directive) and the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). These reports also form the basis for the international reviewers who validate the Dutch reports to the EU and UN
How neurobehavior and brain development in alternative whole-organism models can contribute to prediction of developmental neurotoxicity
No full textThe effect of forest structural complexity on tick-borne pathogens in questing ticks and small mammals
No full textAn unusual outbreak in the Netherlands: community-onset impetigo caused by a meticillin-resistant with additional resistance to fusidic acid, June 2018 to January 2020.
No full textIn this retrospective observational study, we analysed a community outbreak of impetigo with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with additional resistance to fusidic acid (first-line treatment). The outbreak occurred between June 2018 and January 2020 in the eastern part of the Netherlands with an epidemiological link to three cases from the north-western part. Forty nine impetigo cases and eight carrier cases were identified, including 47 children. All but one impetigo case had community-onset of symptoms. Pharmacy prescription data for topical mupirocin and fusidic acid and GP questionnaires suggested an underestimated outbreak size. The 57 outbreak isolates were identified by the Dutch MRSA surveillance as MLVA-type MT4627 and sequence type 121, previously reported only once in 2014. Next-generation sequencing revealed they contained a fusidic acid resistance gene, exfoliative toxin genes and an epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor gene. Whole-genome multilocus sequence typing revealed genetic clustering of all 19 sequenced isolates from the outbreak region and isolates from the three north-western cases. The allelic distances between these Dutch isolates and international isolates were high. This outbreak shows the appearance of community-onset MRSA strains with additional drug resistance and virulence factors in a country with a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance
Delineating immune variation between adult and children COVID-19 cases and associations with disease severity.
No full textRelevance of energy storage systems for third party risks
No full textSteeds vaker wordt energie opgewekt met duurzame energiebronnen, zoals windturbines en zonnepanelen. Het hangt af van het weer of dat mogelijk is. De tijd waarop de meeste energie wordt opgewekt, is vaak niet de tijd waarop mensen, kantoren en bedrijven de meeste energie gebruiken. Daarom zijn systemen nodig om energie op te kunnen slaan. Die energieopslagsystemen kunnen zo groot zijn als een zeecontainer. Vanwege de overgang naar duurzame energie zullen de komende jaren steeds meer van die systemen geplaatst worden. Er is nu geen landelijke beleid om energieopslagsystemen veilig te plaatsen. Uit onderzoek van het RIVM blijkt dat het gevaarlijk kan zijn om veel energie op één plek op te slaan. Bij een ongeval met een energieopslagsysteem met lithium-ion batterijen kan een brand, explosie of gifwolk ontstaan. Dat is al een paar keer gebeurd, in het buitenland en een enkele keer in Nederland. Vooral de explosie en gifwolk kunnen groot zijn, waardoor in de buurt van het ongeval slachtoffers kunnen vallen. De kans dat er slachtoffers zijn is klein, maar vraagt wel om voorzorgsmaatregelen. Het RIVM raadt het ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat (IenW) aan om hiervoor beleid te maken waarbij rekening wordt gehouden met mogelijke ongevallen. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld door energieopslagsystemen niet dichtbij andere gebouwen te plaatsen. Voor dit onderzoek zijn de effecten van een ongeval berekend om een eerste idee te krijgen tot hoe ver die gevolgen kunnen optreden. Het RIVM gaat een rekenvoorschrift maken om deze afstand precies te kunnen bepalen. Het RIVM heeft dit onderzoek in opdracht van IenW gedaan.Energy production from renewable sources, such as wind turbines or solar panels, is steadily increasing. This production is dependent on the weather. Often, most energy is generated at times that energy consumption by people, offices and companies is low. This means that systems are needed to store energy. Energy storage systems can be as big as a sea container. The number of these systems will increase as we take the step towards renewable energy. At the moment there is no national legislation concerning the safe placement of energy storage systems. According to research by RIVM, the storage of a lot of energy in one place can be dangerous. An incident with an energy storage system with lithium-ion batteries could result in a fire, explosion or toxic cloud. This has happened several times in the past, with one incident in the Netherlands. The effects of an explosion or toxic cloud in particular can be considerable and could even lead to casualties in the surrounding area. Even though the odds of this happening are small, precautions should be taken. RIVM has advised the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (I&W) to formulate legislation that takes the possibility of incidents into account. Precautions could include not placing energy storage systems too close to other buildings. For this research, the effects of an incident were calculated to get a first indication of the extent of the consequences that could occur. RIVM will formulate calculation rules to determine a safe distance
Effects of long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution on COVID-19 incidence: A population-based cohort study accounting for SARS-CoV-2 exposure levels in the Netherlands.
No full textSeveral studies have linked air pollution to COVID-19 morbidity and severity. However, these studies do not account for exposure levels to SARS-CoV-2, nor for different sources of air pollution. We analyzed individual-level data for 8.3 million adults in the Netherlands to assess associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and SARS-CoV-2 infection (i.e., positive test) and COVID-19 hospitalisation risks, accounting for spatiotemporal variation in SARS-CoV-2 exposure levels during the first two major epidemic waves (February 2020-February 2021). We estimated average annual concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 at residential addresses, overall and by PM source (road traffic, industry, livestock, other agricultural sources, foreign sources, other Dutch sources), at 1 × 1 km resolution, and weekly SARS-CoV-2 exposure at municipal level. Using generalized additive models, we performed interval-censored survival analyses to assess associations between individuals' average exposure to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 in the three years before the pandemic (2017-2019) and COVID-19-outcomes, adjusting for SARS-CoV-2 exposure, individual and area-specific confounders. In single-pollutant models, per interquartile (IQR) increase in exposure, PM10 was associated with 7% increased infection risk and 16% increased hospitalisation risk, PM2.5 with 8% increased infection risk and 18% increased hospitalisation risk, and NO2 with 3% increased infection risk and 11% increased hospitalisation risk. Bi-pollutant models suggested that effects were mainly driven by PM. Associations for PM were confirmed when stratifying by urbanization degree, epidemic wave and testing policy. All emission sources of PM, except industry, showed adverse effects on both outcomes. Livestock showed the most detrimental effects per unit exposure, whereas road traffic affected severity (hospitalisation) more than infection risk. This study shows that long-term exposure to air pollution increases both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation risks, even after controlling for SARS-CoV-2 exposure levels, and that PM may have differential effects on these COVID-19 outcomes depending on the emission source