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Generative AI from the Perspective of the Evolutionary Process of the Biological Brain: A Review of the Present and Speculation on the Future.
Get PDF2023 年 9 月現在、生成人工知能（Generative Artificial Intelligence、生成 AI）は人間並みの返答を出力するようになった。この論文では、その概要を整理し、脳の構造と比較し、その現状を脳の進化の視点から評価することで、将来的に期待される汎用人工知能への展開について考察した。生成 AI はこれまで人類がインターネット上等に出力してきた、主にテキストと画像の大量データを取り込んだニューラルネットワークを基盤としている。ChatGPT(GPT-3) では 1750 億個というパラメーター数の規模となり、幾多の学習機構を通すことで大規模言語モデルとして実用レベルになった。学習後には、モデル内部では膨大な特徴量からなる回路が出来上がる。その多数が入力に対するパターンとして選ばれ、最終出力が生成される。現時点では質問文章に対して一見自然な文章出力が可能となっている。しかしながら、まだ言語の概念化ができないので対応できる範囲が限られる。一方、生体の脳は進化過程で基礎回路と言語能力を発達させた新皮質を獲得してきた。個体としては、現実世界に合わせて試行錯誤しながら学習成長して、特有の文化や言語も身につけて成体のヒト脳となる。基本設計をよくして学習を重ねて進歩できる AI は、将来的には入力内容とその処理をさらに多様にして、人と同じような概念も理解する世界モデルを獲得する可能性があるようである。Generative artificial intelligence （AI） can now output human-like responses. This paper summarizes generative AI, evaluating its current status from the viewpoint of brain evolution by omparing it with the structure of the human brain. We summarize the issues that require resolution before generative AI can develop into general-purpose AI （artificial general intelligence, AGI） with iscussion of reference information that can be obtained from the evolutionary process of living organisms. Generative AI is based on neural networks that incorporate a large amount of data, mainly text and images, that has been output to the Internet. In ChatGPT, for example, the number of parameters has grown to 175 billion, and through numerous learning mechanisms it has now reached a widely-applicable level as a largescale language model. After learning, a circuit consisting of a huge number of features is created within the model. Many of these features are recognized to be patterns related to the input, and from this the final output is generated. Generative AI can now produce seemingly natural sentence output in response to questions. However, the scope of what can be done remains limited because language cannot yet be fully conceptualized. During the evolutionary process, the human brain has acquired a neocortex that has developed basic circuitry and language skills. In the development of a human brain, an individual learns and grows through trial and error to adapt to the real world, and in doing so acquires a unique culture and language. Eventually, AGI will perhaps understand concepts in a similar way to humans, although as discussed in this article, certain doubts remain.review articlereview articl
Relationship between the number of centenarians and the number of health care workers
Get PDFThe number of people over the age of 100 years in Japan continues to increase, despite the increase in life expectancy being in a stagnant trend since 2019. The number of centenarians by prefecture is naturally higher
in those with larger populations, but when converted to a per capita basis, there is thought to be variation among prefectures. To understand the variation in the number of centenarians in each region, we examined the correlation between the number of centenarians by prefecture and weather, geographical, and economic conditions, and the number of medical personnel. As predicted, there were high numbers of centenarians in refectures with smaller populations located in relatively warmer climates, such as Shimane, Tottori, Kochi, Kagoshima, and Yamaguchi in this order, but without clear correlation with weather conditions. However, a strong correlation was found between the number of centenarians by prefecture and the number of medical professionals. The most highly correlated medical occupations were nurses, occupational therapists, care workers, speech therapists, and physical therapists, in that order. Our results suggest that centenarians are supported by these medical professionals, who are expected to provide enhanced services to centenarians.ORIGINAL ARTICLEarticl
The effect of sarcopenia on cognitive function in community-dwelling older people
Get PDFGraduate School of Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation UniversityMasterBackground: The prevalence of sarcopenia has been suggested to have an association with cognitive decline We aimed to investigate the association between the prevalence of sarcopenia and domain-specific cognitive function and to identify specific cognitive functions that are more susceptible to changes in skeletal muscle.
Method: Enrolled in this study were 249 elderly residents of Kaizuka City, Japan (mean age: 74.2 ± 6.8 years) who voluntarily participated in a measurement of their motor and cognitive functions. Sarcopenia was assessed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 algorithm, while cognitive function was assessed using the revised Japanese version of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-R). Statistical analysis was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test by ACE-R domain in three groups: healthy, sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia groups. The significance level was set at < 5%.
Results: In the healthy group, the scores were 17.4 ± 1.1 in attention/orientation, 21.5 ± 4.5 in memory, 10.5 ± 2.2 in verbal fluency, 23.9 ± 3.0 in language, and 15.3 ± 1.4 points in visuospatial ability. In the sarcopenia group, the scores were comparable: 17.3 ± 1.0 in attention/orientation, 22.8 ± 1.0 memory, 22.8 ± 3.3 in verbal fluency, 10.3 ± 2.4 in language, and 24.6 ± 1.2 in visuospatial ability. In the severe sarcopenia group, the scores were also comparable: 15.3 ± 1.1 for attention/orientation, 18.0 ± 0 for memory, 21.5 ± 2.8 for verbal fluency, 10.5 ± 0.9 for language overall and 15.4 ± 0.7 points for visuospatial ability.
Conclusion: No association was identified between the prevalence of sarcopenia and cognitive decline in our study subjects.articl
Enhancing swallowing reflexes in patients with dysphagia through interferential current therapy
Get PDFGraduate School of Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation UniversityMasterBackground: Dysphagia, often caused by aging or disease, is a major focus for speech-language pathologists. Electrical stimulation therapy, including interferential current (IFC) therapy, has recently gained attention in swallowing rehabilitation. This study investigates the effects of IFC on swallowing-related reflexes.
Methods: Twenty patients with dysphagia were randomized into stimulation and sham groups. We evaluated reflexes (swallowing, cough, pharyngeal) and swallowing functions (repeated saliva swallow test [RSST], tongue pressure, functional oral intake scale [FOIS], Fujishima grade). IFC therapy was applied for 30 minutes daily, alongside conventional training, over one month.
Results: The stimulation group showed significant improvements in cough latency, cough frequency, pharyngeal reflex, RSST, tongue pressure, FOIS, and Fujishima grade. The sham group showed improvement in RSST, FOIS, and Fujishima grade.
Conclusion: IFC therapy combined with conventional rehabilitation significantly improved swallowing function in our cohort of patients with dysphagia, particularly cough and pharyngeal reflexes.articl
Examining the impact of a communication-focused intervention on promoting first-year college students’ sense of adjustment to the school environment: a case study
Get PDFBRIEF REPORTarticl
Lifestyle changes of chronic stroke survivors from disused upper extremity to assistive upper extremity: a single-case qualitative study the effects of purposeful electrical stimulation therapy in home-based rehabilitation
Get PDFThis study uses qualitative research to elucidate the lifestyle changes experienced by a chronic stroke survivor who transitioned from a disused upper extremity to an assistive upper extremity due to severe hemiplegia. The study participant, a man in his late 50s who had a chronic stroke 7 years previously, underwent purposeful activity-based electrical stimulation therapy (PA-EST) for approximately one year. This resulted in the ransition of his disused upper extremity to one with enough function to make it an assistive upper extremity. The study was designed as qualitative research, and the interview data were analyzed using continuous comparative analysis. Seven categories were extracted: ‘forced to live a meaningless life’, ‘loss of purpose’, ‘transformation of self’, ‘ability to adapt to the living environment’, ‘ability to change lifestyle’, ‘core of daily actions’, and ‘verbalizing experience’. The results suggest that stroke survivors who have regained function in a previously disused upper extremity may rediscover a core purpose in their daily life. This transformation enhances their sense of existence as they adapt to new living environments and lifestyles. Through this journey, stroke survivors may experience self-transformation, adjusting flexibly to their surroundings and redefining their life activities.ORIGINAL ARTICLEarticl
Factors associated with physical frailty in community-dwelling older people
Get PDFGraduate School of Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation UniversityMasterPurpose: The proportion of elderly people in Japan is rapidly increasing and there is a need to extend healthy life expectancy in order to maintain quality of life and to protect the social security system. Recent research has focused on frailty, which plays a part in the need for care and in healthy life expectancy in elderly people. In this study, we aim to elucidate the factors that are strongly associated with physical frailty.
Subjects/Methods: Health checks were conducted on 205 elderly volunteers recruited by newsletter in Kaizuka City, Japan. We collected data on basic attributes, physical measurements, physical function assessment and information on exercise habits. J-CHS (Japanese version of the cardiovascular health study) criteria were used to assess physical frailty. Volunteers with none of the five J-CHS criteria were classified as ‘robust’, those with one or two items were classified as ‘physically prefrail’ and those with three or more items were classified as ‘physically frail’. Statistical analyses were then conducted to examine the factors associated with physical frailty.
Results: Robust subjects comprised 42.9% of the cohort, 54.1% were physically prefrail and 2.9% were physically frail. The physically prefrail group had significantly lower height and lower limb skeletal muscle mass and a higher proportion of falls in the past year than those in the robust group. The odds ratio for limb skeletal muscle mass was 0.62 and the odds ratio for history of falls in the past year was 2.69.
Conclusion: The study identified height, limb skeletal muscle mass, subjective sense of health and reduced frequency of going out as factors contributing to frailty. In addition, significant independent factors associated with increase in the risk of physical pre-frailty were limb skeletal muscle mass and falls in the past year.articl
Effects of Frailty Prevention Calendar on a Basic Checklist Scores for Community-Dwelling Older People During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Get PDFコロナ禍で長期的な外出制限や活動自粛は生活の不活発を誘発し、特に高齢者のフレイル増加が危惧されている。そこで地域在住高齢者の口腔機能低下などを含むフレイル予防を目的に予防法を立案し、その効果について調べた。予防法として運動機能、口腔機能、認知機能の向上を目的とした31 種類の課題を盛り込んだ日めくりカレンダーを作成した。参加者を介入群とコントロール群に分け、介入群には3 カ月間、カレンダー課題に毎日取り組んで頂いた。介入前後で自己記入式の基本チェックリストの質問票に回答をいただいた。その結果、男性では全ての項目において有意差が見られなかった。女性では、特に口腔機能の「むせ」において差が見られた。コントロール群では「むせ」の上昇が有意に見られたが、介入群では「むせ」の減少が有意に見られた。以上の結果より、地域在住高齢者において今回作成したカレンダー課題を実施することにより、口腔機能の「むせ」の改善が期待された。articl
Effects of forearm position on the range of motion in radio-ulnar deviation of the wrist joint
Get PDFBackground: Impairment of range of motion (ROM) in the wrist joint can strongly affect activities of daily living. The ROM of the wrist joint is therefore an important consideration when performing physical therapy. cademic societies worldwide have established and standardized measurement methods of the wrist joint ROM. The influence of measurement position of the forearm on the wrist joint ROM has been investigated in many biological studies using soft cadavers, but it has rarely been investigated in vivo.
Methods: First, we measured and examined the difference of the wrist joint ROM in pronation and in supination of the forearm in healthy young male adults. In the second part of the study, we also measured the change in tension of artificial ligaments attached to the free upper limb bones using strain gauges to specifically examine the effect of forearm position on the tension of ligament. We believe this is a representative limitation factor of joint motion.
Results: The ROM of radial deviation was smaller in supination of the forearm than in pronation. Meanwhile, the ROM of ulnar deviation was larger in supination of the forearm than in pronation. The total tension of the lnar collateral and palmar ulnocapitate ligaments was larger than that of dorsal radiocarpal, palmar radiolunate, and radial collateral ligaments in supination of the forearm.
Conclusions: The ROM of radial deviation is indicated by our data to be restricted due to the higher tension in the ulnar extrinsic ligaments under supination of the forearm position compared with pronation.ORIGINAL ARTICLEarticl
Effects of music therapy on sleep quality of residents of long-term care institutions in Taiwan
Get PDFIntroduction: The sleep quality of the elderly is an important issue for longterm care, and background music may benefit the sleep quality. The research purposes of this study was explored the impact of background music intervention on improving the sleep quality of residents in long-term care institutions.
Methods: This study adopts a pre-experimental design based on quantitative statistics, the participants are 20 elderly people. This study used smart mattresses as a measurement tool to explore the impact of background music intervention on the sleep of residents, such as ‘the time to fall asleep’, ‘the time of light sleep’ and ‘the number of awakenings’.
Results: The results of this study show that allowing participants to sleep with classical music can help participants have better sleep quality, especially in reducing the total time it takes to fall asleep and the time they spend in light sleep, but it did not reach statistical significance of the average number of times of waking up for more than 6 minutes between with and without music intervention.
Conclusion: Music therapy intervention may improve the sleep quality of residents in long-term care institutions. We allowed residents in long-term care to listen to music before sleeping.ORIGINAL ARTICLEarticl